Tina Tep

Ms. Carnes
Health Sciences II
17 March 2018

Notes and References Cards

Article 1:
Type of Source: ​Journal
Author(s): ​Deah Abbott, Yasmin Shirali, J Kyle Haws, and Caleb W Lack
Title: ​World Journal of Psychiatry: Biobehavioral Assessment of the Anxiety Disorders: Current
Progress and Future Directions
Year/Copyright: ​2017
Pages Used: ​8
City Published in: ​N/A
Publisher: ​U.S. National Library Medicine National Institute of Health
Information:

The most common types of eye-movement behavior that can convert information about

the individual uses eye-tracking technology to measure involves using saccades, fixations, and

pupillary size, which can often associate with progressive health disorders such as anxiety and

depression. (Abbott, et al., 2017) p.1

Saccades are rapid eye-movements that occur consciously and unconsciously between

fixation points that is successful in accurately measuring the pupils. (Abbott, et al., 2017) p.3

Although, it can be argued that pupillometry and psychology may not have a strong

correlation with each other, however, there is evidence that show it is false. (Abbott, et al., 2017)

p.7

Eye-tracking technology in various forms speculate certain aspects of the brain that is

often hidden, these practices makes an equal measure of whether an individual experience

symptoms of anxiety and disorder, for example, and actually encounter the specific cause.

(Abbott, et al., 2017) p.7

Article 2:
Type of Source: ​Journal
Author(s): ​Robert Ariel and Alan D Castel
Title: ​Health & Wellness Resource Center: Eyes Wide Open: Enhanced Pupil Dilation when
Selectively Studying Important Information
Year/Copyright: ​2015
Pages Used: ​4
City Published in: ​N/A
Publisher: ​U.S. National Library Medicine National Institute of Health
Information:

Despite how imperative and distinct the diameters of the pupils can vary between high

and low values, this product is one of the emerging eye-tracking technology devices that needs

improvement and further research. (Ariel, et al., 2016) p.1

In this experiment, ASL D6 desk-mounted optics remote eye trackers were used to

precisely measure task-evoked pupillary responses, known as TEPRS (Ariel, et al., 2016), which

measure the changes in pupil size. Each participant are placed in a chin rest approximately 22

inches away from the computer screen and the calibrator of the eye tracker. (Ariel, et al., 2016)

p.2

The goal of this experiment for each participant would to be to remember as many

high-valued words as much as possible. Each person is given a list of words that are randomly

sorted into eight lists containing at least 12 words in each. (Ariel, et al., 2016) p. 2

The average pupil diameter that was found in this experiment did not vary as much

during the presentation of digits. (Ariel, et al., 2016) Likewise, people had to move their eyes to

read words which caused the pupils to dilate. (Ariel, et al., 2016) p.3
Article 3:
Type of Source: ​Journal
Author(s): ​Maya Salomon-Ben Zeev, Darby Douglas Miller, and Robert Latkany
Title: ​Health & Wellness Resource Center: Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease and Emerging
Technologies
Year/Copyright: ​2014
Pages Used: ​9
City Published in: ​N/A
Publisher: ​U.S. National Library Medicine National Institute of Health
Information:

Although, some of the devices that were mentioned, including the ASL D6 desk-mounted

optics remote and Optomap which can also detect dry eye, but may need additional research for

reflective meniscometry and other devices. (​Zeev, Maya Salomon-Ben, et al, 2014) p. 4

There is not evidence to prove that this new emerging device is functional, a similar

device that exists and is far popular is called optical coherence tomography (OCT), which has the

same exact function. ​(​Zeev, et al., 2014) p.4

The benefit of using this imaging test is that it captures cross-section pictures of the

retina, which allows an optometrist or an opthamologist to see a full image of the eye of its

entirety. ​(​Zeev, et al., 2014) p. 5

Though, technology is often expensive and not reimbursed, further studies is necessary to

diagnose and treat patients with or without dry eye with this. ​(​Zeev, et al., 2014) p.9
Article 4:
Type of Source: ​Magazine
Author(s): ​Joss Fong
Title: ​Scienceline: ​Why do our pupils dilate?
Year/Copyright: ​2012
Pages Used: ​2
City Published in: ​New York City
Publisher: ​Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute at New York University
Information:

The pupillary response vary between size, shape, and direction, prior to understanding
the pupillary response to cognitive thinking. (Fong, 2012) p.1

A pupillary response is a physiological response that occurs when the cornea of the

eyeball covers the front of the eye and lets in different frequencies of light to travel through the

transparent layer of sclera tissue. (Fong, 2012) p.2

Knowing that the optic nerve via connects to the brain; the pupils are also closely

associated to a person’s cognitive thinking as well as their cognitive thinking process. (Fong,

2012) p.2

The visual cortex of the brain is also responsible for processing nerve impulses and

dictates the iris to regulate the amount of light that enters the pupil. (Fong, 2012) p.1

Since the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is known for triggering “fight or flight,”

responses when the body is under stress, the dilation of the pupils also induces, whereas the

parasympathetic system, known for “rest and digest,” can cause constriction and dilation to the

eyes which is why the pupillary response to cognitive and emotional events would appear on a

scale much smaller than light reflexes. (Fong, 2012) p.1

Article 5:
Type of Source: ​Article
Author(s): ​Anthony B. Nesburn, MD and M. Cristina Kenney, PhD
Title: ​The Discovery Eye Foundation: ​The Optic Nerve And Its Visual Link To The Brain
Year/Copyright:​ 2015
Pages Used: ​4
City Published in: ​Los Angeles
Publisher: ​UC Irvine School of Medicine
Information:

The optic nerve, which is the second cranial nerve in the peripheral nervous system,

connects and transmits visual information from the eye to brain and vice versa. (​Nesburn, A. B.,

MD, & Kenny, C., PhD., 2016)​ p.1

The photoreceptor cells are then distinguished between the cerebral cortex (grey matter)

and the sub-cerebral cortex (white matter) where visual information is relayed to the visual

cortex and prefrontal cortex of the brain that converts image impulses into three dimensional

objects. (​Nesburn, A. B., MD, & Kenny, C., PhD., 2016) p.2-3

The cerebral cortex, which is also known as grey matter, is the outermost surface of the

cerebrum that contains cells bodies of neurons that plays an important role of consciousness,

whereas white matter ​lies beneath the cerebral cortex and contains large axons that are

responsible for relaying information from the sensory organs to the cerebral cortex to regulate

emotions and sexual activity in the hypothalamus. (​Nesburn, A. B., MD, & Kenny, C., PhD.,

2016) p.4