PROJECT ON VOCATIONAL

TRAININING
AT
BSNL, JAMSHEDPUR

8/05/2017 to 3/06/2017

RITESH MAHATO
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
IIIT BHUBNESHWAR

0
 BONAFIDE

This is to certify that Ritesh Mahato of 4th Semester B.E

(ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ) IIIT Bhubaneswar has
successfully undergone practical training from 08/05/2017 to 03/06/2017 in
BSNL Jamshedpur. His conduct throughout the period was satisfactory and
he was a good asset to our institution. We highly appreciate the effort and the
initiatives taken by him during the training, in the process he has gained
handy knowledge about the internal and external systems and working of
this institution.

Date:-
NODAL OFICER
&
SDE (IT)
Main Telephone Exchange
Jamshedpur

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the Sr. GMTD Jamshedpur, Mr. B. N. SINGH for

allowing us to undergo Vocational Training in BSNL Jamshedpur. Moreover,
I wish to extend our gratitude, Nodal Officer for Vocational Training Mr.
Abu Asif Hasan SDE (IT), Mr. V. K. kauntia JTO (IT) and Mr. B.K. Ram
PS to Sr. GMTD who were a constant source of information and help. I
would also wish to thank Mr. Debashish Dey JTO(BB), Mr. Mannan Ali
SDE (LL), Mr. Anand (JTO) and Mr. Akram who all delivered very good
lectures and guided us every moment throughout our training period. Last
but not the least we would like to thank all the staff members of BSNL
(Garamnala, Jamshedpur) without their co-operation this training would not
have been possible.

Signature of Trainee-

Name of Institution:-IIIT BHUBANESWAR

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

3
CHAPTER NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Cover Page 1

Acknowledgement

Contents v-vi

List of Figures Vii

List of Tables Viii

Chapter-1 Introduction to BSNL 7-9

1.1 How BSNL Came to Telecom Network 7

1.2 Institutional Framework 8

1.3 BSNL Contribution to DOT 8

Chapter-2 Working of Basic Telecom network 10-13

2.1 Call Setup 10

2.2 Electronic Exchange 11

2.3 Carrier Room 11

2.3.1 CLLS 11

2.3.2 MLLN 12

2.4 Main Distribution Frame 12

2.4.1 Functions of MDF 13

2.5 Power Plant 13

Chapter-3 Leased Lines 14-15

3.1 Introduction 14

3.2 Drawbacks of LL 14

3.3 MLLN 14

3.3.1 MLLN Features 15

3.3.2 MLLN Advantages 15

3.3.3 Applications Of MLLN 15

Chapter-4 Intranet 16-18

4.1 Introduction 16
4
4.2 Features of Intranet 16

4.3 Why Intranet for an Organization? 16

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

FIG 2.1 How Line Reaches From Subscriber To Exchange 10

FIG 2.2 MDF 12

FIG 4.1 Intranet Network 17

FIG 5.1 Corporate Network 21

FIG 6.1 WI-FI Network 23

FIG 7.1 WIMAX Network Architecture 27

FIG 8.1 Basic GSM Network 30

FIG 11.1 Optical Fibre Transmission 36

FIG 11.2 Propagation of Light Through Fibre 37

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

TABLE 5.1 Difference Between Traditional and Ideal 19

Network

TABLE 7.1 Reference Points 29

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO BSNL

5
India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian
telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.

TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER

COUNTRY: INDIA

AVAILABLITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI

OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

WEBSITE: www.bsnl.co.in

1.1 HOW BSNL CAME IN TELECOM MARKET:

The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for Department of
Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of
customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and
Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986.The Telecom Commission was
established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was
setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 – the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In
2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

1.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:

It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions,
customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity and behavior. The

6
country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas
(SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA).

In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government.

Its basic functions are:

 Policy Formulation
 Review of performance
 Licensing
 Wireless spectrum management
 Administrative monitoring of PSUs
 Research & Development
 Standardization/Validation of Equipment

1.3 BSNL CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPMENT OF TELECOM:

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service

providers role from DOT. BSNL’s roadmap for providing customer with access to the latest
telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has been by way of
utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating advances in technological
component by innovative absorption.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL:

7
 BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country.

 BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission

network.

 BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.

 Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.

8
 CHAPTER-2

WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call from basic
telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.

2.1 CALL SETUP:

 When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest
switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network). Then
it processes the caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call
setup is completed.
 If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to
MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is
completed.
 If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now call
transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.

FIG 2.1 HOW LINE REACHES FROM SUBSCRIBER TO EXCHANGE

9
 (REF- 1)

FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE:

 Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by
two type of signaling:
1. Inchannel signaling
2. Common channel signaling
 Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling
network.
 Charging and billing.

2.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:

 All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

 Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For each call
processing step decision is taken according to class of service.

2.3 CARRIER ROOM:

Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:
1. Conventional leased line system
2. MLLN

2.3.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

 It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company requesting for
that network.
 Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
 For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)
 Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received here and
local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
 Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be handled
by the department meant for it.
 Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
 For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through optical
fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.

