Yolu.

ue 6 Issue 69
hrblished by
:rbis Publishino Ltd
Q Aerospace P"ublishinq Ltd 1984
3ctour profiles, diagrams and cutaway
C.awings O Pilot Press Ltd

Editorial Offices
llar Machine
lerospace Publishing Ltd
'3 Badey Mow Passage
-ondon W4 4PH
ilanaging Editor: Stan Morse
Edhorial; Trisha Palmer
Chris Bishop
Chris Chant
lan Drury

Design: Rod Teasdale

ColourOrigination: lmago Publishing Ltd,
Thame, Oxon
Typesetting: SX Composing Ltd Consultant Editor: Major General Sir
Flm work: Precise Litho Ltd Jeremy Moore KCB OBE MC, Gomman-
der of British Land Forces during the
Artisls: Falklands campaign.
Keith Fretwell
Keith Woodcock

Distribution and marketing offices:

27U12 Orbis Publishing Ltd
Orbis House Picture acknowledgements
20-22 Bedfordbury Coro pbotognph: COL 136l: US Air Force/British Aerospace. 1362: Aviom Mdcel Dasautt-Breguet/
tr.ir]ted in Great Britain London WC2N 4BT Dasult/Bob A Mmo. 1363: DNaulvAmee de I'Air. 136,1: COL 1365: Coycnrmari,/cmar./Gm-
3',' The Artisan Press Ltd Telephone: 01-319 6711 man/Cmil. 1366: BriGh Aerospace,MoD,Panavia. 136?: Bril6h Aerospace/Meserschmitt Bolkow-
Blohn 1368r COL 1369: MoD. I3?2: lnternational Defence Review l3i3: US Deparbnent of DeiemeruS
Subscription Manager: Christine Allen Circulation Director: David Breed Navy. l3?4: Flyqvapen. l3?5: US Air Force{JS Air Force. 13?6: US Air Force. l3??: US At Force. l3?8: US
0488 72666 Marketing Director: Michael Joyce Aa Forcey'US Air Force. 1379: US Air Force. 1380: Saab BoltrK/Flygmpe& (iii)r US Amy. (iv): US Amy.

HOWTO OBTAIN ISSUESAND BINDERS FORWARMACHINE

ssJes €n be obtained by placing an orderwith your newsagent ordirect from ourSubscnpiion AUSTRALIA please write to: cordon and corch (Aus) Ltd, 1 14 William Street. pO Box 767c. Metbourne
l:mrtment. lf you have difficulty obtaining any back issues from your newsgent, please write ic rs MCtOiA3OOl. MALTA, NEWZEALAND. SINGAPORE &SOUTH AFBICA: BACK NUMbETS ATEAVAiIAbICAt
::a'!ng the issue(s) required and enclosinq a cheque forthe cover price of the issue(s)- mver prie f rom you r newsagent. ln case of diff icu lty, write to the address given forbinders.

UWEIRE EUROPE iiIX}LEEAST A*I ERICAS/ASI.A,/AFRICA AUSTRALIA/FAR EAST

:r CE: 80p/lRl1 PRICE:80p PRICE:8Oo PRICE: US$1.95i80p PRICE: 80p
S- BSCRIPTION: SUBSCBIPTION: SUBSCR IiCT\: SUSSCRIPTION: SUBSCRIPTION:
i Vcnths: 123.92 6 Months air: t42.12 6 Months ai. f44 6Mon'fis air: f53.30 6lvlonths air: f57.46
'1%t:f47.U surface: 933.54 suire: surta@: f42.12 surtace: f42.12
3 \.lER: Please send f3.95 'I
Year air: 1a4.24 l Yer air' €89.96 1Y€r air: f106.6O l Yer air'. f114.92
:€- c:qder, ortake advantage surface: t67 08 strire: faL24 surfa€: e84.24 swlace: fU.24
:'.J: soecial offer in early BINDER: f5.00 BINDER: f5.5O BINDEB:f5.50 BINDER:85.50
3S f,eS. AIRMAIL:i5.50 AIRMAIL: f8 30 AlRt\,,lAIL; f9.50 AIRMAIL: f]0,00

MALTA SOTJTHAFRICA AUSTRAlJA

Obtain BINDERS f rom PRICE: R2.35 PRICE: AUS$2.25
your newsagent or obtain BlNDERSfrom Obtain BINDERS from
Miller {Malta) Ltd. any branch of Central First Post fty Ltd,
MAVassalli Street. NewsAgencyor 23 Chandos Street
Valetta. Malta lntermag, PO Box St Leonards,
Price: 13 95 57394, Springfield NSW2O65

NEWZEALAND
SINGAPORE PRICE: NZ$2.80
PRICE: Sing$2 Obtain BlNDERSfrom
Obtain BINDEBS from yournews@e-::r
MPH Distributors Gordo. & Gs:r i\:
601 Sims Drive lr^
-f^--=-
0347-21
Singapore l43B

ADORESS FOR BINDERS AND BACK ISSUES NOTE ADDRESS FOR S{.'BSCA?NOI.S
l: s:-3 s^ing Limited Binders and back issues are obtainable subjectto Orb;s cJb s^ -E
availability of stocks. Whilst every attempt is madeto HJsi:e- --:€
keep the price ofthe issues and binders constant, the Bavocr Pa
publishers reserve the rig ht to increase the stated GTbcuTe Woodl€nds
prices at any time when circumstances d;ctate. Binde6
depicted in this publication are those produced forrhe Bei<s
UK and Australian markets only. Binders and lssus RG167TW
may be subject to impon duty and/or l@ltaxes, which Telephone: 048&72666
l-.:rs r::= C.dersshouldbemadepayabletoOrbis PublishinqLimited. are not included in the above prices unless stated.
I r::r:-::: -::Cemstageandpackingandpricesareinsterling. All cheques/Postal Orders should be made payable to Orbis
Publishing Limited. Postage and packaging is included in
:i:! :: -:: :-: :: : ?: the cover price, and we do not charge carriage in the U K subscription rates, and prices are given in Sterling.
 tl rn
sfrikeAircraff
Modem electronic defence systems are desigmed to let
nothing tttrough, and certainly not a big piloted afucraft. How
FB-l I IAsofUSAF
Strategic Air Command
are air refuelled
can attack afucraft sttrlrive in any fufure all-out war? An on mrssions
es sentially s tr a teg ic in
extremely important element in the modern battlefield is the
nature. The Soviet
deep strike hehind enemy lines, desigmed to hamper the Su-24 has similar
movement of fotces and to cut communications. capability.

More than 30 years ago air staffs in several countries had recognized at speeds much beyond 460 mph (740 kmih) The specralized cj:s:-
fly support and anti-armour machines such as the Fairchild Republic A- _ -
that, to penetrate defended airspace, attacking aircraft would have to
as lovr aspossible, The UK issued far-sighted specifications for lowlevel and Sukhoi Su-25 are much slower still, while the ltahan/Brazilian AMX .
bombers, but failed to get any actually built, When the nation at last built only just getting into its flight-test proq-ramme. At the upper end of :h:
such an aircraft, the Blackburn Buccaneer, it was for the Royal Navy, and scale of size and cost, the monster Rockwell B- I was designed for }lach 2
lor this and other reasons the RAF steadfastly set its sights on Mach 2. (at high leve| where it dare not go) and for the past I0 years has bee:.
Such a speed can be reached only at great heights, where no manned made slower and slower as the USAF trles to get the design righ:
aircraft can survive except in airspace devord of modern defences, To survive, an attacking aircraft today needs stealth quaiity, If :he
Thepennykeepsdropping,andthoughsomemanufacturersstillinsist enemy does not detect lts presence, the aeroplane will not be shc:
on designing for Mach 2, which means high costs and a very comprom- down; conversely, if it is detected, lt will be shot down no matter how fas:
last
rsed aircraft unsuited to the true low-level attack mission, a few are at it flies, Obviously, in the absence of stealth, a very poor second-best is ::
lrying to 'get their act together', In general today's attack aircralt have load the aircraft up with the most comprehensive electronic systems f::
maxtmum speeds well below that of sound, especially when they are detecting hostile illuminating radars or oncoming missiles or oite:
cluttered with a heavy external bombload, The Buccaneer scorned for threats, and fast-reacting countermeasure systems operating at radar
rts slow maximum speed, can actually fly for long distances at treetop infra-red or optical wavelengths to try to defeat each threat as last as _:
teight with a 4,000-1b (1814-kq) bombload at speeds hrgher than any of materializes
its supersonic rivals, and with less than half the fuel consumptionl
rhe vousht A-7 corsair rr, McDonneu Douslas A
_4
Grumman A-6 Intruder are all important attack types serving !yl"y\ ::1 :"3i':'i:*i:i,"i:;:i"'i:!:#:,n:;:ii3ii::;;3{,":::wii:i?:i{:::#';i"
-modernstrikeaircrattistnereioi"a"i4.SiiiW6fiiowandveryfast,as
in large
numbers despite the fact that they find it hard to deliver their ordnance demonstrated by this OmaniJaguar.

:,i19.*,ri,, . -r..':,1::r:.'
qf,
F :: '---
' " lrrii.j.ii:-:L:il:ri"
l
;t,,
;'

.'::R*ri: ::a
.r'tr+sr.r4{id@;:.,.1iii''i]-=f;"40*+ ,.@.. -..ii=.,..'
'.=.1Xlill.1;:j:q:==.::,
'.. :.::::::.=:::::::::::n.' ]:+
ft ijXtsa,rrt Mirase IVA
When France decided to create its
nuclear deterent in 1954 the size of
aircraft needed was almost that of the
B-58, with two afterburning J75 en-
gnnes. Finally the bold decision was
taken to build a smaller supersonrc
bomber, unable to fly a reh;rn trip but
relylng heavily on inflight-refuelling
from a force of 14 Boeing C-135F tank-
ers. The Dassault Mirage IVAwas thus
desigmed around two of the existing
Atar engines, wrth an airframe derived
foom an unbuilt night-fighter srmilar to
a scaled-up Mirage IIL The slim fusel-
age has a refuelhng probe rn the nose,
pilot and navrgator/systems operator
in tandem Martin-Baker BM4 seats, a
mapping radar v,rth a circular radome
bulge iust ahead of the recess for the
bomb, and engrine ducts with inlets
similar to the half-cone centrebody
type of the Mirage IIL Bogre main
gears with non-skid brakes and large
tail parachutes assist recovery at short
airbases in friendly terrrtory. Dassault
built 62 from 1963, a 1970s modification
being addition of wing hard-points. for
heavy conventional bombloads, Today
the 91e and 94e Escadres ofthe Arm6e
fI iiXs""rt-Bresruet Mirase 2000N
Though externally similar in appear-
ance to the original Miraate IIi of 1956,
the Dassault-Brequet Miraqe 2000 is a
totally new aircraft, In structure,
aerodynamic design, flight-control
system, radar, engine, cockpit and
weapons it represents an enornous
advance over all previous Mirages,
and rn particular marks a rejection of
the costly multi-role formula previous-
ly attempted in Dassault's ACF (Avion
de Combat Fuhr). fhe ACF was aban-
doned rn 1975, when work on the Mu-
aqe 2000 began, and the flrst Mirage
2000 flew on I0 March 1978. AII current
production is of the basic Mirage
2000C1 fighter which entered service
at Creii ln June 1984,
Subsequently Dassault-Bregnlet was
given a contract to develop the Mirage
2000N (N for nucl6atre) to replace the
Mirage IIIE in air{o-surface attack
roles. Though inevitably a fixed-
geometry aircraft with a large delta
wing is the wrong shape for firlI-throttle
attack at sea level, the Mirage 2000N is
1362
de I'Alr deploy five small squadrons
(each normally with hvo pairs, one of
each pair being a buddy tanker) dis-
persed among six primary and many
secondary bases to avoid being
caught on the ground. Another 12 au-
craft are multi-sensor reconnaissance
platforms. I
Specification
Dassault Mirage IVA
Type: supersonic bomber
Powerplant: two 7000-kg ( t5, 432-ib)
thrust SNECMAAIaT 9K afterbuning
turbojets
Performance: manmum speed (bnef
t
dash at high altitude) 2340 krn/ir
(1,454 mph); sustainedspeed 1966
k'n/h (1,222 mph) at 18290 m (60,000 ft);
radius inthe nuclear rolelrth 12190 m
(40,000 ft) cruise 1240 km (770 miies); Afuve : The original w eap n o f the Below: AII Miragre IVA }r.m}r-rs are
ferryrange 4000 lcn (2,485 miles) IYA was the 65-kilotonne AN 22 amoullagd. A total of I 8 are to be
Weights:empty 14500 kg (31,967 lb); nucleat bmb sen fiere reoessed rebuilt for seruice until 1996 canying
maximum take-ofl 33475 kg (73,800 lb) into the belly. Some MAs retain this the long-range ASMP nuclear missile
Dimensions: span 11,85 m (38 ft tlleapn, but with a quick- re tar d of 100- I 50 kilotonnes yield (seen on
10.5 in); lengrth 23,5 m (77 ft I rn); rys(em added for use in the low-level the facing page carried by the short-
height 5,40 m (17 ft 8,5 in); wrngarea ro le. O ther air cr dt have *n range Mirage 2000N).
78.0 m'z (839.6 sq ft) quip@tocarryHEbombs.
restressed to fly at speeds up to
1110 ks/h (690 mph) at treetop height,
though the rough ride would certainly
afect crew effciency. T\mo crew are
carried, cutting sliqrhtly into i$eiaqre
tankage, the navigator having extra
displays fed by the new Thomson-
CSP/ESD Antlope V radar which has a
terrain-following mode. Other new
equlpment rnciudes twia hertial plat-
irrms and augmented ECM instala-
tiors, The first prototype Mirage 2000N
flew on 3 February 1983. In service
with the Arm6e de l'Air from early
1987, this version will normally fly with
two l?00-litre (374-lrnp gal) drop tanks,
carrying the ASMP standoff nuclear
missile. Other loads are possrble for
tactical use, as Iisted below. maximum afterburner The prototype Mirage 2000N k seen
Performance: maximum spded at 1ow here turning to begin its take-off,
Specification level, with eight bombs plus huo AAMs carrying two tanks andtwo sel{-
Dassault-Breguet Miraqe 2000N 11I0 kn/h (690 mph); service ceiiing d efence M atra M agic AAM s. The
TYpe: two-seat attack bomber 18000 m (59,055 ft), where speed can two-seat 2000N is strengthened to fly
Powerplant one SNECMA M53-5 easily exceed Mach 2 (clean); range at 600 kts at low level (Tornados are
afterburning bypass turbojet rated at with hvo tanks more than 1850 kn clearedtoS00 kts).
9000-kg ( 19,842-1b) thrust vnth (i, 150 miles)
Dassaault-Bregnret Mirage 2000N (continued) Modern Strike Aircraft
Weights: empty(basic Mirage 2000
flshter) 7400 kg (16,314 lb); maxmum
take-off(fiqhter) 16500 ks (36,376 lb)
Dimensions: span 9.00 m (29 ft 6.3 in);
lengith 14.55 m (47 ft I in) height not
stated; mngarea4L0 m'(44I.3 sq ft)
Armament: pylons under fr:selage and
wings fortheoretical maximum load of
6000 kg ( 13,228 lb) of various bombs,
rockets or missiles inciuding Exocet;
AS.30 Laser, Durandal or Beiouga;
primary weapon will be a single ASMP
ramj et-propelled standoff nuclear
attack missile; in all cases hvo Magic
AAMs canbe carrledonthe outer
wing pylons for self-defence

