CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1. Background
According to the Indonesian Wikipedia, the encyclopaedia discussed, Batteries are electrical-
chemical devices that store energy and emit energy in the form of electricity. Obviously as a tool
that releases electrical energy, the battery has a function that is very much and diverse. In the
world of technology in this case is the energy used to buy diesel engines and engines. And there
may be many more functions of the battery.
For that, in this paper will discuss about the BATTERY and its functions, various batteries, etc.

2. Problem Formulation
What is battery understanding?
What are the main components and functions?
How to check battery?
How to care for the battery?

3. Purpose
Know how to understand the battery
Know the rangakain in usage and charge the battery
Teach you how to check the battery state
Know how to care for a good battery
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Understanding the battery

Batteries or batteries are an electrical cell in which a reversible (reversible) electrochemical
process occurs with high efficiency. What is meant by reversible electrochemical process, is in
the battery can take the process of converting chemical into electric power (emptying process),
and vice versa from electric to chemical energy, replenish by regeneration of electrodes used,
that is by passing electric current in opposite (polarity) directions within the cell.
The battery serves to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, which will be used to
supply (provide) electrical to the starter system, ignition system, lights and other electrical
component components.

2. Various batteries
Generally the battery is divided into 2 types :
a. Battery Type Wet (Wet Type)
The wet type batteries consist of fully charged elements with full charge and in storage
have been filled with electrolyte. This battery can not be maintained in full charge
condition. So it must be charged (charge) periodically. As long as the battery is not used
in storage, there will be a slow chemical reaction that causes the battery to decrease.
This reaction is called "self discharge".
b. Battery Type Dry (Dry Type)
Dry type batteries consist of plates (positive and negative) that have been fully charged
with electrical charges, but in the storage is not filled with electrolytes. So get out the
factory in a dry condition. The battery elements are filled in by giving the DC current on
the plate immersed into a weak electrolyte solution. After the plates are fully loaded
with electrical charges, then removed from the electrolyte solution and then washed
with water and dried. Then the plates are assembled in the battery case. So the battery
biala will be used, simply filled with electrolyte and can be used directly without charge.
3. The main components and functions

a. Battery Box
The battery box works for the protector and the container for all components Batteries
inside such as cells, cell separators, cell connections, battery plates and so on. In addition,
the bottom of the battery box serves as a sediment space. To facilitate high inspection or
the amount of electrolyte.

b. Close the Battery

Cover Battery functions to cover the top of the battery, ventilation and battery terminal
holder. It has the purpose of protecting the components therein from direct contact with
the sun or water splashes.

c. Battery Plate
Plate on the battery amounted to two plates of the plate positive and negative plate. On the
two plates have a grid made of tin alloy and antimony. The brown positive plate is made of
an antimony coated with a tin oxide coating (Pb02, lead dioxide). While the negative plate is
gray made of sponge lead material (Pb). The number and size of the plate greatly affect the
ability of the battery in the flow of electric current.

d. Separator / Separator
Separator lies between the positive plate and the negative plate. Separators are designed in
a porous manner in order that the electrolyte solution can pass through. The sparator part
prevents short inter-plate relationships.

e. Cell / Elements
The cell / element is a negative plate unit and a positive plate which is separated by the
separator between the two plates. The amount of battery voltage generated is determined
by the number of cells connected in series with each other. One cell contained on the
battery contains a voltage of approximately 2.1 volts. So if there are 6 cells in the battery,
the total voltage is about 12.6 volts.

f. Cell Connector
Call Connector is a connector plate-plate battery in the form of metal plate. The number of
connecting plate there are two that are in each cell that is positive plate and negative plate,
then cell is connected in series.

g. Cell Partition
Cell partition is located inside the battery box that separates each cell. This component can
be said to be quite susceptible to problems. Because most partitions are like that, because
the materials used.
h. Terminal
The battery terminal serves as a binding place for the terminal battery terminals leading to
other terminals, eg the terminals on the ignition, the terminal design having different
diameters between terminals (+) and terminal (-). The difference lies in the terminal (+)
having a terminal diameter greater than the terminal diameter (-). Aiming to avoid mounting
errors by an engine technician when seeing signs (+) and (-) printed with the reflection form
embossed on the battery has been subjected to wear or tear.

i. Close Ventilation
The vent cover is on a wet-type battery, its main function is to close the hole which is useful
for adding or checking the battery water inside. Ventilation holes contained in the lid, have a
function for the discharge of hydrogen gas.

j. Electrolyte solution
Electrolyte solution is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water (H2O). A fully charged
electrolyte solution on the battery, containing 36% sulfuric acid and 64% water. The two
mixtures react with the active ingredients found on the battery plate to produce the
electric.......
4. Battery charging installation circuit
1. Charging slow
Charging slowly takes 6 - 8 hours

2. Fast charging
Fast charging takes 3 hours

5. Battery Checking
The battery should be checked periodically and tested for its ability. There are 3 groups of
examination and battery testing are often done, namely:
a. Visual Battery Check
Visual inspection includes:
1) Battery box:
Battery box often suffered damage, among others: crack box due to collision, expands
due to over charging, leaking due to cracks or expands.
2) Battery cells:
Battery cells often experience a disruption of the sell which expands due to over
charging or crystallize and cell loss due to vibration, poor quality and battery life.
3) Battery terminals and cable connectors
Battery and connector terminals are the most damage part is corrosion caused by steam
electrolyte battery or heat caused by slack or dirty loose.

4) Number of electrolytes
The number of electrodes is checked periodically. When over charging (over charging)
then the electrolyte rapidly decreases due to excessive evaporation. Examination of the
number of electrolytes can be done quickly because the box is made of transparent
plastic. The number of electrolytes should be between the Upper Level and Lower Level
lines.