10
2.3.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:
 No open wiring.
 Route can be changed by the computer software
 In Agra Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

2.4 MDF(MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME):

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination
point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of
local loops are connected by jumper wires.

FIG 2.2 MDF

(REF- 4)

11
2.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF MDF:

 All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated
and distributed through MDF.
 The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides.
Each jumper is a twisted wire.
 It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main
Exchange area.
 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
 It provides testing of calls.
 It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
 All lines terminate individually.

2.5 POWER PLANT:

 It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.

 Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
 Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
 There is earth region too for protection.

12
 CHAPTER-3

LEASED LINES

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between
two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for telephone, data,
or Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to geographically distant
offices because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. For example, a bank may use
a leased line in order to easily transfer financial information from one office to another.
Customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service depending on the distance
between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone numbers. The information
sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the
congestion that occurs in shared networks.

3.2 DRAWBACKS OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS:

1. Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards support
only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2. From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes from different
vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.

The solution to this is MLLN.

3.3 MLLN ( MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK ):

The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and
monitoring on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit
efficiency is increased. This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to
2048 Kbps.

13
3.3.1 MLLN FEATURES:

1. MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform through
which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal cost to business
subscriber.
2. Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS, high
availability & reliability.
3. Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations & maintenance is
carried out through ROT (Remote Operating Terminal).
4. NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service monitering.
5. System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing & fault
isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software programmability
of NTU etc.
6. Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting & Internet
service Provider are the main customers for MLLN.

3.3.2 MLLN ADVANTAGES:

1. 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.
2. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
3. On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.
4. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
5. Protection against the failure of the circuit through recovery Management process either
automatic or manually.
6. Long drive on single copper pair.( for 64 kbps – 7 kms & for 2mbps – 3.5 kms)
7. Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.

3.3.3 APPLICATION OF MLLN:

1. Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
2. LAN interconnection.
3. Hotline connectivity for voice.
4. Point to point connection for data circuit.
5. Point to multipoint connection.

14
 CHAPTER-4

INTRANET

4.1 INTRANET:

 Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprise-

wide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
 It may or may not include connection to Internet.
 Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web
protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
 This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the
immense informational resources of an organization to each individual’s desktop
with minimal cost, time and effort.
 The Intranet defines your organization and displays it for everyone to see.

4.2 FEATURES OF INTRANET:

1. It is scalable.
2. It is Interchangeable.
3. It is platform independent
4. It is Hardware independent.
5. It is vendor independent.

4.3 WHY INTRANET FOR AN ORGANIZATION:

 Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
 Variety of valuable Intranet applications improves communication and productivity
across all areas of an enterprise.
 A 21st Century Telephone.
 An ISO Tool.
 A Target Marketing Tool.
 A Decision Making Tool.
 A Complete Communication Tool.

15
 FIG 4.1 INTRANET NETWORK (REF- 5)

4.4 APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET:

 Publishing Corporate documents.

 Access into searchable directories.
 Excellent Mailing Facilities.
 Proper Sharing of Information.
 Developing Groupware Applications.

4.5 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE INTRANET TECHNOLOGY

Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of
servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed over
the corporate LAN.
A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which can
be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the network.
The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are already
connected by LAN.

16
4.6 INTRANET APPLICATIONS IN A CIRCLE:
Every circle must have an intranet server which should have the following:
 All posting/transfer/relieving orders issued within circle to be hosted on the intranet.
 All letters circulars/letters issued from different sections of the circle office to be
hosted on the server for immediate access by SSAs. Each section in circle office
Administration, Operations, Marketing, Finance, Planning, Computers etc can have
web pages hosted on the server.
 A database can be maintained for MIS reports and all other reports to be sent
periodically by SSAs to circle office. The database can have front end forms
designed in ASP or PHP for the SSAs to input the data. Separate programs can be
developed to consolidate the data fed by SSAs.
 All data prepared and /or distributed during SSA heads meetings can be hosted on
the Intranet.
 The implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also reduce the
usage of FAX.

17
 CHAPTER-5

CORPORATE NETWORK

5.1 INTRODUCTION:

A corporate network (CN) is a closed and private computer network that affords secure
communications between geographically dispersed LANs of an enterprise.

Traditional networks An ideal network

 Informal
 Socially oriented
 Had geographical boundaries
 Were expertise specific
 No access to corporate resources
 Not self sufficient
 Not self sustainable
 No corporate governance policies
 Formal
 Business oriented
 International infrastructure & exposure
 Comprehensive expertise
 Access to substantial corporate resources
 self sufficient
 Self sustainable
 Governed by strict values and principles

TABLE 5.1 DIFFERERCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND IDEAL NETWORKS

(REF- 2)

The requirement in a Corporate Network is same as ideal network.

18
5.2 WHY DO BUISNESSES HAVE CORPORATE NETWORK?

A business implements a corporate network to share applications and data between different
computing devices and users in different locations. Unless the application is web based or
database driven, this usually means copying files back and forth between a network drive and a
local computer, where a desktop application is used to read and/or edit the files.