A Mirage 2000N prototYpe carrtes a

durnmy ASMP as well as two tanks
and M agic AAM s. With a Yield of I 00'
150 kilotonnes, ASMP wil|flY uP to 62
miles ( 100 km) Iifted bY the
projecting inlet ducts to its rantjet
engine.

SEPECAT Jagruar
Developed jointly by BAC (now BAe) AJ agruar GR.Mk I of RAF No. 54 Sqn, normally based at Coltishall' Norfolk.
and Bregnret (now Dassault-Bregnrei),
who formed the consortium to manage
the progrramme, the SEPECAT Jagnrar
was created to m€et a need bY the
RAF and Arm6e de I'Auforalow-level
all-weather attack aircralt and, espe-
cially for the latter buyer, advanced jet
and weapons training. Slightly diffe-
rent versions were produced, with one
or two seats, for the two original cus-
tomers, and 403 aircraft of these basic worth SI08 mrllion were flown out to Specification Dimensions: span 8.69 m (28 ft 6 tn);
four sub-types were delivered. Expod Oman and Ecuador, and Oman has SEPECAT Jagiuar Intemational Iengrth excluding probe 15.52 m (50 ft
sales have been the responsibility of placed a repeat order. India placed an Type: multl-role tactical attack fighter I I rn); height^4.89 m (I6 ft 0,5 tn): winq
the UK partner (often in head-on com- order which in fuI] wrII be worth over Powerplant:two 38 lO-kg (8,4001b) areaZ4.IB m" (260.27 sq ft)
petition with the French partner) and S1 billion. A substantial sale has been thrust Rolls-Royce Turbom6ca Adour Armament: tvvo 30-mm Aden or DEFA
have so far taken sales beYond 550. made to Nigeria. All versions have Mk B l I afterburningr turbofars cannon; seven hardpoints phrs tro
The Jagnrar International has more complete ability to operate from short Performance: maximum speed at high overwing AAMpylors for totalof
powerful engines and is available with gnass airskips or any good section of altihrde 1750 kdh(1,087 mph), andat 4763 kq (10,500 lb) ofvariedstores
radar and other sensors, Magic AAMs highway. Not least of the good results lowaltitude 1350 lcn/h(839 mph);
and certaln aerodynamic imProve- achieved has been a level of mainte- attack radius on a lo-lolo mission FrenchJagaars have a dilferent
ments whrch enhance airto-air and nance man-hours rougrhly one{hird 9i7 kn(570 miles) equipment fit from those of the R'AF ;
anti-ship capability as well as giving that demanded by previous combat Weishts: empty7000 kq(15,432 1b); this example comes from EC I I at
true all-weather avionics. Orders aircraft. maximum take-off 15700 kg (34,612 lb) Toul-Rosidres.
 lvlodern Attack I'lefhods
Modern air defence provides a formidable barrier to
attacking aircraft, with sophisticated radars in theair andon
the ground providing detection and guidance to ever more
capable defending aircraft,rnissrTes and guns. Sucft defences
must be penetrated if success in battle is to be attained.
For more than 30 years it has been accepted that the best, and perhaps only,
way for an attacking aircraft to penetrate def ended airspace is to f ly at the lowest
possible height above the ground. For reasons of simple straight-line geometry,
the lower the height. the more difficult it will be for defending radars to detect
and lock-on to the enemy aircraft, and the greater will be the likelihood of the
radar breaking lock at the crucial moment because of an obstruction (a grove of
trees or some buildings, perhaps) getting in the way and confusing the radar
with. a different set of ranges and relative velocities.
Thus, in addition to all the other essentials, a modern attack aircraft needs
aerodynamics and propulsion tailored to the sealevel atmosphere. lt needs the
smallest possible wing, and in particular the smallest possible span, if the ride is
not to be so rough that the ability of the pilot (and backseater if present) to do his
job is seriously degraded, And, in addition to all the other navaids (which are
today centred on inertial systems, because these do not emit tell-tale radiation)
the aircraft needs a good forward-looking radar, a TFR (terrainJollowing radar)
and precise radar altlmeter. The altimeter does not follow tradition and measure
barometric pressure but instead bounces radar signals off the Earth directly
beneath the aircraft and by measuring the time taken for the round trip indicates
the true height above the ground. Thus, flying over a tall building would give a
sudden 'hiccup' to the reading. The radar altimeter could not prevent the aircraft
flying into a tall building, but the TFR could" By projecting a beam or beams
diagonally ahead it guards the aircraft with a kind of invisible shape like the front
of a ski continuously projected ahead. Should the lnvisible toe of the ski meet a
mountain, building or other obstruction it commands the autopilot to lift the
aircraft safely over it, though (as in the case of a tall radio mast) the best answer
may sometimes be to go round it. This can be done in fog or at night, and it needs
a steelv-nerved flioht crew.
The hrain forwa"rd-looking radar can be operated in many 'modes' giving
different forms of picture calculated to help the crew find its way, locate targets
and attack them. Radars are the most widely used of all electromagnetic
sensors. but it is possible to choose quite different electromagnetic
wavelengths. Making the radiation wavelength much shorter can bring it into
the lR (infra-red) region, more commonly called heat. lR devices can be purely
passive, able to detect and track the source of any strong lR emission, such as
the jet nozzles of an enemy aircraft. Sensitive lR seekers can even lock-on to the
cooler parts of an aircraft, even from head-on, and so they are used for many
anti-aircraft missiles, both AAMs (air-to-air missiles) and SAMs (surface-to-air
missiles). Conversely, the aircraft can use a FLIR (forward-looking infra-red) to
detect targets ahead that are at a different temperature from their surroundings.
?+?i&':.
F-:.
,
:,.:.:::::.: l:,!i:i;i:t!1,&
...::.:...e,'..,. :...
:.....,,,:. t
. .., :,. i.t,riai ia:, * i
| :.,t:t)),:a.
: :. ar':..\t::!.t':'.tL': :\-,.1 L''
Cockpit displays can show a detailed pictu re of the terrain ahead, or a ship at sea,
with a line-by-line composition looking just like a monochrome TV. Hot areas are
usually white and very cold places black, the picture thus being made up o+
rntermediate grey tones; but the polarity can be switched the other way, for
example to show a black ship on a cold grey sea. Making the wavelength even
shorter brrngs the emission down neaito visible light, and here the-laser is
useful A forward-looking laser can give extremely plec;se ranges to a target,
and thrs rs vrtal for accurate weapon delivery.
_ A.n example of a complete add-on navigation and targeting system is LAN-
TIRN, a US product packaged into two pods clipped on externaiiy. ihe navigation
pod contains a small TFR which can be coupled through theautopilotbut is
normally used merely to display the scene ahead so that ihe pilot can follow the
ground contours manually (a dangerous procedure). lt also has a FLIR with a
wide FOV {f ield of view) which displays the 'hear picture' on the HUD (head-up
display) in f ront of the pilot, so that he can see the picture whilst at the same timb
looking through the HUD to the real scene ahead. The companion tarqetinq pod
contains a narrow-FOV FLIR, a target designating and rangihg laser and aut'oma-
tic arrangements for locking-on and tracking a chosen targ-et. Lasers can be used
to 'designate' a target by illuminating it with their special light. lf a missile is
launched with a seeker matched to that particular light, it will home on to its
source and thus hit the target. lf friendly troops are present on the ground one of
them can use a laser to designate an enemy tank, fortification or olher target; it
can then be destroyed by a heavy missile from an aircraft fined with flaser
rece ver matched to that particular laser's emissions.
Of course, radars, lR and lasers can equally be used to shoot down the
attacking aircraft. The answer is to equip the aircraft with appropriate ECM
{electronic countermeasures). IRCM (infra-red countermeasuiesi and OCM
{optical countermeasures). First. some device must be carried to warn that
hostile defence systems are in use and have locked-on to an aircraft. Then an
appropriate defence system must be brought into action. This is best done
automatically, with computer control, not only to relieve the pilot of constant
workload but also because of the speed of reaction needed, Computers are also
needed to determine the exact direction and type of enemy system being used,
to code the wavelength(s) of our own responses and to send but radiation in the
correct direction to minimize wastage of onboard power. Enemy radars can be
masked or confused by a powerfuljammer built into the aircraft or carried in an
attached pod. Allernatively small jammers can be dispensed in little packages
fired from tubes in or carried on the aircraft. So tob can hot flare'paylo5ds
dispensed f rom s,imilar trrlres, to conf use and decoy lR-homing missileis. By far
the commonest form of ECM is chaff, which fills the sky wit6 small refleitive
slivers to blanket the enemy radar displays completely.
At RAF Honington a Tornado GR.Mk I otNo. I Sqn is armed for a training
mission.TheTornadois desigrned tobe used at low level, its smallwing and
strong construction allowing very high speeds to be maintained while giving
its crews a stable platform for weapons delivery.
 Modern Strike Aircraft

Above: A normal television image ot
a simulated convoy on the battlefield
training zone of N ellis AFB,
purelyvisual attackwould have
carried out in seconds, with
consequent risk of inaccuracy.
Below: Anavigator's-eyeview of a
Tornado cockpit. Modern
U tah. A computer i zed system s h ave
to be substantially lessened the workload
in navigation, targeting and weapon
delivery, and the Tornado ian be
flown atlow levels in allweather.
Above : I n w ide- ar ea su rv eillance
mode, the Pave Mover system
enables an attacking aircraft,
penetratingenemy detences at low
level, to acquire and classify a range
of targets as well as se/ec!
approFiiate weaponry.
Below : The SAR (Synthetic A pe r t u r e
Radar) has a high resolution moce
whichenhances the detection ol
individu al slow-moving tar ge ts,
Modern systems can distingtsi.
such targets even in conditions o:
background clutter.

R ight : F inal a ttac k ru n a nd weapon de livery is automatic, with the sy s tem

protecting itself against enemy ECM (electronic countermeasures). Bad
weather or night is no deterrent to the modern aircraft; indeed, a crew might
never even see the taryet they had destroyed or the ground over which they
flew.
ffi Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer

Above: A Buccaneer of No. I 6 Sqn,

which re-formed on the type
at Laarbruch, Germany, in I 97 2.
This squadron has since converted
totheTornadoGR.Mk I.

Right : T oday Buccaneers have

B-class redl blue national insignia,
but this aircraft was engaged on
Ministry trials with various external
loads.

Below : TheB uccaneers of RAF N o.