5) Battery Cable
The battery cable is flowed by a very large current, when a large-distarter current
machine can reach 250-500 A, depending on the power of the starter motor, with the
current of that cable will be hot. Heat on the cable causes the cable elasitas decreased,
the young insulator broke and peeled.

6) Battery Holder
The battery bearer must be able to firmly bind the battery to avoid battery shaking, so
battery life can be longer. Disturbances in the battery holder include slack due to rust
binding nuts for it protect the nut by applying vaselin / grease.

7) Electrolyte Examination
The number of battery electrolytes should always be controlled, a good number is
between the Upper Level limit marker and the Lower Level. The number of electrolytes
that cause cell batteries to break down quickly, the excessive amount of electrolytes
leads to the spill of electrolytes during hot batters due to overfilling or discharging. As a
result of the evaporation process during charging allows the amount of electrolyte to
decrease, to increase the number of electrolytes is less enough to add H2O or sold under
the name Air Accu.
The cause of rapidly decreased electrolyte may be caused by overcharging, because if
the electrolyte reduction is not fair then check and adjust the charging current. Battery
cracks cause the electrolyte to decrease rapidly, the electrolyte fluid may affect the
vehicle part, because the liquid is corotive then the part of the vehicle affected by the
electrolyte will be corrosion.
6. Battery maintenance and repair

a. Check the battery voltage

 Check the battery voltage by using a good Voltage Multitester 12 - 13.5 Volt.
 Open all battery covers then.
 Check each battery cell using Multitester.
 If a battery measured 12 Volt means that each cell should drop 2 Volts.
 Be careful not to damage cells from every measured battery cell.

b. Check the type of electolite liquid

Perform inspection using Hydrometer is a device for detecting specific gravity on liquid
electrolyte in battery.
How to use Hiydrometer as follows:
 Enter the hydrometer end into the cell hole until it reaches the surface of the
electrolyte liquid.
 Press the rubber at the end of the hydrometer until inside.
 After returning to the original position you can see the result set on the
aurometer.
 Information :

 Good / green color = The condition of the electrolyte water is very good
 Fair / white color = Good condition caira accu
 Recharge / red color = Electrolytic water conditions need charging / stroom
 Specific standard weight 1.26-1.28 kg / l

3. Check the battery terminals

Check the battery terminals from the corrosive possibility or arise of snow frost due to exposure
to steam from the electrolyte liquid, if so clean. Also check the battery terminal cable connections
from rust or break.

4. Battery damage
 Battery box is cracked or broken
 The battery cell is damaged
 Corrosive battery terminals
 Battery water is always dry
 Battery voltage is always low
7. Battery working system

1. When the battery emits a current

 Oxygen (O) on the positive plate is detached because it reacts with hydrogen (H)
in the electrolyte liquid which gradually joins / turns into water (H20).
 The acid (SO4) in the electrolyte fluid joins the lead (Pb) in the positive plates
and the negative plates so as to attach to both plates.

This reaction will continue until the charge (battery power) is exhausted alias in
discharge state. When the battery is discharged, almost all acids are attached to
the cells in the cell so that the concentration of eletrolite fluid is very low and almost
exclusively composed of water (H2O), consequently the liquid weight drops to
about 1.1 kg / dm3 and this is close to density of 1 kg / dm3 of water.
While the battery is still full capacity of the gravity of about 1.285 kg / dm3. Well,
with this type of weight difference the capacity of the battery can be known whether
it is still full or has been reduced by using a hydrometer tool. This hydrometer is one
of the tools that must exist in the battery shop (workshop that provides services
stun / cas battery). Also when the battery is discharge 85% of the electrolyte liquid
consists of water (H2O) where it can freeze, the battery tub breaks and the plates
become damaged.

2. When the battery is receiving the current

The battery that receives the current is the battery being electrocuted / charged,
while the battery's positive battery is connected to a positive electric current and the
negative pole is connected to a negative electric current.
The rated voltage is usually equal to the total voltage the battery has, meaning 12V
battery is fed 12 V DC, 6 V battery is fed by 6 V DC, and two 12 V batteries are
connected in series with 24 V DC voltage (batteries connected to the series the
total voltage is the sum of each battery voltage: Voltage1 + Voltage2 =
Voltasetotal). This can be found in the battery shop where there are several
batteries connected in series and they are all electrocuted at once. How strong the
current (amperes) to be depended depends also on the capacity of the battery
(explanation of this can be found at the bottom).
Consequently, the current receiving process is opposite to the current discharge
process, namely: 1. Oxygen (O) in water (H2O) is released because it reacts / joins
to lead (Pb) on the positive plate and gradually returns to lead oxide colat (PbO2)
.2. The acid (SO4) attached to both plates (positive and negative plates) detaches
and combines with hydrogen (H) in water (H2O) in the electrolyte liquid and re-
formed into sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as an electrolyte liquid. As a result the electrolyte
liquid weight increases to about 1.285 (on a fully charged battery).
 CHAPTER III
COVER

1. Conclusion
Batteries are electrical-chemical devices that store energy and emit energy in the form of
electricity. Obviously as a tool that removes electrical energy, the battery has a function that
very much and diverse.
Batteries are of two types: dry batteries and wet batteries. Inside the car batteries there are
sulfuric acid electrolytes, positive and negative electrodes in plate form. Plates are made of lead
or derived from tin. Battery check can be done in 2 ways: visual inspection of battery and
electrolyte examination.

2. Suggestion
Hopefully this paper can provide new knowledge for the reader about the battery, the author
recommends to keep the battery durable and durable it is necessary to check and care the
battery periodically.
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