The increasing need to access corporate data from anywhere has led to changes in the nature of
applications, in current model of corporate network.

A typical corporate network has the following characteristics:

 Many LAN segments.
 More than one network protocol (IP or IPX).
 OSPF-configured areas, if it uses IP.
 Dial-up connectivity for users connecting from home or while traveling.
 Connectivity to external networks.
 Demand-dial connections to branch offices.
 Dedicated circuits to branch offices.
 A corporate network typically uses different types of network media. The different
office segments can be on 10-MB Ethernet or Token Ring networks, but the
backbone network used for connecting the different networks and hosting servers is
usually made up of 100-MB Ethernet . Connectivity to external networks (the
Internet) is over leased lines. Connectivity to branch offices is either over dial-up
line or dedicated media (leased lines).

19
 FIG 5.1 CORPORATE NETWORK (REF- 5)

5.3 FEATURES OF CORPORATE NETWORK SECURITY:

 Complete bullet-proof protection of the remote computers you have on your network.
 Executable patches can be easily uploaded to all your remote computers and executed
remotely.
 Easy and intuitive configuration without lots of complicated configuration files. Everything
is configured through the stand-alone GUI interface from any location where TCP/IP
connection to your corporate network can be established.
 You do not need to physically visit your workstations when you need to change security
settings or install patches.
 The remote client service application is bullet-proof. Your users will not be able to disable,
uninstall or delete it.
 All traffic between the server and the clients is encrypted. All local files are encrypted as
well.
 The server service application and the remote client service application work as NT
services under Windows NT/2000/XP and higher therefore they will keep working in the
logoff mode.

20
 CHAPTER-6

WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)

6.1 WI-FI NETWORK:

A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such as
Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides the final few
meters of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user. WIFI is a wireless LAN
Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs, dual
mode Wi-Fi enabled phones etc.

6.2 WORKING OF WI-FI NETWORK:

In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the Access

Point (AP), connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard cabling. A
wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic, usually
from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with wireless adapters. The AP can
reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto
the wired network. It supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access Point (AP) depending on
the network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP and re-
connecting to the network through another AP. Like a cellular phone system, the wireless LAN is
capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network through other APs residing at
other points on the wired network. This can allow the wired LAN to be extended to cover a much
larger area than the existing coverage by the use of multiple APs such as in a campus
environment. It may be used as a standalone network anywhere to link multiple computers
together without having to build or extend a wired network.

21
 FIG 6.1WI-FI NETWORK (REF- 5)

End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented as cards in
desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi wireless LAN adapters
provide an interface between the client Network Operating System (NOS) and the airwaves via an
antenna.

6.3 BENEFITS OF WI-FI:

Wi-Fi offers the following productivity, conveniences, and cost advantages over traditional wired
networks:

 Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can provide LAN users with access to real-time information
anywhere in their organization.
 Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy and can
eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.
 Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology allows the network to go where wire cannot
go.
 Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While the initial investment required for Wi-Fi hardware can
be higher than the cost of wired LAN hardware, overall installation expenses and life-cycle
costs can be significantly lower.
 Scalability: Wi-Fi systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet the needs of
specific applications and installations. Configurations are easily changed and range from
peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of users to full infrastructure networks of
thousands of users that allows roaming over a broad area.

22
 It offers much high speed up to 54 Mbps which is very much greater than other wireless
access technologies like CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.

6.4 LIMITATIONS OF WI-FI:

 Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60
meters. For 10 square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required, where as
CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO requires just 09 sites.

 Roaming: It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread coverage
by one service provider is not possible, which is the key to success of wireless
technology.

 Backhaul: Backhaul directly affects data rate service. Wi-Fi real world data rates
are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as signal
strength, interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the remaining
throughput further.

 Interference: Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum, which mean no regulator recourse

against interference. The most popular type of Wi-Fi, ‘802.11’b uses.

23
 CHAPTER-7

WIMAX

7.1 WIRELESS BROADBAND SERVICES:

There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first type
attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband but
using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be
thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband
wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of portability, nomadicity
and mobility.

WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave

Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile broadband
applications.

7.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF WIMAX:

 OFDM-based physical layer.

 Very high peak data rates.

 Scalable bandwidth and data rate support.

 Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC).

 Link-layer retransmissions.

 Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA.

 Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation.

 Support for advanced antenna techniques.

 Quality-of-service support.

 Robust security.

24
 Support for mobility.

 IP-based architecture.

7.3 EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS:

1. NARROWBAND WIRELESS LOCAL-LOOP SYSTEMS: The first application for

which a wireless alternative was developed and deployed was voice telephony. These
systems, called wireless local-loop (WLL). WLL systems based on the digital-enhanced
cordless telephony (DECT) and code division multiple access (CDMA) standards
continue to be deployed in these markets. During the same time, several small start-up
companies focused solely on providing Internet-access services using wireless, antennas
to be installed at the customer premises. These early systems typically offered speeds up
to a few hundred kilobits per second. Later evolutions of license-exempt systems were
able to provide higher speeds.