208 Sqn, Honington, will remain
operating in the maitime role tor the
foreseeable future.

Specification
Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer S.Mk 28
Type: low-level attack aircraft
Powerplant: two 5t03-kg (l l,250tb)
:irr:st Rolls-Royce Spey Mk I0I
:gbofars
Performance: maximum speed at low
altitude wrth fuli internal bombload
I I I0 kn/h (690 mph); tacticalradius
with internal fuel on a hr-lo-hi mrssion
998 lsn (620 mrles)
Weights: empty 13540 kg (29,850 1b);
maximum take-otr28 123 kq (62,000 lb)
Dimensions:span 13.41 m(44 ft0 in);
leng'lh 19.33 m (63 ft 5 m): height 4.95 m
(16 ft3 in); wrng asea47.B2mz
(514.7 sq ft)
Armament: internal bay for four 454-kg
(I,000-ib) bombs, reconnaissance pod
or LR tank; four wing pylons each for
triple 454-kg (1,000-lb) bombs or
various other stores

ffi & fI iffi"dltorn"ao IDS

lhe world's first combat aircrat to be
cieveloped by three nations jointly, to
meet the requirements of four national
:-r.stomers (MF, Luftwaffe, Marineflie-
ger and ltalian AMI), the Panavia Tor-
nado is the world's best long-ranqte
lcwlevel interdiction aircraft. No other
aircraft combines tvvo small and fuel-
et[cient engines, a crew of two with an
cutstandingly modern low-drag tan-
dem cockpit, swing-wings icr efficient
subsonic ioiter but treetop-height dash
at krntr (92I mph) and the ability
1483
to carry every tactical store in the
European NATO armoury, Despite
itris, the Tornado is a relatively small
aircraft, wrth a shorter body than the
F/A-18 and awingso much smallerthat
tie gnrst response in the low high-
speed attack role (at speeds 35 per
cent higher than the limit for the US
aircraft) is more than l0 times better,
Including four of the sx pre-sertes au-
craft, the customer procurement by
1982 totalled644,2I2for the l,uftwaffe,
ll2 for the Marineflieger, 220 for Ihe
RAF and I00 for the AML Production is
proceedinq steadily, wrth the Tornado
entering squadron sewice with all
three nations in increasing numbers,
Weapon-delivery trials by many
methods have in numerous cases set
Bearing its nationality code letter and unit aircraft numher atthe top of the fin,
thj,sTornadobelongs to theAMI (ltalianairforce) butis onthe strengthof the
Trinational Tornado Training Unit at RAF Cottesmore.
new records for accuracy. RAF Torna- Dimensions:span (swept) 8.60 m (28 ft
dos swept the board in the 1984 SAC 2.5 rn); lengrth 16,70 m(54 ft9.5 in);
'Giant Voice' bombing competitionl heiqht 5.70 m (l8ft 8.5 in); winqi area Below: Another ltalian AMI Tornado,
notstated this time basedinltaly, showing a
Specification Armament: two 27-mm Mauser typical conventional attack load ot
Panavia Tornado IDS (RAF Tornado cannoni total of B 165 kq ( 18,000 lb) of eight 8L.755 cluster bombs, two selt-
GR.IvIk 1) drsposable stores on two tandem defence Sidewinders and two
Type: All-weather multi-roie attack fuselage pylors plus four swrvelltng E lettronica EC M pods. Britain,
and reconnatssance arrcraft wing pylons, plus centreline for multi- Germany and ltaly all use different
Powerplant: two 7 167-kg ( I 5,800-1b) sensor reconnaissance pod ECM jammerpods.
thrust T\ubo-Union RB. 199 Mk 101
(from i983, upratedMk I03)
augrmented turbofans
Performance: maxrmum speed, clean
at hiqhaltitude 2414 lan/ir (i,500 mph);
radius (on a hi-lo-1o-hi mrssion with
3628 kq/8,000 lb of bombs) 1390 lan
(863 miles)
Weights: empty about 14000 ker
(30,865 1b); maxrmum over 26490 kq
(58,400]b)

r366
licrncdolDsinAction
The most important single type of comhat aircraft in Western Europe , the Totnado is-
at present serving in its initial attack form with the F"AF, Lyltwaffe, Marineflieger and
AironauticaMili[are ltaliano.This accountis afirst-hand impressionof whatitislike
to fly a Tornado for a living, the chosen unit being a wing of theMarineflieger.
No strident klaxon sounds, nor does a voice
from the public-address system pierce the
night, as the Schleswig base comes to life at
03 30 in the morning. Rain falls steadily through
the darkness as 40 pilots and 40 navigators
(called WSOs, weapon-system officers) force-
sleep from their eyes and adjust to a state of
high alertness. Lookinq inllated in their Day-
GIo orange 'poopy suits', they bundle into the
operations shelters of Nos I and 2 Squadrons of
Marinefliegerqeschwader t and start the day's
work,
MFG I completed its conversion from the
Lockheed F-104G to the Panavia Tornado in
1983. Some pilots found it difficult to share the
workload with a backseater, but most found the
transition a wonderfirl experience, Each mis-
sion became pure pleasure, especially when
real challenges were imposed. Unlike the F-
I04, the Tornado was designed from the start to
carry very heavy loads of bombs or missiles at
the lowest possible levels through heavily de-
fended alrspaee and deliver them"witLpin.
point accuraiy in the worst weather. Every
man in MFGI.knew by mid-1984 that he could
do this with unfailing certainty.
On this wet morning singie aircraft are betng
Iaunched at short intervals to bring back a com-
plete, recqnnaissance picture of most of the
Baltic area. Others are to attack a ship target
with missiles, In a few minutes each crew has to
absorb a vast amount of information on tasks,
code-words, alert states, electronic-warfare
policies, control of emissions (by timing,
waveiengths and many other variables), as
well as factors such as airfields and alternates,
weather trends and special security consid-
erations, Much of the information, including
complete detarls of the mission, are pre-
recorded and loaded into the aircraft's compu-
ter memories before take-off
During the night Schleswig's armoury has
been dispenstng many kinds of ordnance: 27-
mm ammunition made up into different forma-
tions in giant belts; free-fall, Wtded and re-
tarded bombs; rockets; practice bombs; and,
biqgest of all, the Kormoran missiles, each of
which can lcrock out and even sink almost any
ship. The firepower of each aircraft is now so
great that many tasks can be assigned to a
single aircraft; few assignments need more
than two or three, As far as possible MFG I,
like
all the 40-odd combat-ready Tornado units in At low level the Tornado is probably the fastest
Europe, aims to complete its mission unde- aircraft in the world, cleared to 800 kts (92 I mphJ
tected, except perhaps at the target where the I 480 km/ h). This GR.Mk I ot the RAF is on erercise
down aWelsh vailey with eight 454-kg (1,00eb)
Tomado's presence is very obvlous indeed. retardedbombs, two tanks and twoMarconiSEy
Comprehersive ECM jamming and dtspenser ShadowECM jammerpods.
systerns are used in conjunction with the max-
imum radio and radar silence as the lone
penetrator streaks to its tarqet hugging the we arrive just as the vast steel doors complete
Earth's surface, their slow opening procedwe. We sigm for ow
After half an hour of preparation the crews aircraft and do a carefirj walkaround, nobng
have all completed.their cornpuler{apes and two body Kormorans, two full tanks, two self-
worked out their exact procedures with clinic- defence Sidewinders, one Zeus active jammer
al precision, How different from World War III pod and one BOZ. 100 chaff/flare dispenser
For a mission to be 'scrubbed' because of bad pod, It is nothing like a maximum load, but sttll
weather is almost unthinkable, and it is equally approximately double the iimit for an F-104.
exceptional for an aircraft to abort with unser-
viceabiiity, despite the fantastic on-board com-
plexity. We gather up our mass of gear (fi1m At well over I 000 km/ h (62 I mph) in tull
cassettes, maps, charts and booklets in a bag, afterburner, this Tornado of MFG I is armd with
plus lifejackets and helmets) and walk out to four Kormorananft'-si& mjssjJes, but is not
the waiting line{axi which speeds us almost carrying tanksorECM pods (theGerman jamm*
silently to Shelter 17, Here in dimmed lighting podistheZeus).

It is not often one sees a dispJay ofweapons at an
operational station (in this case RAF Honington),
and evenmore rarely is the display as vart'ed as
this; Tornado has been cleared with more types of
store than any aircraft except theF-4. The unitis
JVo.9Sgn.
We climb aboard, and in seconds check out
the cockpit, Tightly strapped into the Martin-
Baker Mk 10 seat, we check stowage of the pins
and then follow with the similar pins flor the EPS
" (emergency power supply), canopy and MDC
(micro-detonatlng cord).
Now iet battle commence. Reaching out with
our left arm we push the APU (auxiliary power
unit) start button. No external power of any klnd
is needed; we could get going just as well at the
North Poie, The tiny gas hrrbine whines almost
inaudibly far at the rear, but in seconds we
have fuli onboard power and can then fire up
the main engines, The APU drives by shaft-
canopy shut, inertiai system run up and aligned
and all systems GO The shelter launch light
shows green, so whilst checking control move-
ments and the HUD (head-up display) icr the
coffect mode, we sweep the wings part way
back, pulling back the distinctive lever on the
left front console, and roll quickly into the dark-
ness, stabbing the brakes to hold speed dovm,
and restoring the wings to 25'.
Automaticflight
Take-off checks are complete long before
we reach the long nrnway; without stopping we
go straiqht into maxlmum reheat and the Torna-
do surges forward like a dragster. In seconds
we select gear up, flaps up, cancel reheat and
turn hard to the right on course, There is almost
nothing to do as we thunder across the invisible
flat countryside at 60 m (200 ft), cross the coast
and enter the Kattegat between the great is-
lands of Denmark. The autopilot does it all, the
autothrottles holding our speed and the radar
altimeter and TFR (terrain-following radar)
marntalning the exact clearance above the wa-
ter, Should a big ship loom ahead, we would
see it in the HUD and on the E-scope radar
display, and the TFR would pull us either up or
around it. The inertial system and many other
sources of information keep precise tabs on
where we are, and at what time; we must not be
a second early or late. In daylight we might
choose to fly rnanually, but at nlght this is im-
possible, just as it is in dense fog or snow. Then
we need to have complete confidence in those
Somewhere ahead, towards Oslo and about
50km (31 miles) off the Swedish coast to the
right, is our target. As we head towards it at a
steady 925 km/h (575 mph) we suddenly get an
update of its exact position from another MFG i
aircraft. We are not using an initial point and
have to be spot-on with the target position. The
refined figmres are quickly inserted into the
computer and at the right moment we go into
reheat for the attack. In seconds it comes into
view on the radar and we 'launch' one of ow
Kormorans, at the next.moment banking verti-
cally away on to an exit heading. WEAPON
AWAY continues to glow on the weapon con-
trol panel dead ahead under the biq projected
map display, though really the costly Kormoran
is still securely attached and everything has
been done by electronic means (and is at this
moment on tape, for subsequent playback),
Fighters approaching
We get a warning of fighters from an MFG 1
aircraft a few kilometres away. We go into the
manual mode, in full reheat, and rise a little
further above the sea. Dawn is near and the
horizon is visible, and now we can make life
hard for anyone who tries to intercept us. With
its computerlzed flight-controls and stabiltty
augmentation system the Tornado can man-
oeuwe as weil as all but one or two of the very
newest fighters, and we can show a clean pair

4
power, via the right-hand gearbox, and can be little electrons flying through those microsco-
coupled to crank up either RB. 199 engine in pic circurts, which are keeping us alive
sequence. In 30 seconds we are ready to move, throughout the mission. .a

Panavia Tornado GR.Mk 1 cutaway drawing key

1 Airdataprobe
2 Radome
3 Lightningconductorstrip
4 Terrain following radar
antenna
5 Groundmappingradar
antenna
6 Radarequipmentbay
hinged position
7 Radomehingedposition
B lFFaerial
9 Badarantennatracking
mechanism
10 Radarequipmentbay
11 UHF/TACANaerial
12 LaserRangerandt\4arked
Target Seeker (Ferranti),
starboard side
13 Cannon muzzle
14 Ventral Doppleraerial
15 Angleof attacktransmitter
l6 Canoplemergency
17 Avionicsequipmentbay
18 Frontpressure bulkhead
19 Windscreen rain dispersal
45 Pilot's Martin-BakerMk 10
ejection seat
46 Safetyharness
47 Eiectionseatheadrest
48 Cockpitcanopycover
(Kopperschmidt)
49 Canopycentrearch
50 Navigator's radardisplays
51 Navigator'sinstrument
panel and weapons control
panels
52 Footrests
53 Canopyexternal latch
54 Pitothead
55 Mauser2T-mmcannon
56 Ammunition feed chute
57 Cold air unit ram airintake
58 Ammunition tank
59 Liquidoxygenconverter
60 Cablncoldairunit
61 Storesmanagement
system computer
62 Portengine airintake
63 lntake lip
64 Cockpitframing
65 Naviqator'sMartin-Baker
74 lntakesuction relief doors
75 Wing glove Krrigerflap
76 lntake bypass airspill ducts
77 lntake ramp hydraulic
actuator
78 Fowardfuselagefueltank
79 Wing sweep control screw \P-
80
jack {Microtecnica)
Flapand slatcontroldrive
shafts
>4
8'1 Wing sweep, f lap and slat
central control unit and 2&
motor (Microtecnica)
82 Wing pivot box integralfuel
tank
83 Airsystemducting
84 Anti{ollision light
Bb UHFaerials
BO Wing pivot box carry-
through, electron beam
welded titanium structure
87 Starboardwingpivot
*88 uEdililg
bearing 4
89
iii'iJ";1.,"r['*"*uPk (( lll'?3
Flanend slattelescooic

