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7 QC Tools
7 Q C Tools 1
What are 7 QC Tools ?
QC tools are the means for Colleting data ,
analyzing data , identifying root causes and
measuring the results.
THESE TOOLS ARE RELATED TO
Numerical DATA processing
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Application of QC tools in Problem Solving
Graphs Check Stratifi Pareto Cause & Histogra Scatter Control
sheet cation Diagra Effect m Diagram Chart
m Diagram
Identification of
problem
Defining the
problem
Record of facts
Detecting causes of
problem
Develop
Improvement
method
( Solution )
Implementation
Evaluation of result
Process control
( Standardization )
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Pareto Diagram
1. What is Pareto diagram ?
A Pareto diagram is a combination of bar and line graphs of
accumulated data, where data associated with a problem
(e.g., a defect found, mechanical failure, or a complaint
from a customer) are divided into smaller groups by cause
or by phenomenon and sorted, for example, by the number
of occurrences or the amount of money involved. (The
name “Pareto” came from an Italian mathematician who
created the diagram.)
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Pareto Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Pareto Diagram
Method Usage Result
Used to identify a problem.
Allows clarification of
Pareto Diagram
Used to identify the cause of important tasks.
(No. of Occurrences) a problem. Allows identification of
Used to review the effects of a starting point (which
an action to be taken. task to start with).
Allows projection of
Used to prioritize actions. the effects of a measure
(Used during phases to to be taken
monitor the situation,
analyze causes, and review
effectiveness of an action.)
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Pareto Diagram
Example
Improved
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Stratification
1. What is Stratification ?
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Stratification
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Stratification
Method Usage Result
Grouping by day, •Used to observe variations
•Allows observation
time, place, among strata.
worker, or •Used to identify the of variations among
process strata.
relationship between cause
•By performing a
Number of Units
and effect.
•Used to identify a purpose cause analysis using
X ★★★★★★★
the stratified data,
Y △△△△ and means to serve the
the following can be
purpose
Z ○○○
[Used during phases to monitor accomplished.
the situation, analyze causes, 1.Identification and control of a
review effectiveness of an action, problem
perform standardization, and 2.“Division of data (obtained by
implement a selected control using each QC tool) into several
measure.] groups”
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Stratification
Item Method of Stratification
Hour, a.m., p.m., immediately after start of work,
Elapse of time
shift, daytime, nighttime, day, week, month
Worker, age, male, female, years of experience,
Variations among workers
shift, team, newly employed, experienced worker
Processing method, work method, working
Variations among work
conditions (temperature, pressure, and speed),
methods
temperature
Variations among Measurement tool, person performing
measurement/inspection measurement, method of measurement, inspector,
methods sampling, place of inspection
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Scatter Diagram
1. What is Scatter Diagram ?
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Scatter Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Scatter Diagram
Method Usage Result
•Used to identify a relationship •Can identify cause
Scatter Diagram between two matters.
yAxis
•Used to identify a relationship and effect relation.
Abrasion
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Scatter Diagram
yAxis
Abrasion (micron)
x Axis
Number of
Rotations
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Cause & Effect Diagram
1. What is Cause & effect Diagram ?
A cause and effect diagram is “a fish-bone diagram that
presents a systematic representation of the relationship
between the effect (result) and affecting factors (causes).”
Solving a problem in a scientific manner requires
clarification of a cause and effect relationship, where the
effect (e.g., the result of work) varies according to factors
(e.g., facilities and machines used, method of work,
workers, and materials and parts used). To obtain a good
work result, we must identify the effects of various factors
and develop measures to improve the result accordingly.
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Cause & Effect Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Cause & Effect Diagram
Method Usage Result
Used when Can obtain a clear
overall picture of causal
Cause and Effect clarifying a cause relation. (A change in
Diagram
Machine Man
and effect the cause triggers a
relationship.[Used variation in the
Effect
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Cause & Effect Diagram
Mechanism of Quality of
Copying Machine Copying Paper
Malfunction of
Running out
Smudges on the the roller
of stock
Deterioration of
Error in
performance due
Keyboard handling placement of Dirt on the
to high
error paper (setting glass
temperatures
its face up) surface
Error in selecting a
Dust
scale of reduction Error in Nicotine-
selecting stained
shading
User Surrounding
Environment
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Histogram
1. What is Histogram ?
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Histogram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Histogram
Method Usage Result
•Used to assess the actual
conditions. •Can identify the
Histogram •Used to analyze a process to location of the mean
Standard
Range identify a problem point that needs (central) value or
to be improved by finding the degree of variations.
location of the mean value or •Can find out the scope
degree of variations in the graph.
•Used to examine that the target of a defect by inserting
X Axis (Values
Actually quality is maintained throughout standard values.
Range of
Variations
Measured)
the process. •Can identify the
•Others condition of
[Used during phases to distribution (e.g.,
monitor the situation, analyze whether there is an
causes, and review isolated, extreme
effectiveness of an action.] value).
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Histogram
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Check Sheet
1. What is Check sheet ?
A check sheet is “a sheet designed in advance to allow easy
collection and aggregation of data.” By just entering check
marks on a check sheet, data can be collected to extract
necessary information, or a thorough inspection can be
performed in an efficient manner, eliminating a possibility
of skipping any of the required inspection items.
A check sheet is also effective in performing stratification
(categorization).
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Check Sheet
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Check Sheet
Method Usage Result
Ensures collection of
Check Sheet Used to collect required data.
Day
Process
data. Allows a thorough
Process 1
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Check Sheet
A check sheet used to identify defects
Date
Total
Defect
Vertical Scratch
Scratch
Dent
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Control Chart (Control Chart / Graph 1)
1. What is Control Chart ?
A control chart is used to examine a process to see if
it is stable or to maintain the stability of a process.
This method is often used to analyze a process. To
do so, a chart is created from data collected for a
certain period of time, and dots plotted on the chart
are examined to see how they are distributed or if they
are within the established control limit. After some
actions are taken to control and standardize various
factors, this method is also used to examine if a
process is stabilized by these actions, and if so, to
keep the process in a stable state.
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Control Chart
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Control Chart
Method Usage Result
Used to observe a Can identify a change
Control Chart
caused by elapse of
change caused by
time.
elapse of time.
Can judge the
[Used during phases to
process if it is in its
monitor the situation,
normal state or there
x-R Control Chart analyze causes, review
are some anomalies
effectiveness of an
by examining the dots
action, perform
plotted on the chart.
standardization, and
implement a selected In the example “x bar ” -R
control chart, “X bar”
control measure represents the central value,
while “R” indicates the range.
Control Chart for Managerial Purposes: Extends the line indicating the control limit used for analytical purposes
to plot data obtained daily to keep a process in a good state.
Control Chart for Analytical Purposes: Examines a process if it is in a controlled state by collecting data for a certain
period of time. If the process is not controlled, a survey is performed to identify its cause and develop
countermeasures.
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Control Chart
Examples of Values
Represented by Dots
x- Control Chart
A decline
represented by
seven
consecutive dots
Group Number
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Graph
1. What is Graph ?
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Graph
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
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Graph
Method Usage Result
120
Changes in a time-sequential Can observe changes in
100
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Graph
[Bar Graph of Sales] [Band Chart of Expenses]
・Survey Period: Dec. 1999
(¥million) (¥million)
・Prepared by: M/T
Before
Sales
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To sum up 7 QC tools (Numerical data ) are used as follow:
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Thank you
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