2. FIRST-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: As DSL and cable modems began to be

deployed, wireless systems had to evolve to support much higher speeds to be competitive. Very
high speed systems, called local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS), supporting up to
several hundreds of megabits per second, were developed.

In the late 1990s, one of the more important deployments of wireless broadband happened in the
so-called multi channel multipoint distribution services (MMDS) band at 2.5GHz. The MMDS
band was historically used to provide wireless cable broadcast video services, especially in rural
areas where cable TV services were not available. The first generations of these fixed broadband
wireless solutions were deployed using the same towers that served wireless cable subscribers.
These towers were typically several hundred feet tall and enabled LOS coverage to distances up
to 35 miles, using high-power transmitter.

The advent of satellite TV ruined the wireless cable business, and operators were looking for
alternative ways to use this spectrum. A few operators began to offer one-way wireless Internet-
access service, using telephone line as the return path.

3. SECOND - GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: Second-generation broadband

wireless systems were able to overcome the LOS issue and to provide more capacity. This
was done through the use of a cellular architecture and implementation of advanced-
signal processing techniques to improve the link and system performance under multi
path conditions. Many solved the NLOS problem by using such techniques as orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code division multiple access (CDMA), and
multi antenna processing.

25
4. WIMAX AND OTHER BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES:
WIMAX is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services. WiMAX
occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when compared
in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price.

7.3 WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:

The overall network may be logically divided into three parts:

1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.
2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations and one or
more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.

3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP core
network functions.

26
 FIG 7.1 WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE (REF- 3)

BASE STATION (BS): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MSS.
Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management functions, such
as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS policy
enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy, key
management, session management, and multicast group management.

ACCESS SERVICE NETWORK GATEWAY (ASN-GW): The ASN gateway typically acts as
a layer 2 traffic aggregation points within an ASN. Additional functions that may be part of the
ASN gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource management
and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, AAA client
functionality, establishment and management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and
policy enforcement, and foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected
CSN.

CONNECTIVITY SERVICE NETWORK (CSN): The CSN provides connectivity to the

Internet, ASP, other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and
includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users, and specific services. The
CSN also provides per user policy management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible
for IP address management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location management
between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and inter operator
settlement, inter-CSN tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs.

REFERENCE POINTS: The WiMAX NWG defines a reference point as a conceptual link that
connects two groups of functions that reside in different functional entities of the ASN, CSN or

27
MS. Reference points may not be a physical interface except when the functional entities on
either side of it are implemented on different physical devices.

Reference point End points Description

R1 MS and CSN Implements the air interface (IEEE 802.16e)
specifications.
R2 MS and CSN For authentication, authorization, IP host
configuration management and mobility
management, only a logical interface
between MS and CSN
R3 ASN and CSN Supports AAA, policy enforcement,and
mobility mgmt. capabilities
R4 ASN and ASN A set of protocols originating/terminating in
various entities within the ASN. In Release I ,
R4 is the only interoperable interface
between different ASNs or heterogenous
ASNs.
R5 CSN and CSN A set of protocols for interworking between
home and visited network.
R6 BS and ASN-GW A set of control and bearer plane protocols
for communication between BS and ASN-
GW. It may serve as a conduit for exchange
of different MAC states information between
neighboring BSs.
R7 ASN-GW-DP and An optional set of control plane protocols for
ASN-GW-EP co-ordination between two group of
functions identified in R6.
R8 BS and BS A set of control plane message flows and
bearer plane data flows between BSs to
ensure fast and seamless handover.

TABLE 7.1 REFERENCE POINTS (REF- 2)

28
 CHAPTER-8

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is constant for
whole system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available
bandwidth among the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used is
either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing). SM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling
and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation
(2G) mobile phone system.

FIG 8.1 (REF- 4)

8.1 MAIN FEATURES OF GSM:

 Support for voice and data services

 Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells and more customers per cell
 High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher
speeds (e.g. from cars, trains) i.e. high transmission quality.
 Authentication via chip-card and PIN.
 Worldwide connectivity.

8.2 GSM SUBSYSTEMS:

 RADIO SUBSYSTEM (RSS)

29
 NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

8.2.1 RADIO SUBSYSTEM:

MOBILE STATION (MS):

A mobile unit is a transmitter as well as receiver too. It has a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
which gives a unique identity of a subscriber. Every mobile unit has a unique IMIE (International
Mobile Equipment Identity) number.

BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION (BTS):

 A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates
wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network.
 It encodes, encrypts, modulates and feeds the RF signal to antenna.
 It produces time and frequency synchronization signals.
 It does power control and frequency hopping too.

BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC):

 Its main work is to control several transceivers.
 Switching between BTSs
 Managing of network resources
 Mapping of radio channels

8.2.2 NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM:

This subsystem does mainly switching, mobility management, interconnection to other

networks, system control.

COMPONENTS:

1. MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC):

It controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the
domain of the MSC – several BSC can belong to a MSC.

2. DATABASES:

Home Location Register (HLR):

Central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of all
subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs).

30
Visitor Location Register (VLR):

Local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the
domain of the VLR.