Starboard wino
controlscrewiack
zt/zTt '

sweeo l\\\ 1// rff

>?
21
airducts
20 Windscreen (Lucas-Rotax)
Retractable,telescopic,
light ref uelling probe
inf
22 Proberetractionlink
66
N4k'1 0 ejection seat
Starboard engine
67 lntakespiilduct
68 Canopyjack
69 Canopyhingepoint
airintake /zu=
l/rl, ia
T-;
23 Windscreen open position, 70 Rearpressure bulkhead
instrument access
24 Head-updisplay, HUD
71 lntakerampactuator
llnkage
tr&
(Smiths) 72 Navigation light
25 lnstrumentpanel 73 Two-dimensional variable
26 Radar'head-down' display area lntake rampdoors
27 lnstrumentpanel shroud
28 Controlcolumn
29 Rudderpedals
30 Battery
i;
31 Cannonbarrel
32 Nosewheeldoors
33 Landing/taxiinglamp
34 Noseundercarriageleg I
strut (Dowty-Rotol)
35 Torquescissorlinks
36 Twin foMard-retracting
4
nosewheels iDunlop)
37 Nosewheel steerino unit @ Pilot Press Limited
38 Nosewheelleodooi
39 Electrical equi6mentbay
40 Ejectionseatrocketpack
41 Enginethrottlelevers

dl
42 Wing sweep control lever
43 Radarhandcontroller
44 Sideconsolepanel

r 368
 of heeis to most, We put the main radar and co-ordinates ofan alternate, Eggebeck, on the
HUD into an air-combat snapshoot mode and Danish frontier, The computer never com-
suddenly are able to frighten a 'hostile' by laun- plains but effortlessly banks us on the correct
ching a Sidewinder (again purely electronical- headlng and even adjusts the throttles as we
Iy, but with the mrssile's IR-homing head prop- enter the circuit, We take over manually for the
erly locked-on) at a fighter that we had been landing, making a radar approach despite the
watching for several seconds as it trled to growing daytime vislbility, Soft touchdown,
attack another Tornado. Despite the violent slam the reversers in and slow to walklng pace
manoeuvring in reheat the RB. I99s are so small in little over 300 m (l 000 ft). Turn off with the
and economical that we are still using our ex- beautifully precise nosewheel steering at the
ternai fuel, and rf we had to we could go for a first intersectron (lmpossible for an F-104 to
quick trip rlght round the British Isles (but not at make the third onel), shut down the right en- Two Tornado GR.Mk I s of RAF No. 9 Sqn, from
sea level), glne to slow the taxi roll and then park where Honington, reach a turning point on a simulated
A11 the time the WSO in the back has been we are told, Mlnutes hence we'll be allowed to mjssjon exercjse. The underfuselage load on both
watching our progress on hls two reprogramm- go to Schleswtg, aircraft comprises 454-kg
( I ,000-lb) retarded
able electronic displays, Some people say bomhs, thewings havingtanks andECM pods.
single-seat aircraft are cheaper and just as
good, but there is no way we could fly this 108 Wing tlp fairing
109 Double-slotted Fowler-
misslon with a one-place cockpit. Maybe if the typef laps, down position
piiot had two heads and four arms , . . 1 10 F ap guide rails
1 1 1 Starboardspoilers, open
It never does to be relaxed about fuel, be- 1 12 F apscrewjacks
cause at any time 'they'might choose to spring 1 13 Externalfueltanktailfins
114 Wlngsweptposition
something nasty, We hear by coded radio trailing edge housing
transmissron that Schleswig has been heavily 1 15 Dorsal spinefairing
16 Aftfuselagefueltank
attacked, No sweat; the WSO cranks in the 1
1 1 7 Fln root antenna fairino
1 18 HF aerial
1 19 Heatexchangerramair
intake
'120 Starboardwing fullyswept
back position
'121 Airbrake, open
122 Starboard allmoving
tailplane (taileron)
1 23 Airbrake hydraulic jack
90Leading-edge sealing 124 Prlmarv heatexchanoer
ta nng 1 25 Heat exchanger exhiust
91 Wing root glove fa r no duct
92 External fuel tank, capacitv '1
26 Englne bleed airductrng
330 lmp qal (1500 titrbs) 1 27 Fin attachmenl iolnt
93 AIM-91 Sidewinderaitrto- 128 Portairbrakerib
air self-def ence misslle construction
94 Canopyopenposition 129 Finheatshield
95 Canopyiettisonunit 130 Vortexgenerators
96 Pilot's rearviewmitrors 131 Fin integralfueltank
97 Starboard three-segment T 32 Fuel systemventpiping
leading-edge slat, open 1 33 Tailfin structure
98 Slatscrewiacks T34 lLSaeriai
99 Satdrivetorqueshaft T35 Finleadingedge
100 Wing py on sw velling 136 FoMard passive ECi\.4
conlrol rod housing
T37 Fuel jettisonandventvalve
1 38 Fin tip antenna fairing
139 VHFaerlal
'140 Tail navioation lioht
i4l Aftpass-ive ECMhousinq
142 Obstruction lLoht
143 Fueliettison "
144 Rudder
145 Rudderhoneycomb
construction
:ia(:#HiEA 1 46 Rudder hydraulicactuator
(Fairey Hydraulics)
147 Dorsal spine tail fairing
148 Thrustreverserbucket
doors, open
149 Variable area afterburner
nozzle
150 Nozzle control jacks (four)
1 5l Thrust reverserdoor
actuator
1 52 Honeycombtrailing
constructlon
I 53 Portal!movingtailplane
{taileron)
1 54 Tailplane rib construction
{ 213 Mainundercariage leg
t87
155 Leading-edge nose ribs
156 Tailplane pivot bearlng
1 57 Tailplane bearing sealing
plates
158 Afterburnerduct
101 inboardpVon pivotbearinq 1 59 Airbrake hydraulic jack
102 Stdrboardwrna rnteqral 1 60 Turbo-Union R.B.1 99-34R
fuei tank lvlk 1 01 afterburning
103 Wingfuel systemaccess turbofan engine
panels 161 Tailplane hydraulicactuator
104 Outboardpylon pivot 162 Hydraulicsystemfilters
bearing 163 Hydraulicreservoir
1 05 lvlarconi'Sky-Shadow' (Dowty)
ECM pod 164 Airbrake hinge point
106 Outboard wing swivelling '1
65 lntake f rame/production
pylon ioint
107 Starboard navigationand 1 66 Engine bayventralaccess
strobe lights panels
'167 Engineoiltank
'168 Rearfuselagefueltank
169 Wing root pneumatic seal
1 70
Enginedriven accessory
gearboxes. port and
stdrboard (KHD). airf rame
mounted
171 lntegrated drive generator
(two)
'172 Hydraulic pump {two)
173 Gearbox interconnecting
shaft
174 Starboard sideAuxiliary
Power Unit, APU (KHD)
175 Telescopicfuel pipes
176 Ponwing pivotbearing
177 Flexible wing sea ing
p ates
178 Wing skin panelling
179 Rearspar
180 Port spoilerhousinqs
1 81 Spoi er hydrau ic actuators
actuators
182 Flap screw jacks
183 Flapribconstruction
184 Port Fowletrtypedouble-
slotted f laps, down
posltion
185 Por(wingfullysweptback
position
186 Wing tip constructlon
187 Fuelvent
188 Portnavigation andstrobe
lights
189 Leading-edgeslat rib
constructlon
1 90
lvlarconi'Sky-Shadow'
ECM pod
191 Outboard swivelllng pylon
192 Pylonpivotbearing
193 Frontspar
1 94 Portwing integral f uel tank
T 95 Machined wing skin/
stringer paneL
196 Wing ribconstructlon
197 Swive llng pylon control
rod
198 Portleading-edgeslat
segments. open
199 Slatguiderails
200 Externalfueltank
201 lnboard swivelling pylon
202 lnboard pylon pivotbearlng
203 Missile launch rail
204 AIM-91 Sidewinderalrto-
air self-def ence mlssile
205 Pon mainwheel (Dunlop),
foMard retracting
206 Main undercarriage leg
strut (Dowty-Rotol)
207 Undercarriagelegpivot
bearing
208 Hydraulicretraction jack
209 Leg swivelling control link
edge 210 Telescopicflapand slat
drive torque shafts
21 1
Leading-edgesealing
fairing
2'l 2
Kriigerflap hydraulicjack
breakerstrut
214 lvlainwheeldoor
2T 5 Landing lamp
21 6 Hunting JP 233Alrfield
AttackWeapon (two, side-
by-side)
217 Submunitions
compartments (30 SG357
runway penetration bombs
and 21 5 H 8876 area denial
weapons in each JP 233)
218 Portshoulderpylon
219 Fuseage shoulderpylon
6wo)
220 MLtwin storescatriers
221 Hunting BLTSScluster
bombs (eight)
222 Mk83 high speed retarded
bomb
223 lMk 13/1 5454-kg (1,000-lb)
HE bomb
i369
Tornado IDS in Action

-:. .7
 Strike Air€raft

The serial number on this TornadoGR_ML 1

(aircraftE of No. 9 Sgn) rstrjdden bhind tb tb d
the wing; it would also be repealed under the-
tailerons, this being considered a btter
signboard than the variable-swep wing-Tb
Ferranti laser ranger and marked-targe reEE rer
(carried only by RAF Tornados)canbeseen mrrtr
the right side of the nose ahead of thenosetawrirg
g-ear. Four conventional 454-kg ( 1,000-Ib) ir@
bombs' are shown on each of the two k,narm. W
eiector-release units, while the wing pylons lrlr-'
fan.ks andS/<ySfi adow ECM jammei @s

ficerffi
II g iilritatia/En/BRAER AMx
l:.s :;:::::-r- 3=ac:.\ie light attack
:-r::1i :F.:s :-ji-::ed :c meet a need of
:= -:-:::-:--:: Ifi;are ltalana to re-
;ia:: -': F=: G9l ard Lockheed F-
--43 --:= lvrzi'ar af staff decided
::a; -e : :-eec ior a similar aircra-ft,
--'-'r ir :eplace ine EMBMER AT-
lE E-.=:::: l:se]j a hcersed ]taltan de-
1= -:3 -:.erracchi M.B. 326GB), The
:-.-=:.-1 a-:rajle team compriSeS
]-=:-:='-z 'r pafmership with Aermac-
-'- ." --.--,-
a::d EMBRAER in Brazil, the
,:::::-a-,:::Qr a 30 per ceni share by
--a:= l::aie up of the complete wrng,
:--:'--.= :aiplane and pylons, Aerita-
'-.
:- € per cent, compnsing the cen-
::
--=-
:-elagre. wrng movables, vertical
and radome, Aermacchi
'=. =-e;a:ors
2{ .ler cent, compdsing the nose
.--'. j= (',vrth cockpit and avionics in-
:e7a:cn), tarlcone and canopy,
}:e emphasis of the AM( has wisely
'ee- on simplicity and affordability,
-se:-:-l short-field ability has been
::::e'red by a good thrusVweight ratio
--i excellent high-hft devices, The
l-1'! las an initial requirement for 187
-li'!{ aircraft, while the BraLzilian FAB
to receive 79, with different Specification 520 kn(321miles) The tirst prototype AMX was
=S€cts
i;:ilcs and guns, as outlined below, Aeritalia/Aermacchi/EMBRAER AM( Weishts: empty 6000 kq ( 13, 228 lb); tragically lost early in iE test
Itr versions have a fuselage bay in Type: single-seat tactical attack and maxmum take-off I1500 kg (25,353 lb) progr amme, te s t pilot Qu arantelli
r:::ch can be accommodated three reconnaissance aircraft Dimensions: span (over AAMs) succumbing to the injuries he
jjerent hnds of reconnaissance pal- Powerplant: one 5000-kg (1 1,032{b) I0,00 m(32 ft9.7 rn); lensth 13,575 m susfained. The second aircraft took
.e: cr other mission avionics, though an thrust ltalian-built Rolls-Royce Spey (44 ft 6.5 in); height 4,576-m (15 ft over flight development at once,
.F, EO (infra-red/electro-optics) pod ts 807 turbofan 0.2 in); wrngarea 21.0 mz (226 sq ft) after its roll- out on 5 J uly I 9 84.
:-:rmally hung externally on the cen- Performance: maximum speed not Armament: (Italian) one 20-mm M6 lAl
:ebne. The first AMX crashed, but the disclosed but about I 130 krnh multibarrel cannon with 350 rounds, hung on five extemal pylons, not
second prototype flew soon after- (700 mph) cleanat sea levei; attack (Brazilian) two 30-mm DEFA 553 including two Sidewinder self-
rards and in late 1984 development radrus wrth full allowances (2722-kgl cannon each with 130 rounds, plus a defence air-combat AAMs on winQrtlp
',';as on schedule, 6,0001b bombs on a hr-lo-hi mission) totaIof3500 kg (7,716 ib) ofordnance rails

tI Hitr.noi su-24 'Fencer'

j',rst as TsAGI produced the shapes FrontalAviation attack aircraft have recently been seen invarious colours,
adopted by all the major constructors and though this Su-24 shows a commonly used camouflage, some aircraft ot
:: supersonic aircraft of the 1955-80 this type have even been seen unpainted in bright polished metal!
era, so did it develop both an interim
sring-wing scheme for modifyrng ex-
strng aircraft (applied to the Su-7 and
Tu-22) and also an ideal shape for new
iesigrns, The latter was adopted by the
MrG bureau for the MiG-23/27 and also
by Sukhoi for its Sukhoi Su-24, the latter
naving exactly twice the power of the
lvhG aircraft. Unlike the MrG the new
Sukhoi has been developed pwely for
long-range all-weather attack, and
there is no known fighter version
(though parts may be used in the Su-27
'Ram-K'). In many respects the Su-24 ts
similar to the American F- I I I, thouqrh it
is smaller, lghter, much more power-
n:l and has a belly that can be fes-
tooned with weapons, Features in-
clude a large forward-looking radar,
side-by-side seats, twin guns with
bulged ventral fairings partly formed
by the twin airbrakes, variable lateral
mlets and twin ventral flns on the flanks
of the wide fuselage, A very heavy
load of at least 25 drfferent types of
external store can be carried, and mrs-
sions can be flown to the tip of Brittany,
Scotland or as far as Sparn. Called
'Fencer' by NATO, this efhcient and
well-equipped aircraft has given the
Sovret FA (Frontal Aviation) a quantita-

Looking up at an Su-24 with the wings

at minimum sweep. In the landing
pattern, this aircraft has the twin
speed brakes p art-open. N ATO
codenames have been applied to
three positively identitied variants of
this formidable aircraft, but details
areunknown.

