To my beloved grandson.

‫إلى حفيدي الحبيب‬

BRIEF CONTENTS ‫فهرسة‬
PREFACE ‫مقدمة‬
the fastest growing ‫األسرع نمو‬
testimony to this claim. ‫شهادة على هذا االدعاء‬.
airline reservations ‫حجوزات شركات الطيران‬
in particular ‫بصفة خاصة‬
Audience ‫جمهور‬
Acknowledgments ‫شكر و تقدير‬
it is obvious that ‫من الواضح أن‬
the contributions ‫المساهمين‬
TRADE MARK ‫عالمة تجارية‬
made up of a ‫تتكون من‬
The concerned person
‫الشخص المعني‬
The intended person
unusable ‫غير قابلة لالستخدام‬
timely manner ‫في الوقت المناسب‬
the variation ‫التباين‬
It is the uneven delay ‫التأخير غير متكافئ‬
 When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be local or remote.
 telecommunication means communication at a distance.‫االتصال عن بعد‬
‫ أ ّما وسيلة االتصال فخطوط االتصال السلكية أو‬. ‫هو العملية التي يتم بوساطتها نقل البيانات مهما تكن طبيعتها من نقطة معينة أخرى‬
telephony, telegraphy, and television ‫ او‬.‫الالسلكية أو الضوئية‬
 Data means information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Information is represented as a bit pattern but Audio and Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of
sound or movie
 Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium(physical path). Some examples twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves and
others.
 The effectiveness of a data communications system depends
Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter
The system must deliver data The system must deliver the data The system must refers to the
to the correct destination. Data accurately. Data that have been deliver data in a variation in the
must be received by the altered in transmission and left timely manner. packet arrival
intended device. uncorrected are unusable. time.

A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a
person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.
 A B C
the communication is unidirectional the communication is directional the communication is directional
‫االتصال أحادي االتجاه‬ ‫جهاز يرسل و األخر يستلم في وقت معين و في‬ both stations can transmit and
‫جهاز يرسل و األخر يستلم‬ ‫وقت أخر يتم تبادل األدوار‬ receive simultaneously
Keyboards and traditional monitors telephone network

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 A network is the interconnection of a set of devices (host)capable of communication.

 Network Criteria
Performance : can be measured in Reliability: is measured by the Security include
many ways: frequency of failure, the time it  protecting data from
 Transit time is the amount of time takes a link to recover from a unauthorized access,
required for a message to travel failure, and the network’s  protecting data from
from one device to another. robustness in a catastrophe. damage
 Response time is the elapsed time  development, and
between an inquiry and a implementing policies and
response. procedures for recovery
from breaches and data
The performance of a network losses.
depends on a number of factors,
including
 the number of users,
 the type of transmission medium,
 the capabilities of the connected
hardware, and the efficiency of
the software.

Performance is often evaluated by two

networking metrics: throughput and
delay. We often need more
throughput and less delay.
However, these two criteria are often
contradictory.
If we try to send more data to the
network, we may increase throughput
but we increase the delay because of
traffic congestion in the network.