8.2.3FUNCTION OF MAIN SWITCHING CENTER (MSC):

 Manages communication between GSM and other network (PSTN, Data Network
and GPRS).
 Call setup basic switching, call handling.
 Location register
 Billing for subscriber

8.3 FEATURES OF GSM:

 GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.

 International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western
Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other
popular European destinations.
 GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable
network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network.
 The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide
secure data encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.

31
 CHAPTER – 9

GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of
the 2G cellular communication systems, global system for mobile communications (GSM), as
well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbps. It provides
moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels.

Its supported protocols are Internet Protocol (IP), Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and X.25.

GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time,
independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best
effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain Quality of service
(QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.

GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services
possible:

 “ Always on” Internet access

 Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
 Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT)
 Instant messaging and presence – wireless village
 Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol
(WAP)
 Point to Point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the internet (IP).
 Increase message sending speed 30 messages per minute approximately.

32
 CHAPTER- 10

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity for voice and data
communications that other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to
connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time and
frequency allocations in a given band/space. As it name implies, CDMA assigns unique codes to
each communication to differentiate it from others in the same spectrum resources, CDMA
enables many more people to share the airwaves at the same time than do alternative
technologies.

10.1 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA:

 Increased cellular communications security.

 Simultaneous conversations
 Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers.
 Smaller phones
 Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators.
 Extended reach-beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

10.2 DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA:

 Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA’s flaws are not known to the
engineering community.
 CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM.
 CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.

33
10.3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CDMA AND GSM:

 The GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and CDMA for
code division multiple accesses.
 GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among the
different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used are either TDM (Time
Division Multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). On the other
hand CDMA is a type of multiple access scheme (which means allotting the given
bandwidth to multiple users) and makes use of spread spectrum technique which
is essentially increasing the size of spectrum.
 In CDMA each user is provided a unique code and all the conversations between
2 users are coded. This provides a greater level of security to CDMA users than
the GSM ones.

34
 CHAPTER- 11

FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

11.1 INTRODUCTION:

Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted through
a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light, following the transmission sequence give below :
(1) Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.

(2) Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals.

(3) Light Travels down the Fiber.

(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.

(5) Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.

FIG 11.1 OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION (REF- 1)

35
11.2 ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER:

The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core is the
light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive index that allows
total internal reflection of light through the core. The index of the cladding is less than 1%, lower
than that of the core. Most fibers have an additional coating around the cladding. This buffer
coating is a shock absorber and has no optical properties affecting the propagation of light within
the fiber

Jacket Jacket

Cladding
Core

Cladding (n2) Cladding

Core (n2) Jacket

Light at less than Angle of Angle of
critical angle is
incidence reflection
absorbed in jacket
Light is propagated by
total internal reflection

Fig. Total Internal Reflection in an optical Fibre

FIG 11.2 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBRE (REF- 1)

11.3 CLASSIFICATION:
There are three types of fibers:
(I) Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)
(II) Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)
(III) Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode fiber)

(I) STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER: It has a large core, up to 100 microns in

diameter. As a result, some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a
direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. This type of fiber is
best suited for transmission over short distances, in an endoscope, for instance.

36
(II) GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER: It contains a core in which the
refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding. The
higher refractive index at the center makes the light rays moving down the axis advance
more slowly than those near the cladding. A digital pulse suffers less dispersion.
(III) SINGLE-MODE FIBER: It has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the
index of refraction between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for
multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion.
Telephone and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of this fiber every
year.

11.4 ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS:

• SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits.
• BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.
• DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be refreshed or
strengthened.
• RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or
other nearby cables.
• MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

37
Advanced Optical Networks: DWDM
(DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)

INTRODUCTION
The revolution in high bandwidth applications and the explosive growth of the Internet,

however, have created capacity demands that exceed traditional TDM limits. To meet
growing demands for bandwidth, a technology called Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM) has been developed that multiplies the capacity of a single fiber.
DWDM systems being deployed today can increase a single fiber’s capacity sixteen fold, to a
throughput of 40 Gb/s. The emergence of DWDM is one of the most recent and important
phenomena in the development of fiber optic transmission technology. Dense wavelength-
division multiplexing (DWDM) revolutionized transmission technology by increasing the
capacity signal of embedded fiber.

One of the major issues in the networking industry today is tremendous

demand for more and more bandwidth. Before the introduction of optical networks, the
reduced availability of fibers became a big problem for the network providers. However, with
the development of optical networks and the use of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) technology, a new and probably, a very crucial milestone is being reached in
network evolution. The existing SONET/SDH network architecture is best suited for voice
traffic rather than today’s high-speed data traffic. To upgrade the system to handle this kind
of traffic is very expensive and hence the need for the development of an intelligent all-
optical network. Such a network will bring intelligence and scalability to the optical domain
by combining the intelligence and functional capability of SONET/SDH, the tremendous
bandwidth of DWDM and innovative networking software to spawn a variety of optical
transport, switching and management related products.In traditional optical fiber networks,
information is transmitted through optical fiber by a single light beam. In a wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) network, the vast optical bandwidth of a fiber (approximately
30 THz corresponding to the low-loss region in a single mode optical fiber) is carved up into
wavelength channels, each of which carries a data stream individually.