\372
!r*r'c: Su-24'Fencer' (continued)
i;eciEcation
i5:ciSu-24
lape: :Ji-weather attack aircraft
i:'n-:plant:believed to be two 12700-
, ; :- ?98lb)T\rmanskyR-29B
. -;::-:lted turbofans
l: jcrmance: (estimated) maximum
:::=:i clean at high altitude over
- --- lsrr,tr (1,320 mph) or Mach 2;
- on a hi-lo-hi misston with 4000-
,'; :- 3LB-lb)bombload
:.
1400 km
::iiles)
:,-
Tie:ghts: (estimated) empty 19050 kg
=, :38 1b); maximumtake-off39500 kg
: , ,33 ]b)
}:nersions: (estimated) span ( 6') 1 800 0 - kg ( 1 7, 637 Jb) ordnance
-- -, m(56 ft3 in); length21.29 m(69 ft
rc iupot"u Tu-22'Blinder'
--splayed publicly in 196I, the
Tlpolev Tu-22 was larger and more
:.:rerful than previous Soviet super-
:-.::rc bombers, and though it still lack-
=: the range for many missions, tt was
;:r into production and about 250 were
: ltin four versions, all equipped with
- urflight-refuelling probe, The basic
:ee-fall bomber, named'Blinder-A' by
::ATO, was deployed in Iimited num-
:ers from i965, but the main Produc-
--:n centred on the'Blinder-B' missile-
:errier and various 'Blinder-C' recon-
:arssance and electronic-warfare plat-
::rrns, as well as a few'Blinder-D' dual
:ainers with the instructor in a second
::ckpit above and behind that for the
::igdnal prlot. Most versions have
-arge mapping and navigation radar in
:e pointed nose, followed by a navi-
;ator/bombardier compartment with
;iazed downlook wtndows, Aft of the
::essunzed cockpit section is an enor-
:rous fuselage tank, behind which is
-:e unique engrne installation on each
s:de of the fin, with the nozzles close to
-re rear warning radar, ECM aerials
axd remote-control tail cannon, In l9B3
about 125 of the 'Blinder-A' and 'Blin-
jer-B' versions remained operational,
- well as a squadron in Libya and a
::'ru in iraq. The most active version is
3Linder-C', of which about 40 continue
.: fly intensively with the AV-MF
.Scviet naval air force) on maritime re-
::nnaissance and electronic-warfare
ruties with various fits of cameras, IR
--rescan, passive receivers and, in
s:me aircraft, ECM jammers and dis-
Modern Strike Aircraft
10 in); heisht 5,5 m (18 ft 0 in); wins
area not published
Armament: eight external pylons each
rated at 1000 kq (2,205 lb) for bombs
(including tactical nuclear). various
airto-surface missiles (including AS-7
'Kerry', AS-9, AS- 10 and AS-1 1), rocket
pods, cluster dispensers and other
storesi two guns of 23-mm or larger
calibre under fuselagte
Another 'Fencer' in the circuit at an
airfieldof theGSFG (Groupof Soviet
Forces in Germany).In this case the
tw in a ir brakes - which cover a gun
and (it is believed) a weapon-aiming
sensor- arec,losed. Some of the eight
pylons, which give the aircraft an
capacity are visible.
First foreign client to be supplied with the enormous Tu-22 was Libya, which
used onein angertodrophombs during a conflictwithTanzania. Others have
been used'[or real' by lraq.
'
pensers. The free-fall bomber verston
has been used in action over lran, Iraq
(against Kurds), Tanzania (by Libya)
and most recently aetatnst Afghan re-
bels by the Soviet air force.
a Specification
Tupolev Tu-22'Blinder-A/3'
Type: bomber and missile-carrier
Powerplant: believed to be two 14000-
kg (30,8641b) thrust Kolesov VD-7
afterburning turbo j ets
Performance: maximum speed at high
altitude about l4B0 krn/h (920 mph) or
Mach 1,4; radius on a hi-lo-hi mission
with maximum bombload 3 100 km
(1,926 miles)
Weights: empty about 40800 kg
(89,949 lb); maximumtake-off 84000 kg
(185,188 ]b)
Dimensions:span 27.7 m (90 ft 10,5 in); Above : T aken when Tu- 2 2 s were Below:Take-off by one of the fusi.
lensth 40,53 m (132 ft I i.5 in): height ^ being delivered to Libya in April production Tu- 2 2 s. showing the
10.6i m (35 ft 0 in); wingarea 145.0 m2 1977, this photograph shows the socket above the nose for !ie :::1;-::-
(1,560,8 sq ft) original national insignia u sed by refuelling probe (which is no t i t tet.
Armament: (A) up to 10000 kg that country. The escorting US Navy The fuselage, vettical tail a:.. :::.. :
(22,046 lb) of bombs or (B) one AS-4 F-4NcamefromVF-|I l 'The wing suwive basicaily unc:.a:.g+= :
'Kitchen' missrle; two 23-mm tatl Sundowners'. Inflight refuelling is today's'Backfire'.
cannon in remote-control barbette not fi tted to Libyan Tu - 22 bomber s.
f {iipotev Tu-22W/Trrr-26'Backfire'
I Fr{.ff;EF of the naval AV-MF,
relcfr easabo.rt 120 of the 255 in
scrre m la 6e J 984. This example is
fus anlrmg an AS4 Kitchen'
ry=mic cruise missile, but latet
re esarpa64v abutto enter '
sen:be on'Bacltrres' and'Bears'.
-rk ser=::r :'.irer Soviet aircraft, the
5::-2i s:pe:scmc bomber was de-
irp:: -- :-gepayload, and a clear
i:erng modrfied with the
=:r3::,a:e
l= =:
:- 3--:e;e-cped parhal swtng-vrtlng,
:r-1 ::::er wings berng pivoted,
=e
Ile :=J--g Tupolev Tu-22M prob-
-'f i:= fel; at Kazal il 1969 and a
-p" :-:::ier
*:-1
entered service in the
-:11.s. In tum this led to an air-
ceLeved to be the Tu-26, and cal-
=-=tsaclcfire-B' by NATO. This has a
F-:
T.:-pietely revised fi.rselaqe with the
=-.:::es
installed conventionally in the
:e= ::selage fed by extremely large
:-::-s from variable inlets on the sides
:: -:e forward fr:selage, and with the
il tlpot"u (?)'Blackjack'
On 25 November 19Bl an American
reconnaissance satellite sensor trans-
mitted a poor hnescan picture showing
a large variable-sweep bomber
parked on the Ramenskoye test centre
near Moscow, From two Tu-I44s
parked nearby it was possible to see
that the new aircra-ft was much larger
than the Tupolev Tu-22M'Backfire',
and also much larger than the Rock-
well B-I, though rn many respects it is
extremely similar to the USAF bom-
ber. The new bomber is assumed tn
the West to have been designed at the
T\rpolev bureau, thouqh even this can-
not yet be conflrmed, and the NATO
reporting name is 'Blackjack',
Biggest, heaviest and most powerful
\374
6' -. ,.,8
t,- *:,, ,,:*i*.*8ffiQ6
l
bogie main gears folding inwards into
the fuselage. By 1983 about 220 ofthe
improved aircraft were in servrce, di-
vrded equally between DA (strategic
aviatron) and AV-MF (naval aviation).
Many have been seen with varrous
armament schemes, and these aircraft
pose a severe threat to all ships within
about 3220 lcn (2,000 miles) of Soviet
bases, With inflight-refuelling to an
overload weight after take-ofl direct
missions could be flown against the
USA, though with the Soviet Union's
gigantic ICBM force thrs is unneces-
sary and bombers are used entirely
against moving targets, Production is
continuing at about 42 per year, while
combat aircraft in history, though cer-
tainly much slower than the stillborn
North American XB-70 (which had
roughly the same engine power), the
'Blackjack' obviously has tremendous
rangre with very healry weapon loads,
and unquestionably encompasses the
whole of North America from bases
wlthin the Soviet Unlon without even
needing much inflight-refuelling,
Penetration of defended airspace
would certainly have to be at the
lowest safe altihrde, with the wings fttl-
ly swept and probably with an automa-
tic ride control using active flight-
control surfaces, There is no likelihood
of any major commonaltty wtth the ex-
rstrng 'Backfire', though the tvvo types
in i984-5 the much larger bomber cal-
led Ram-P 'Blackjack' is expected to
enter servrce,
Specification
Tupolev Tu-26'Backfire-B'
Type: strategic attack and
reconnaissance arrcraft
Powerplant: believed two 20000-kg
(44,092-lb) thrust Kuznetsov NK- I44
augmented turbofans
Performance: maxmum speed, clean
at high altitude about 19 I5 h/h
( 1, 190 mph) or Mach LBi radius on a
ht-lo-hi mrssron with maxmum
bombload about 3220 krn (2,000 miles)
may carry similar types of weapon,
The big unknown is how far the Soviet
electronics and other electromagme-
tic-wavelenglh engineers have progr-
ressed along the road to an unobserv-
able 'stealth' aircraft, which is the key
to the survivability of this monster
bomber in any future conflict,
Specifi cation(estimated)
Tupolev (?)'Blackjack'
Type: Iong-range strategic bomber
andmissile carrier
Powerplant: four large auqmented
turbofans (possibly derived from the
20000-kg/44,0921b thrust Kuznetsov
NK- I44 used in the Tu- 144)
Performance: maximum speed, clean
Weights: empty about 47175 kg
( i04, 003 lb); maxmum take-off
I i I I30 ks (245,000 lb)
Dimensions: span (55") 34.45 m ( 1 13 ft
0.3 in), and (20") 26,0 m (85 ft 3,5 in);
1engrth40.0 m (131 ft 2.8 in); height
10.0 m (Q2 ft 9,75 in); wingarea
166.0 mz (1,786,9 sq ft)
Taken by a Swedish fighter, for
which the'Backfire' was deliberately
pose d, this photogr aph shows the
highly loadedwings spread out in
the cruise position. The twin 23-mm
tail cannon are remotely directed by
radar, andextremely
comprehensive ECM is installed.
at high altitude 2225 lar/h (I,383 mph);
unrefuelled combat radius (conditions
not stated by US Department of .
Defense) 7300 kn (4,536 miles)
Weights: empty about 90000 kg
( 198,4 16 1b); maximum take-off
260800 kg (574,966 lb)
Dimersions: span (spread) 45,75 m
(I50 ft); length 55,00 m (1BO ft); height
13,75 m (45 ft)
Armament: weapon load of 16330-
22680 kq (36,000-50,000 lb), includins
all known Soviet strategic nuclear
weapons and the new AS-X- 15 standoff
missile
E General Dynamics F-lIl

TheF-l l lCversionfortheRAAF haslow-thrustTF30enginesbutthelong-spanwingasfittedtotheFB-l I lA. Four

of them have beenmodifiedtocarry amulti-sensorreconnaissancepack, though theywould notnormally f\y both
reconnaissance and attack in the samemrssion.
'-..: Ln a production type vanable-
j:,'=:p 'swlng wings" augmented tur-
: -:=: engines and terrain-following
: r- Pilot and navigator are slde-by-
:,r: Ln a jettisonable capsule which
=