The multiple channels of information (each having a different carrier

wavelength) are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. The reason why this can be
done is that optical beams with different wavelengths propagate without interfering with one
another. When the number of wavelength channels is above 20 in a WDM system, it is
generally referred to as Dense WDM or DWDM.

38
 DWDM technology can be applied to different areas in the
telecommunication networks, which includes the backbone networks, the residential access
networks, and also the Local Area Networks (LANs). Among these three areas, developments
in the DWDM-based backbone network are leading the way, followed by the DWDM-based
LANs.

DEVELOPMENT OF DWDM TECHNOLOGY

Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the
1310 nm and 1550 nm (or 850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called wideband WDM.
The early 1990s saw a second generation of WDM, sometimes called narrowband WDM, in
which two to eight channels were used. These channels interval of about 400 GHz in the
1550-nm window. By the mid-1990s, dense WDM (DWDM) systems were

emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200 GHz. By the late 1990s
DWDM

systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of 64 to 160 parallel channels,

densely packed at 50 or even 25 GHz intervals. As fig. 1 shows, the progression of the
technology can be seen as an increase in the number of wavelengths accompanied by a
decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths. Along with increased density of wavelengths,
systems also advanced in their flexibility of

configuration, through add-drop functions, and management capabilities.

39
 Chapter 12

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS & THEIR FEATURES

12.1 PDH (Plesiochronous digital hierarchy)

 To cope with the demand for ever higher bit rates, a multiplex hierarchy called the
plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) evolved.

 The bit rates start with the basic multiplex rate of 2 Mbit/s with further stages of 8, 34
and 140 Mbit/s.

 In North America and Japan, the primary rate is 1.5 Mbit/s. Hierarchy stages of 6 and 44
Mbit/s developed from this.

 Because of these very different developments, gateways between one network and
another were very difficult and expensive to realize

 A transmission rate of 2048 kbit/s results when 30 such coded channels are collected
together into a frame along with the necessary signaling information.

 This so-called primary rate is used throughout the world.

 Only the USA, Canada and Japan use a primary rate of 1544 kbit/s, formed by combining
24 channels instead of 30

 A practically synchronous (or, to give it its proper name: plesiochronous) digital

hierarchy is the result

12.2 Main problems of PDH

 Homogeneity of equipment

 Problem of Channel segregation

 The problem cross connection of channels

 Inability to identify individual channels in a higher-order bit stream.

 Insufficient capacity for network management;

 Most PDH network management is proprietary.

 There’s no standardized definition of PDH bit rates greater than 140 Mb/s.

 There are different hierarchies in use around the world.

40
  Specialized interface equipment is required to interwork the two hierarchies.

12.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

 Avoid the problems of PDH

 Achieve higher bit rates (Gbit/s)

 Better means for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M)

 SDH is an ITU-T standard for a high capacity telecom network.

 SDH is a synchronous digital transport system, aim to provide a simple, economical and
flexible telecom infrastructure.

 The basis of SDH is synchronous multiplexing - data from multiple tributary sources is
byte interleaved.

12.3.1 Network Elements of SDH

 Regenerators

 Terminal Multiplexer

 Network Element Manager

 Digital Cross-connect

 Add/drop Multiplexers(ADM)

12.3.2 SDH Rates

 STM-1 = 155.52 Mbit/s

 STM-4 = 622.08 Mbit/s

 STM-16 = 2588.32 Mbit/s

 STM-64 = 9953.28 Mbit/s

41
 DWDM point-to-point link backbone network

Wavelength routing with electronic TDM DWDM networks

All-optical TDM/switch with wavelength router

42
 Chapter-13

Overview of Telecommunication Networks

Institutional mechanism and role

Introduction: All industries operate in a specific environment which keeps changing and the firms
in the business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best results. Like
minded firms get together to form associations in order to protect their common interests. Other
stake holders also develop a system to take care of their issues. Governments also need to
intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens. This
handouts gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India and also dwells on the role of
international bodies in standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world.

Lesson Plan • Institutional Mechanism and role & Telecom Eco system o National DOT,
TRAI,TDSAT, TEC,CDOT o International Standardisation bodies- ITU,APT,ETSI etc • Licensed
Telecommunication services of DOT • Various Trade associations, Network Operators,
Manufacturers, service providers, service provisioning and retailing, billing and OSS • Job
opportunities in telecom Market, government and statutory bodies

Assignment: Explore designated websites of institutions and companies

Institutional Framework: It is defined as the systems of formal laws, regulations, and procedures,
and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behaviour. In India, The Indian telegraph act of 1885 amended from time to time
governs the telecommunications sector. Under this act, the government is in-charge of
policymaking and was responsible for provisioning of services till the opening of telecom sector
to private participation. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts,
Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance
Charging Area (SDCA). Major changes in telecommunications in India began in the 1980s. The
initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for Department of
Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of
customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and
Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986. The Telecom Commission was