:i- serve as a boat or suwival shelter,

- :.= largre main-gear tyres are surted to
,-:;l strips but are so located that
. .,-lage stores are hmited to an ECM
:,, j apart ftom a small weapon bay
-::--:h can carry a qlln, In the F-IIIC
: re RAAF and FB-IIIA for SAC the
-:::gs have grreater span and the gear
. sirengthened for greater gross
''.::ghts. Thanks to enornous internal
,-:i (usually i9010 litres/4,182 Imp gal)
-::-gre exceeds that of any other TAC
-.;e. but problems with engrines, rnlet
: -:s and avionics resulted in succes-
.-'.': subtypes such as the F-l I lA ( 14I
: -1t) F-IllD (96, advanced but costly
=,.crucs), F-IIIE (94) and F-lllF (106, Specification Weights: empty 21537 kg; (a7,48i lb); Afterburner take-offby a USAF F- i : ,
lreater power and optimized General Dynamics F- I I lF maximumtake-off 45359 kg (100,000 lb) carrying four empU MERs (multjp;e
.',--:mcs). SAC received 76 FB-l1ls, Tlpe: ail-weather interdiction aircraft Dimensions: span (wrngs spread) ej ector racks). The only stores
.=r,rng il two wings with normal load Powerplant: two I I3B5 kq (25, I00 1b) 19,20 m (63 ft 0 in); tensth 22.40 m (73 ft carried on the fuselage are ECM
-, ,wo B43 bombs or two SRAM mrs- thrust Pratt & Whitney TF30- 100 6 m)i height q,22 m (17 ft 1,5 in); wrng pods.
.-:s Lnternally plns up to four SRAMs auqmented twbofans area 48,77 m2 (525.0 sq fD
=-rernally, Grumman, partner on the Performance: maximum speed, clean Armament: internal bay for two B43 or View from the right seat of an
::--,mct US Navy F-1118, rs rebuilding at 12I90 m (40,000 ft) 2655 kn/h olher bombs or one bomb and one FB-l 1 IA of USAF StrategricAir
=i F-11 lAs as EF-IIIA Raven electro- ( 1,650 mph) or Mach 2,5; range at high 20-mm MOI gmn; sxwing pylons for Command as acompanion lakes on
:, : -warfare platforms. altitude, clean with maxrmum internal theoretrcal conventional load of fuel from aKC- ]35 tanker. The
fueI4707 lan (2,925 miles) 14288 ks(31,500lb) technique is vital to FB- I I I As.
 ''''':'!i-t!lr'tt'1 :a''

F-lllAAqrdvqrks' Thundering inwith'burners blazing, F-[ I lA

67-113[ets go thevery lastloadonVietnam on 15
August 1973. Operating outafTakhliAB, the

agc$nsf NorfhVietnam
standard Load comprisedup to 24 bombs plus
tandem ALQ-87 ECM jammer pods under the
fuselage.

For the first I 1-odd years from ils introduction to service in 1967 the F- I I I was the der'. As the men settled rn amid the heat and
most advanced and unstoppable attack aircraft in the world. How ironic that, having red dust at Takhli, it was now more than a
already suffered terrible political, financial and technical difficulties, and a mauling decade since the flrst studies aimed at de-
veloping the costly and trouble-prone F-lll,
from the media, this great aircraft should gointo action and suffer disasterafter seven years since Secretary of Defense Robert
disaster! S, MacNamara had ballyhooed production of
what was then perceived as the bi-sewice TFX
On 28 March 1968 1n the first combat mission tion'Combat Lancer', the US Air Force's con- multi-role strike craft, and four years since the
by a General Dynamics F-111A, an aircraft troversial baptism of fire for the F-111, Under marden flight of the aeroplane on 2 I December
laden with two ALQ-87 jammrng pods and 24 Colonel Ivan H. Dethman, cigar-smoking, tyre- 1964 The F-111, so unloved that it was never
Mk 82 bombs hfted off from Takhli, Thailand, to kickrng combat veteran, the 428th Tactical assiqned a popular name, dubbed 'Aardvark
assault a target in North Vietnam, Thts F-I I lA Fighter Squadron on l7 March 1968 had ferrred by enthusiasts but not by crews, had failed
(66-0022) vanished forever. On 22 April 1968, six F-l l iAs from Nellis AFB, Nevada, to Takhli totally and abysmally in the crucible of combat
another attempt was made to hurl the F-l11A where the strike aircraft were detached to the Dethman's men, his ACs (aircraft comman-
rnto battle, Now, another F-lllA (68-0024) 355th Tactrcal Fighter Wing, then flying Re- ders) and YOTs ('You over therel', the term for
headed north, and also disappeared. public F-105D Thunderchiefs in the campaign an F-lllA weapon system offlcer) were de-
It was a grim and frightening start for Opera- against North Vietnam known as'Rolling Thun- moralized by the unexplained loss of half their
strike force, for by }ate Aprll 1968 a third F-
l11A had travelied one-way rnto North Viet-
nam, and instead of proving that the aircrai:
design had merit, the theatre deployment had
instead, yielded gloom and doom.
It should not have been that way. Indeed, the
s.*.:i F-lllA seemed ideally constructed to deal
punishing blows to the North Vietnamese. Wt:h
its 6743-km (4 19O-mrle) range, rt was the onli'
strike aircraft able to carry a full }oad of ordn-

February 1968, andF-l I 1A67-0060 hasjustbeen

delivered to the 429th TFS, seen on exercise
over the Panamint Range. Within months, the
'Aardvarks'ofa srstersquadron, the 428th, were ta
be in action over the hostile skies of NorthVietnarr,,
After a tragic start, the F-l I I was to prove its
worth.
 -:::::-.4:::==:
1 ..: :-.: i :,i:-:-=
--:-r:::>_:-:

...ri
-;:::= .i
.lI 5r.:==.-.:=:::
:!
rt
i.

,t'
.;
*ii i
;l;
il
':

. : do.;yntow-n' (to Hanoi) -without infliqht- obvrated tlie need for parachutes or ejection level mission renderinE the strike aircr:
- .:ihngi, its advanced Lrtton LliD-21/A seais) were headrng out on a 1o-lo-1o, ground, visible to North Vietnam's fielcl-svreep r.-:-
,, la':ion ancl weapons delivery sysiem per- skimmlnq mrssion of the krnd which had Endurance oithe F IIiA beingso much :r:-l
.' :C Ceep penetration by lone aircraft, wrth ciaimed three pianes and six buddies ter tharr the F 105D or McDonneli F 4C --.-
:scort, wrth no back-up from iankers ECll, This time, everyihing weni like ciockwork. consumpttcn (aithough ravenous 'on the i-= -,
'.',-'i ot any other support plaires, a 'lone wolf The sophrstrcated navigation system of the F' wasnotaproblem. TheACandYOT re1: - =
, - -i:rlity matched rn all the inrorld only by the 1i1A permitted a ground-hugging ultra-low- comlortable in therr spacious cockpit :r,
' -ir,an A-6}" Intruder. The F'lllA could
r :-/ up io 14424 kq (31 800 ib) of iron bombs'
- -.:liy the proxrmity fused 227 kq/500-1b N4k
, :lakeye) on a night or bad rr,reather, terrain-
.3rng rnrssion cleep rnto Ho Chi lr,{inh's
- .:-eiand. It was clearly an effective vrarplane,
- ::. jf ACs and YCTs grumbled unceasingiy
- ,l: its unorihodox side-by side seating.
, r.e number four slzp[6]12es bad luck 1n
r.-:r socieiies On attempt number four, a
- -.nbat Lancer crew sl:apped in. hurtled alofr
-:r Takhli beiore darrun orr 28 Apni 1968 and
..ier radro silence bored north east io-,ruard a
.- 1ei in ltlorih Vlernam thought lo be the Hai
:ng raii complex Aqain, 21 Snakeyes hung
-: multiple ejector racks (MER) on the F-
- A pylons whrle lwin ALQ-87 lammer pods
=re lead-y' io disrupt enemy iadar iiansnrs-
,:s. Again, two men ln the unique forwa::d-
-.:laqJe escape pod of the 'Aardvark' (which
'.
he 42Bth TFS was ta return fo ti:e i4elnemese
.,.*ies fsr ffle,bombrng earnper';qrur s af 1972.
:.:companied by the #Afiz FFS, jf de-p,trofed fo