43
established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was
setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 – the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
(TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In
2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Further
changes in the regulatory system took place with the TRAI Act of 2000 that aimed at restoring
functional clarity and improving regulatory quality and a separate disputes settlement body was
set up called Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate
any dispute between licensor and licensee, between service provider, between service provider
and a group of consumers. In October 2003, Unified Access Service Licenses regime for basic
and cellular services was introduced. This regime enabled services providers to offer fixed and
mobile services under one license. Since then, Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer
growth crossing 600 million connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after
China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and
the second largest among emerging economies

Department of Telecommunications: In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom
sector on behalf of government. Its basic functions are:

Policy Formulation

Review of performance

Licensing

Wireless spectrum management

Administrative monitoring of PSUs

Research & Development

Standardization/Validation of Equipment

International Relations

Main wings within DoT: • Telecom Engineering Center (TEC) • USO Fund • Wireless Planning
& Coordination Wing (WPC) • Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell •
Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE)

Public Sector Units • Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL) • Indian Telephone Industries
Limited (ITI) • Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) • Telecommunications
Consultants India Limited(TCIL)

R & D Unit • Center for development of Telematics (C-DoT)

The other key governmental institutional units are TRAI & TDSAT. Important units are briefed
below: Telecom Engineering Center (TEC): It is a technical body representing the interest of
Department of Telecom, Government of India. Its main functions are: • Specification of
common standards with regard to Telecom network equipment, services and interoperability.

44
Summer Training, Overview of Telecommunication Networks-II
Page 3 of 12 Compiled by MC Faculty ALTTC, Ghaziabad

• Generic Requirements (GRs), Interface Requirements (IRs) • Issuing Interface Approvals and
Service Approvals • Formulation of Standards and Fundamental Technical Plans • Interact with
multilateral agencies like APT, ETSI and ITU etc. for standardisation • Develop expertise to
imbibe the latest technologies and results of R&D • Provide technical support to DOT and
technical advice to TRAI & TDSAT • Coordinate with C-DOT on the technological
developments in the Telecom Sector for policy planning by DOT www.tec.gov.in

Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO): This fund was created in 2002. This fund is managed
by USO administrator. All telecom operators contribute to this fund as per government policy.
The objective of this fund is to bridge the digital divide i.e. ensure equitable growth of telecom
facilities in rural areas. Funds are allocated to operators who bid lowest for providing telecom
facilities in the areas identified by USO administrator. WIRELESS PLANNING &
COORDINATION (WPC) This unit was created in 1952 and is the National Radio Regulatory
Authority responsible for Frequency Spectrum Management, including licensing and caters for
the needs of all wireless users (Government and Private) in the country. It exercises the statutory
functions of the Central Government and issues licenses to establish, maintain and operate
wireless stations. WPC is divided into major sections like Licensing and Regulation (LR), New
Technology Group (NTG) and Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation
(SACFA). SACFA makes the recommendations on major frequency allocation issues, formulation
of the frequency allocation plan, making recommendations on the various issues related to
International Telecom Union (ITU), to sort out problems referred to the committee by various
wireless users, Siting clearance of all wireless installations in the country etc.

Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell: In order to ensure that service
providers adhere to the licence conditions and for taking care of telecom network security issues,
DoT opened these cells in 2004 and at present 34 cells are operating in various Circles and big
districts in the country. Key functions of these units are Inspection of premises of Telecom and
Internet Service Providers, Curbing illegal activities in telecom services, Control over clandestine
/ illegal operation of telecom networks by vested interests having no license, To file FIR against
culprits, pursue the cases, issue notices indicating violation of conditions of various Acts in force
from time to time, Analysis of call/subscription/traffic data of various licensees, arrangement for
lawful interception / monitoring of all communications passing through the licensee’s network,
disaster management, network performance monitoring, Registration of OSPs and Telemarketers
in License Service Areas etc..

Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE): (www.tcoe.in) The growth of Indian

Telecommunications sector has been astounding, particularly in the last decade. This growth has
been catalysed by telecommunications sector liberalization and reforms. Some of the areas
needing immediate attention to consolidate and maintain the growth are: • Capacity building for
industry talent pool • Continuous adaptation of the regulatory environment to facilitate induction/
adoptation of high potential new technologies and business models • Bridging of high rural -
urban teledensity/digital divide • Faster deployment of broadband infrastructure across the
country

45
Job opportunities in Telecom Sector

Government sector: Every year UPSC conducts Indian Engineering Services exam for
recruitment to fill up vacancies notified by various departments such as Broadcasting, Military
Engineering Service, Indian Telecom Service, Indian Railways, Wireless Planning etc. Numbers
of vacancies vary year to year.

Entry level engineers with Telecom Operators: All operators recruit thousands on fresh engineers
every year owing to the high growth in telecom market. BSNL recruits of the order of thousand
fresh graduates every year at Junior Telecom Officer level.

Sales Engineers: Many Telecom solutions are very sophisticated and technical. Such sales need to
be handled by telecom engineers.