;l'ere fo re-enfer tLte hattle. The ftrst aircraft ts

: r r i v e, shaw n here, was d,he ft arbingrer of nr e.re
::an 4.440 at the rnosf cftalJengjn g bamhing
'l;ssioRs gver.
 -rri :heir target with radar homing and
.: .-rg system (RHAWS) utterly silent, evr
:=--:: :hat they were undetected, No AA flre,
, i,-ivls no MiGs, rose to challenge them, The
' ::len were lugging a substantial payload at
.::. subsonic ctrrise at treetop leve1 against
': :,-aviest defences the world had ever seen,
= 'We were at an aititude of 250 feet (76 2 m)
.:-:i iobody seemed to know they were com-
._-.1
j--ne 5l more, equally successful missions
'=:: flown by Colonel Deihman's 'Combat
-.,--:er' F lllAs. After war's end, too late to
help in 1968 planninqt, it became clear that
abrupt tailplane failure caused by fatigme at a
weiding fault, not enemy action, threw the F-
11tA into an uncontrollable fatal rnanoeuvre.
Dethman's force was withdrawn wtth the 3l
October 1968 temporary bombing halt, and in
1969 al1 'Aardvarks' were grounded to colrect
this flaw. But F- 1Ils returned with a vengeance
for the 1972 campaign against North Vietnam,
called 'Linebacker',
Captain Peter A. Messenies, F-111}' pilot,
recalls a mrssion to the outskirts of Hanoi where
Pilot's view of companion aircraft heading for
distantThailand as the first aircraft of the 428th
TFS head autfroml{ellis in March I968.'Combat
Lancer' was tosee f&einlroduction of an entirely
new farmof aerialwarfare, wjtftF-J J Jspossesstnsr
the capability to un derlake mrisions irnposs:b/e fo
fly with less advanced aircra{t.
moving at Mach ,87 rn a region of odd-shaped
ridges and peaks, and we were in ciouds and
haze for the final 14 minutes of our run-in to
target
, , ,'
Though four F' llls were iost in combat in
1972 (67'0063 67 0068 67'0A92,67-0094) and
one more rn Laotian operattons after war's end
(67-0111), the never-very-popular'Aardvark'
had proved itself as a lonq-rangte strike aircrait
.rlith unmatched ntqhVall-weather capability,
F- I I 1s assaulted fuei dumps, railyarcis,
brrdges. Some, under the 'lgloo White' prog-
ramme, seeded enerny lerrain with paradrop-
ped acoustic sensors -which detectecl North
Vietnarlese iroop movements, F II IAs from
the 428th and 430th Tacttcal F ighter Squadrons
supported the massive 'Christmas bombing by
Boeing B-52s in the Hanor/Harphong region rn
December 1972. These trno squadrons flew
4,030 sorties in five months, mostly at low leve1
in bad weather, and 2,5 million kq (5 5 million
lb) of bornl:s were carried to enemy targets.
Despite its poor beginmng, the F-11I dealt out
crippling punishment, helped force North
Vretnam to a settlement, and (when overali
mission sorties are counted) su-ffered fewer los
ses per combai hour than an--i other aircraft
'y1r,' of the Souih ;a5' f,5i3 rvar
B axfour fr om the 4 2 I th T I'S fly p a s t with w ing s fit lly
swept on arrival at Takhli AB an I 7 IvI arch I 968, an
the ariginal Combat Lancer deplayment" Qne'
EJevens sejdorn fllt tight farmation, anef tfiese
particular aircraft were fo emba rk on their
mrssions aJone.
€ toct*ell International B-18
No aircraft in history has taken so long
to mature as the Rockwell B-lB, which
at last does seem likely to enter USAF
service in 1985 and become combat
ready rn July 1987 as the replacement-..
for the Boeing B-52. The latter has
already had to soldier on several times
longer than planned, and is costing in-
creasingly more to update and stlll fall-
ing short on penetrative capability.
The orignnal B-lA, first flown in De-
cember 1974, was a Mach-2 high-
altih:de nuclear bomber, with limited
low{evel conventional-warfare capa-
bility. The B-1B, which looks much the
same, is designed to fly at low leve1 on
terrain-foilowrnq radar, with extreme-
ly heavy loads ofvaned weapons, and
to use the world's most comprehensive
avionic systems for naviqation,
weapon delivery and, in particular,
protection agarnst hostile defence sys-
tems. Unhke the original four pro-
tot)-pes it wrll have plain fixed engnne
inlets, four ordinary ejection seats and
no special provision for supersonic
fliqht. Fuel capacity is greatly in-
creased for global range even wlthout
IAI Lavi
Fortrfied by its successful develop-
ment of the Nesher and then the large-
ly IAi-designed Kfir flghters, the
Israeli aircraft ndustry (IAI) agreed in
1976 to corsider the daunting task of
creating a completely new multi-role
combat aircraft for use rn the I990s.
The IAI Lavi (young ljon) is bernq de-
veloped to meet the need of the Israeli
air force for a new-technology aucraft
confignred primanly for tactical attack
missrons, to replace first the McDon-
neli Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and later
the Kfir. At first rt was expected a col-
laborative deal would be reached
either with another country embarking
on a similar project or, as a paid sub-
contract, with a US company. In the
event, while Pratt & Whitney has an
lntense interest in collaboratinQr on the
ThisB-lAprototypeis shownwithconventionalejectionseats instead of acapsule, frxedinlets andotherupdates,
butretains the dorsal spine and long pointed tailcone.
refuelling, the weapon-bay bulkhead
is movable for carriage of such long
stores as the ALCM, and the structure
is strengthened and specially de-
signed and coated to reduce radar
cross-section (apparent size on enemy
radars) to one-tenth that of the B-14,
which rtself was one-tenth that of a B-
52H, It rs planned to burld 100, costing
around $40,000 million, even though
there is a prospect of an even less-
vrsilcle Northrop'stealth' bomber from
the early 1990s.
Specification
Rockwell lrternational B- lB
Type: strategic bomber
propulsion, the only major subcontract
has gone to Grumman Aerospace,
whose gneat experience in advanced
composite structures is being used in
the design and manufacture of the
wing, The US company is to build
wings for the first 20 aircraft,
Like most agile air-combat aircraft
of today, the Lavi has a canard fore-
plane, swept back and close-coupled
to the wing (and remarkably in line
with the pilot's seat), A ventral inlet is
used, ahead of the nose landing gear,
the mail gears also retracting into the
fuselage. A turbojet was selected for
many reasons, and a very sigmficant
spin-off of the eng[ne choice is that
Israei is one of the largest operators of
the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom,
for which the PWll20 engine conver-
Powerplant: four 13563-kg (29,900Jb)
thrust General Electric Fi01-I02
augmented turbofans
Performance: maromum speed, clean
at 152 m (500 ft) 1207 lcntr (750 mph)
or Mach 0,99; range with maximum
internal fue1, maximum missile ioad
andunrefuelled over I 1265 krn
(7,000 miles)
Weights: empty 72575 kq (160,000 lb);
maxrmum take-off 216364 kg
(477,000 lb)
Dimersions: spanvanabie 23.84 to
4I.67 m(78 ft2,5 into i36 ft8.5 in);
Ienqth 45.78 m (150 ft 2,5 in); height
10,24 m-(33 ft 7.25 in); wing area
181.2 ma (1,950,0 sq ft)
sion is berng aggrressively marketed
by Boeing which hopes to re-engnne
several hundreds of Phantoms in many
countries, Israel berng the most likely
launch customer. First flrght ofthe Lavr
is scheduled for 1986, and eventually
IAI hopes to burld 300 for the Israeli dr
force alone, including about 60 tandem
trarner versions with full combat capa-
bihty.
Specification
IAILavi
Type: single-seat tactical attaCk fighter
Powerplant: one Pratt &Whitney
PW I 20 afterburning turbojet with
1 stores; $rthon or Sidewinder AAM rail
maxrmum rating of 9353-kg (20, 620-lb)
thrust
Performance: maxrmum speed at 1ow
levelwith eight MI17bombs 997 lcnrh
Armament: eiqht ALCM internally plus
14 extemally, or 24 SRAM internaily
phs 14 externally, or 12 B2B or B43
nuclear bombs internally plus 8/I4
externally, or 24 internal and 14
external B61 or BB3 nuclear bombs, or
36287 kg (80,000 lb) ofconventional
bombs
The fourth B-lA prototype is air-
refuelled by an Air National Guard
KC- 1 35A. I n tact it was the second
B- 1 A that was brought up most
closely toB-lB standard, themost
externally obvious change being
removal of the long dors aI spine.
(6 19 mph), or clean at high altitude
1964 lar'/h (1,220 mph); combatradius
at low level with eight M I 17 bombs
452 kn(2Bl miles)
Weights: empty6760 kg(14,903 Ib);
normal loaded, clean 9664 kg
(21,305 Ib); maxmumtake.off I70I0 kg
(37,500 rb)
Dimensioirs:span8,71 m(28 ft7 in);
lenqth 14.39 m (47 ft 2.5 in); height ^
5,28 m (17 ft 4 in); wing area 32,5 mz
(349,8 sq ft)
Armament: fuselage pylons for up to
sx bombs, and fow wing pylors for
missiles, bombs, rocketsorother
ateachwingtip
Le
SWEDEN
Saab 37 Vissen
A S aab SF 37 reconnaiss ance Viggen
from wing F2 l, wirbi also uses
another multi- sensor version, the
5H37. The latterftasnoseradar, Ir'ke
the attack AJ 37 but unlike this chisel-
nose machine, which is depicted
with a Red B aron recon pod.
By 1960 the Swedish air board had
once again taken the bold decision to
procure a new-generation combat
aeroplane from Sweden's own indus-
try. As before it was agrreed the same
basic type should be developed for
multiple roles, and on this occasion
particular emphasis was wisely placed
on the ability to operate away from
known airfields, STOL capability was
demanded, for safe operation from
country roads, and this was achieved
by selecting a giant rear wing and a
Iarge flapped canard, tandem-wheel
main gears strong enough for no-flare
Iandings, and a thrust reverser. The
first Saab 37 prototype flew on 8 Febru-
ary 1967, and the System 37 was subse-
quently developed as an integral part
of Sweden's Stril60 electronic defence
system.
Several versions were subsequently
produced for the Swedish air force
(Flyervapen). First, and most numer-
ous, was the AJ3? attack variant. Even
this initial modei contains some 600 kg
(I,323 ]b) otspecial avionics, including
a large Errbsson radar, comprehen-
sive navaids, two quite different aids to
blind landinq and very advanced
weapon-delivery systems and ECM,
some of the latter being housed in ex-
ternal pods. Closely related versions
were the SF37 and SH37 reconnatss-
ance aircraft and SK37 dual trarner,
production of these four sub-types
toqether totalling IB0, Since 1979 de-
liveries have continued of the com-
pletely revised JA37 interceptor,
which also has considerable attack
potential as a secondary role.
Specification
SaabAJ3TViggen
Type: slngle-seat attack aircraft
Powerplant: one Volvo Flygmotor
RMBA augrmented turbofan rated with
maximum aft erbuner at 1 800-kg
1
(26,0I51b) thrust
Performance: maximum speed, clean
Mach 1,2 at low level, and over Mach 2
(2130 l<rr/h/I,323 mph) at hish altihrde;
tactrcal radius with external weapons
on a hi-lo-hi mission 1000 lcn
(621 miles)
Weights: empty 1U00 kg (25,794 lb);
ma:omum take-otr20500 kg (45, I95 ]b)
Dimensions:span 10.60 m (34 ft 9.5 in);
lensth 16,30 m (53 ft 5,7 in); heisht
5.80 m(19 ft0.2 in); wirgarea(main
uring) 46.0 m'z(495.2 sq ft) Above: Head-on aspect of an AJ 37 B elow : An AJ 37 attack Viggen from
Armament: seven pylons (two more attackViggen over the Baltic islands wingFT, armedwithfour pods each
optional) for ail types of bomb, rocket- with two of the big RB04E anti-ship housingsix formidable 135-mm air/
launcher, gnrn pod and various missiles cruise mrbsrles. The usual centreline surtace rockets. The cttrved grey
including Saab RB04E or RB05A, RB75 store k a long-range fuel tank, which rectangle on the side of the rear
(Maverick) or RB24 Sidewinderor is also carried byreconnarbsance fuselage is a thrust-reverser ouilet.
RB2B FalconAAMs Viggens.
Armed Forces of the World

US ArmgPar,z
Order of Battle
ARMYGHIEFOFSTAFF
AqMY STAFF FIELD OPERATING AGENCIES
3rerational Test and Evaluation Agency, Falls Church, Va
3allistic Missile Defense Systems Command, RedstoneArsenal,
AI
\'lilitary Personnel Center, Alexandria, Va
?ecruiting Command, Fort Sheridan, lll
VilitaryAcademy, West Point, NY
AmyWar College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa
Amy Nuclear and Chemical Agency, Fon Belvoir, Va
;roop SupportAgency. Fort Lee, Va
Computer Systems Command, Fort Belvoir, Va
:inanceandAccounting Center, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind
Reserye Components Personnel and Administration Center, St
Louis, Mo
Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick,
Md
Developmentand EmploymentAgency, Fort Lewis,Washington
MATERIAL DEVELOPMENTAND READINESS
COMMAND(DARCOM)
Headquarters, Alexandria, Va
Armament, Munitions and Chemical Command, Rock lsland, lll
Aviation Systems Command, St Louis, Mo
Chemiel Research and Development Center, Aberdeen Proving Now in producton at a rate of 60 tanks a month, the replacing, as well as being exceptionally mobib- jt
Ground, Md
M I Abrarns has proved popular with the 7th Army will also have its I 05-mm gan replacd by the
Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ smath-fure gun.
DARCOM-Europe, Seckenheim, Germany
in Germany. More reHable than the M60 it is excellent German I 20-mm
Depot System Command, Chambersburg, Pa
Electronics R&D Command, Adelphi, Md WESTERN COMMAND (WESTCOM} Schoolsand Centers
Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, Al Headquarters, Fort Shafter, Hl Air Defense Centerand School, Fort Bliss, Tx
SecurityAssistance Center, Alexandria, Va 25th lnfantry Division, Schofield Barracks, H I ArmorCenlerand School. Fort Knox, Ky
Tank-Automotive Command, Warren, Mich Support Command, Fort Shafter, Hl Aviation Center, Fort Rucker, Al
Testand Evaluation Command. Aberdeen Proving Ground, l\4d 45th Support Group, Schofield Barracks. Hl Chaplain Centerand School, Fort Monmouth. N-
Troop Support Command, St Louis. Mo Commandand General Staff College, Foft Leavenwc--- (:
Logistics Management Center, Fort Lee. Va Defense lnformation School, Fort Benjamin Ham*-, -:
TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND
FORCES COMMAND (FORSCOM) Defense Language Institute Foreign Languge Certe.
(TRADOC) Presidioof Monterey, Ca
Headquarters, Fort McPherson, Ga
Headquarters, Fort Monroe, Va Engineer Center and School, Fon Belvoir, Va
First USArmy. Fort Meade, Md
Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Ka Field Artillery Center and School. Fon Sill, Ok
Second USArmy. Fort Giilem. Ga
Logistics Center, Fort Lee,Va lnfantry Center and School. Fort Benning, Ga
Third USArmy, Fort McPherson, Ga
Soldier Support Center. Fon Benjamin Harrison, lnd lnstitute of Personnel and Resource lVanagement. Fc:
Fifth USArmy. FortSam Houston,Tx
Combat Developments Experimentation Center, FortOrd. Ca Benjamin Harrison, Ind
Sixth US Army, San Francisco, Ca
Combined Arms TestActivity, Fort Hood, Tx lntelligence Centerand School, Fort Huachuc, Ar
I Corps. Fort Lewis, Wash
Systems Analysis Activity. White Sands Missile Range, NM lntelligence School. Fort Devens, Mass
7th lnfantry Division. Fort Ord, Ca
gth lnfantry Division. Fort Lewis. Wash Training Support Center, Fort Eustis,Va JudgeAdvocate General's School, Charlottesville. Va
First ROTC Region, Fort Bragg. NC Mlssile and Munitions Center and School, Redstcne
1 72nd lnfantry Brigade, Fort Richardson, Alaska
Second ROTC Region, Fort Knox, KY Arsenal, Al
lll Corps, Fort Hood,Tx
1 st lnfantry Division (Mech), Fon Riley, Ka
Third ROTC Region. Fort Riley, Ka Ordnance Center and School, Aberdeen Proving G rc; -:
Fourth ROTC Region. Fort Lewis, Wash Md
1 st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood. Tx

2nd Armored Division. Fort Hood. Tx

Training Centers Organizational Effectivdness Training Center. Fort oT :€
Fort Benning, Ga Ouartermaster Center/School. Fon Lee, Va
4th lnfantry Division (N/ech), Fort Carson. Colo
Fort Bliss, Tx Sergeants MajorAcademy, Fort Bliss. Tx
5th lnfantry Division (Mech), Fort Polk. La
Fon Dix, NJ Signal Centerand School, FortGordon. Ga
6th Cavalry {AirCombat) Brigade, Fort Hood.Tx
FortGordon, Ga 1 st SpecialWarfare Center. Fort Bragg. NC
3rdArmored Cavalry Regiment, Fort Bliss, Tx FortJackson, SC
lll Corps Artillery, Fort Sill, Ok Transportation Centerand School, Fort Eustis, Va
Fort Knox, Ky
XVI I I Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg. NC
Fort Leonard Wood, Mo
ARMY INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY
24th lnfantry Division, Fort Stewart, Ga
Fon McClellan, Al COMMAND (USAINSCOM)
S2ndAirborne Division, Fon Bragg, NC Arlington Hall Station,Va
'101st Airborne Division {AirAssault). Fort Campbell, Ky Fort Sill. Ok

l94thArmored Brigade, Fort Knox, Ky

197th Infantry Brigade, Fort Benning, Ga
1 93rd lnfantry Brigade, Fort Clayton, Panama
ri
1

1 8th Field Artillery Brigade. Fon Bragg, NC

75th Field Artillery Brigade. Fort Sill. Ok

212th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Slll. Ok
2'14th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill. Ok ;-)
'lst Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg. NC F
sth Special Forces Group (Airlcorne), Fort Bragg. NC
7th Special Forces Group (Airborne), Fort Bragg. NC
1 oth Special Forces Group (Airlcome), Fort Devens. Mass