Manufacturing Sector: Most of the MNCs have set up factories in India for manufacturing
telecom network equipment as well as Customer premises equipment. There is enough job
potential with these firms.

Support jobs in Non-Telecom sector: In today’s scenario, all industries use many telecom
facilities for faster and efficient communication. All such activities require maintenance
professionals. Even in medical sector, growing use of telemedicine has created a new market for
telecom professionals.

Research & Development: Many MNCs have outsourced R & D in telecom to Indian firms. For
example Nokia has outsourced its product design to M/s TCS. All such deals create job
opportunities for telecom engineers.

IT sector: The core of BPO sector is the telecom network. IT sectors generates huge telecom jobs.

Education sector: Government of India’s mission mode project on Education such as Sarva
shiksha Abhiyan, connecting all libraries in India, providing broadband to all schools etc. requires
telecom professionals to install and manage this huge network.

National E-Governance Project: The ambitions plan of India to network each nook & corner of
the country and provide a citizen centric, single window service counter requires creation of vast
telecom network across the country. Each State is implementing State Wide Area Network
(SWAN). All such projects create demand for telecom professionals. Research executives with

46
Consultancy Firms: Telecom growth impacts a country’s economy. Many consultancy firms
thrive on generating reports on business models, future potential and extending guidance to
existing and new entrants in telecom market. There is a significant need for telecom professionals
with such firms also.

Pay range: Entry level engineer can get a starting annual package ranging from 2-4 lakh
depending on the nature of job & employer firm.

Key International Standardization Bodies for Telecom sector:

BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limted was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DoT. Today, BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth
largest integrated telecom operator in the country. BSNL is the market leader in Broadband,
landline and national transmission network. BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh
village with telecom connectivity. Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi &
Mumbai.

MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, formed in 1984 is the market leader in landline
and broadband in its area of operation. www.mtnl.net.in

TCIL: TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned Government of
India Public Sector Enterprise. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing Indian telecom expertise in
all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries around the world. It has its presence in
over 70 countries. www.tcil-india.com

ITI: Indian telephone Industries is the oldest manufacturing unit for telephone instruments. To
keep pace with changing times, it has started taking up manufacturing of new technology
equipment such as GSM, OFC equipment, Invertors, Power plants, Defense equipments,
Currency counting machines etc. www.itiltd-india.com

Centre for Development of Telematics (CDoT): This is the R & D unit under DoT setup in 1984.
The biggest contribution of this centre to Indian telecom sector is the development of low
capacity (128 port) Rural automatic Exchange (RAX) which enabled provisioning of telephone in
even the smallest village. This was specially designed to suit Indian environment, capable of
withstanding natural temperature and dusty conditions.

Prominent Licenses provided by DoT: o Access Service (CMTS & Unified Access Service): The
Country is divided into 23 Service Areas consisting of 19 Telecom Circle Service Areas and 4
Metro Service Areas for providing Cellular Mobile Telephone Service (CMTS). Consequent
upon announcement of guidelines for Unified Access (Basic& Cellular) Services licenses on
11.11.2003, some of the CMTS operators have been permitted to migrate from CMTS License to
Unified Access Service License (UASL). No new CMTS and Basic service licenses are being
awarded after issuing the guidelines for Unified access Service Licence(UASL). As on 31st

47
March 2008, 39 CMTS and 240 UASL licenses operated. o 3G & BWA (Broadband Wireless
Access): Department of Telecom started the auction process for sale of spectrum for 3G and BWA
(WiMax) in April 2010 for 22 services areas in the country. BSNL & MTNL have already been
given spectrum for 3G and BWA and they need to pay the highest bid amount as per auction
results. BSNL & MTNL both are providing 3G services. BSNL has rolled out its BWA service by
using WiMax technology. o Mobile Number Portability (MNP) Service: Licenses have been
awarded to two operators to provide MNP in India. DoT is ensuring the readiness of all mobile
operators and expects to start this service any time after June 2010. o Infrastructure Provider:
There are two categories IP-I and IP-II. For IP-I the applicant company is required to be
registered only. No license is issued for IP-I. Companies registered as IP-I can provide assets

CONCLUSION

Engineering student will have to serve in the public and private sector industries and workshop
based training and teaching in classroom has its own limitation. The lack of expo sure to real life,
material express and functioning of industrial organization is the measure hindrance in the student
employment.

In the open economy era of fast modernization and tough competition, technical industries should
procedure pass out as near to job function as possible.

Practical training is one of the major steps in this direction. I did my training from BSNL,
Bharatpur which is one of the best known communication service provider companies of India.
The training helps me in gaining in depth knowledge of the working of telephone exchange,
various technologies of BSNL –GSM, GPRS, WIMAX, Wi-Fi, MLLN and optical fiber
transmission.

In the end, I hereby conclude that I have successfully completed my industrial training on the
above topics.

48
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
(I) BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Data Communication And Networking- Behrouz A. Foruzan

2. Wireless Communication and Networks-William Stallings
3. Computer Networking – Kurose & Ross

(II) REFERENCES:

4. www.bsnl.co.in

5. www.newbsnl.co.in

49