4th Psychologiml Operations Group, Fon Bragg. NC

1 1 th Air Defense Artillery Group, Fort Bliss. Tx

Army Readiness and Mobilization Region ll. Fort Dix. NJ

Army Readiness and Mobilization Region V, Fort Sheridan, Ill
Army Readiness and Mobilization Region Vl. Fort Knox. Ky
Army Readiness and Mobilization Region Vll, Fort Sam Houston.
Tx
ArmyReadinessand Mobilization BegionVl l. FltzsimonsArmy
MedicalCenter. Colo
Army Readiness and Mobilization Region lX, Presidio of San
Francisco, Ca
NationalTraining Center, Fort lMin, Ca
Training Centers
Fort Devens, Mass
Fort Drum, NY
Fort lndiantown Gap, Pa
Fort lVccoy, Wis
Fort lvlcPherson, Ga
Fort Meade, Md
Fort Sam Houston, Tx
I
F iring a 9 5.2 - kg (2 I 0 - lb) shell to a r ange of 2 lan M I 07 and M 1 I 0. Gun crew well wrappd up
Presidio of San Francisco, Ca
( I 3 miles) and with a new round planned to reach against the cold, 'Belligerent' is seen fiere on
FortSheridan lll 29 latt ( I 8 miles), the M I 1 0A2 has replaced the exercise in Korea, M arch I 984.
l Li.€
i;,: :=i.5ir l 353rd CivilAffairs Command. Bronx, NY
S{il] soldiering on, the M48AS is the last of the M48
series still in tront-Iine US service, equipping the
two US armoured battalions in South Korea.
coM MUN TCATTONS COMMAND (USACC)
Headquarters, Fon Huachum, Ar
sth Signal Command (Europe), Worms, Germany
7th Signal Command (CONUS), Fort Ritchie, Md
Communications-Electronics Engineering lnstallation Agency
Fort Huachuca, Ar
Communi€tions Systems Agency, Fort Monmouth, NJ
1 stSignal Brigade, Seoul, Korea
1 1 th Signal Brigade. Fort Huachuca,Ar
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION COMMAND
(USACIDC}
Falls Church,Va
CORPS OF ENGINEERS (USACE)
Headquarters, Washington DC
Europe Division, Frankfurt, West Germany
Huntsville Division, Huntsville, Al
Lower Mississippi Valley Division, Vicksburg, Miss
Middle East Division. Riyadh, SaudiArabia
Missouri River Division, Omaha, Neb
New England Division,'Waltham, Mass
North Atlantic Division, New York, NY
North Central Division, Chicago, lll
North Pacific Division, Portland, Or
Ohio River Division, Cincinnati. Oh
Pacific Ocean Division, Honolulu, Hl
South Atlantic Division, Atlanta, Ga
South Pacific Division, San Francisco. Ca
Southwestern Division, Dallas, Tx
Missile Construction Office. San Francisco. Ca
HEALTH SERVICES COMMAND (HSC)
Headquarters, Fon Sam Houston, Tx
BrookeArmy Medical Center. Fort Sam Houston,Tx
Dwight David EisenhowerArmy Medical Center, Fort Gordon, Ga
Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Aurora, Co
LettermanArmy Medical Center, Presidio of San Francisco, Ca
Madigan Army lvledical Center. Tacoma. Wash
TriplerArmy Mediml Center, Hl
Walter ReedArmy MedicalCenter, Washington DC
William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, Tx
Amdemyof Health Sciences, FortSam Houston,Tx
ArmyAeromedical Center. Fort Rucker, Al
Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md
USArmyGarrison. Fort Detrick. Md
MI LITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAN D
(MTMC)
Headquarters, Washington DC
EasternArea, Bayonne, NJ
Western Area. Oakland ArmY Base. Ca
Transportation Termina! Command, Europe' Rotterdam,
Netherlands
MILITARY DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON (MDW)
Fort LesleyJ. McNair, Washington DC
US ARMY EUROPE (USAREUR)
Headquarters, USAREUR and Seventh US Army, Heidelberg
V Corps, Frankf urt-am-Main
3rd Armored Division, Frankf urt-am-Main
8th Infantry Division (Mech). Bad Kreuznach
4th Brigade, 4th lnfantry Division (Mech), Wiesbaden
1 1th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fulda
V Corps Artillery, Frankf urt€m-Main
Vll Corps.Stuttgart
1 st Armored Division, Ansbach
3rd lnfantry Division (Mech), Wiizburg
1st lnfantry Division (Foruard), Goppingen
2nd Armored Cavalry Beqiment, Ntirnberg
iv
8th Medical Brigade, Fort Hamilton, NY
30th Hospital Center. FortSheridan, lll
103rd Corps SupportCommand, Des Moines, ld
143rd Transportation Brigade, Orlando, Fla
220th Military Police Brigade. Gaithersburg. lvld
221st Military Police Brigade, San Jose, Ca
290th Military Police Brigade (POW), Nashville,Tenn
300th Military Police Command {POW), lnkster, Mich
31 oth Theater ArmyArea Command, Fort Belvoir, Va
31 1 th Corps Support Command, Los Angeles, Ca
351st CivilAffairs Command. Mountain View, Ca
352nd CivilAffairs Command, Riverdale. Md
377th TheaterArmyArea Command, New Orleans, La
4'l 1 th Engineer Brigade, Brooklyn, NY
41 2th Engineer Command, Vicksburg, Miss
41 6th Engineer Command, Chicago, lll
420th Engineer Brigade. Bryan, Tx
425th Transportation Brigade, Fort Sheridan, lll
804th Hospital Center, Bedford, Mass
807th Medical Brigade, Seagoville, Tx
8'18th Hospital Center, Fort Gillem, Ga
2290th Army Hospital, Rockville, Md
2291slArmy Hospital. Columbus. Oh
5501st Army Hospital, Fort Snelling, Minn
7581 st USAR Garison. Fort Buchanan. PR
Vll Corps Artillery, Stuttgan NATIONAL GUARD UNITS
2nd Armored Division (FoMard), Garlstedt 26th lnfantry Division, Boston, Mass
Southern European Task Force 28th lnfantry Division, Harrisburg, Pa
2nd SupportCommand (Corps) 38th lnfantry Division. lndianapolis, lnd
3rd Suppon Command (CorPS) 40th lnfantry Division (Mech), Long Beach, Ca
21 st Support Command 42nd lnfantry Division. NewYork, NY
32nd Air Defense Command, Darmstadt 47th lnfantry Divisron, St Paul, Minn
lstPersonnel Command 49th Armored Division, Austin, Tx
7th MedicalCommand 50th Armored Division, Somerset, NJ
Seventh ArmyTraining Command 29th lnfantry Brigade, Honolulu, Hl
US Command Berlin 3oth Separate lnfantry Brigade (Mech). Clinton. NC
Berlin Brigade 32nd Separate lnfantry Brigade (Mech), Milwaukee, Wis
1 7th Field Anillery Brigade, Augsburg 33rd Separate lnfantry Brigade, Chimgo, lll
41st Field Artillery Brigade. Babenhausen 39th Separate lnfantry Brigade, Little Rock,Ar
42nd Field Artillery Brigade, Giessen 41 st lnfantry Brigade, Portland, Or
56th Field Artillery Brigade, Swabisch-Gmiind 45th Separate lnfantry Brigade. Edmond. Ok
72nd Field Artillery Brigade, Wertheim 48th lnfantry Brigade (Mech), Macon, Ga
21 Oth Field Artillery Brigade, Heuogenaurach 53rd Separate lnfantry Brigade, Tampa, Fla
4th Transportation Brigade 58th Separate lnfantry Brigade, Baltimore, Md
'1
8th Engineer Brigade 67th Separate lnfantry Brigade (Mech). Lincoln, Neb
22nd Signal Brigade 69th Separate lnfantry Brigade {Mech), Topeka, Kan
59th Ordnance Brigade 73rd Separate lnfantry Brigade, Columbus, Oh
81 st Separate lnfantry Brigade (Mech), Seattle. Wash
EIGHTH USARMY(EUSA)
92nd Separate Infantry Brigade, San Juan, PR
Headquarters, Seoul
1 1 6th Separate lnfantry Brigade, Staunton, Va
Combined Field Army (ROIVUS), Seoul
21 8th Separate lnfantry Brigade (Mech). Newberry, SC
2nd lnfantry Division, CamPCaseY
2561h lnfantry Brigade (Mech), Lafayette, La
1gth Support Command
2o7th nfantry G roup (Scout), Anchorage, Alaska
USARMY,JAPAN (USARJ)
I
30th Separate Armored Brigade, Jackson, Tenn
Headquarters
31 st Separate Armored Brigade, Tuscaloosa, Al
lX Corps
149th Separate Armored Brigade, Louisville, Ky
MAJOR ARMY RESERVE COMMANDS 155th SeparateArmored Brigade. Tupelo, lViss
63rdArmy Reserve Command. LosAlamitos, Ca 1o7th Armored Cavalry Regiment. Cleveland. Oh
77th Army Reserye Command. FortToten, NY l l6thArmored Cavalry Regiment, Twin Falls, ld
79th Army Reserue Command, Willow Grove, Pa 1 63rdArmored Cavalry Regiment, Bozeman, Mont
81 stArmy Reserve Command, East Point, Ga 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment. Knowille. Tenn
83rd Army Reserue Command, Colombus, Oh Xl Corps Artillery, Salt Lake City, Utah
86th Army Reserve Command, Forest Park, lll 45th Field Artillery Brigade, Enid, Ok
SSthArmy Reserue Command, FonSnelling, Minn 57th Field Artillery Brigade, Whitefish Bay, Wis
Wichita. Kan 1 03rd Field Artillery Brigade, Providence, Rl
SgthArmy Reserue Command,
gothArmy Reserve Command, San Antonio. Tx 1 1 3th Field Artillery Brigade, Greensboro, NC
1 sth Field Artillery Brigade. Cheyenne, Wy
'1
94th Army Reserve Command, HanscomAFB, Mass
Fort Douglas, Utah 1 1 8th Field Artillery Brigade. Savannah, Ga
96th Army Reserve Command,
97th Army Resewe Command, Fort Meade, lvld 130th FieldArtillery Brigade, Hutchinson. Kan
1 35th Field Artillery Brigade, Sedalia, Mo
99th Army Reserue Command, Oakdale. Pa
l02ndArmyReserueCommand,StLouis,Mo l38th Field Artillery Brigade, Lexington, Ky
1 2oth Army Reserve Command, Fort Jackson, SC 1 42nd Field Artillery Brigade, Fayetteville, Ark
12l stArmy Reserve Command, Birmingham, Al 147th Field Artillery Brigade. Pierre. SC
122nd Army Reserve Command, Litlle Rock, Ark 1 51st Field Artillery Brigade, Sumter, SC
123rdArmy Reserve Command. Fort Benjamin Harrison,lnd 153rd Field Artillery Brigade, Glendale, Ariz
124thArmy Reserue Command, Fort Lawton, Wash 1 69th Field Artillery Brigade, Aurora, Colo
1 96th Field Artillery Brigade. Chattanooga, Tenn
lX Corps (Augmentation), Foft deRussy, Hl
70th Divislon (Training), Livonia, Mich 1 97th Field Artillery Brigade, Manchester, NH
76th Division {Training), West Hartford, Conn 209th Field Artillery Brigade, Rochester, NY
78th Division (Training), Edison, NJ 224th Field Artillery Brigade, Sandston, Va
SOth Division (Training), Richmond. Va 227th Field Anillery Brigade. Miami, Ila
631st Field Artillery Brigade. Grenada, Miss
84th Division (Training), Milwaukee, Wis
85th Division (Training), Chicago, lll 1 I 1 th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, Albuquerque, NM
91 st Division {Training), Sausalito, Ca 1 6th Engineer Brigade, Columbus, Oh
95th Division (Training). Midwest City, Ok 30th Engineer Brigade. Charlotte, NC
35th Engineer Brigade. St Louis. Mo
98th Division (Training), Rochester, NY
'l ooth Division (Training), Louisville. Kv 1 94th Engineer Brigade, Nashville, Tenn
1 O4th Division (Training). Vancouver Barracks,Wash 1 12th Medical Brigade, Worthington. Oh
1 75th Medical Brigade. Sacramento, Ca
lOgth Division {Training), Charlotte, NC
1 57th lnfantry Brigade (Separate) (Mech), Horsham. Pa
213th Medical Brigade, Jackson, Miss
1 87th lnfantry Brigade (Separate). Fort Devens. Mass 43rd l\,4ilitary Police Brigade, Providence, Rl
2o5th lnfantry Brigade (Separate). Fort Snelling, Minn 49th Military Police Brigade, Alameda. Ca
428th Field Artillery Brigade, South Bend, lnd 261 st Signal Command. Dover. Del
434th Field Artillery Brigade, Chicago, lll 142nd Signal Brigade, Decatur, AI
479th FieldArtillery Brigade, Pittsburgh, Pa 228th Signal Brigade, Spartanburg, SC
7sth ManeuverArea Command, Houston, Tx 1 67th Support Command, Birmingham, Al
87th ManeuverArea Command, Birmingham, Al 2'l 3th Area Support Group, Allentown, Pa
2nd Hospital Center, Hamilton Field, Ca 1 S4thTransportation Brigade, Laurel, Miss