back -> muscles -> innervation -> action

-ex. 5,6,7 raise arms to heaven -> ant. serratus - winged scapula
- kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
- landmarks of scapula on radiograph
- characteristics that distinguish vertabrae ie cervical, lumbar, thoracic
- meningeal layers
- denticular ligament, pia ->filum terminale -> conus med -> cauda equina
- disc herniations, nerve exiting at cervical, thoracic (corresp. to vertebral #) & lumbar
regions (nerve # +1 of vertebra)
- spina bifida differences
- lumbar puncture site- L4/L5; children s.c. ends at lower
- AC joint injury d/t tear = dislocation of joint d/t coracoclavicular ligament
- brachial plexus injuries: upper C5,6,7 waiter's tip (fall on side of head, obsterics)
lower injury - klumpkies
- F# @surgical neck= axillary n. -> deltoid
- F# @midshaft = radial n.
- F# supracondylar = median n
-be able to identify musculocutaneous n. in wet lab based on it penetrating
coracobrachialis
- supinators = radial n., biceps brachii- strongest supinator; pronation = median n.
- carpal bones: most easily F# = scaphoid; easily dislocation = lunate
- carpal tunnel contains median n.
- contents of snuff box
- LLOAF = median n. --> OAF = recurrent branch median n.; otherwise all other intrinsic
hand muscles = ulnar n.
* know differences b/t nerves & arteries for practicum, must be able to identify them* pay
attention to wording of questions
- FOOSH = scaphoid F#
Thoracic cavity:
- all hernias-> where, what contents involved, clinical presentations & symptoms
- in terms of embryo: terminalogy* condition's source, what's dysfunctional- ex.
congenital diaph hernia- pathophysiology of this, associated symptoms
- breathing movement: pump/bucket handle
- VAN in terms of thoracosynthesis
- dermatomes (at least know main ones, but beneficial to know it): T4 - nipple line, T10-
belly button; shoulder- C5
- parietal (somatic pain); visceral (no associated pain unless stimulates parietal areas)
- differences b/t R/L lungs, fissure direction, hilum
- memorize lymph draining of lung
- pericardial layers & their relation to ea. other
- clinincal presentations: Beck's Triad, Cardiac Tampanode
- mediastinum lecture: just know what's inside it & plane of ludwig
- last thorax lecture: terminology ie. polythelia, gynecomastia, etc. (condition-
terminology again)
**reccurrent laryngeal n. on L side hooks around Ao arch -> behind ligamentum
arteriosum- this is very important clinically & for midterm. There are many surrounding
str's that can impinge on this n. (ex. tumor in left lung, Ao aneurysm, etc.) = hoarseness
voice
- most posterior component of heart = l. atrium; most anterior portion = R. ventricle
- differences b/t direct/indirect hernias
- Ao arches: what are they derivatives of, the pathologies associated (ex. coarctation,
patent ductus arteriosus)- don't worry about images int his lecture package
- ectopia chordus, hirshprungs disease
- approx. had 3 questions on TEF (blind ended esophagus, laryngoesophageal fistula)
last midterm
- oligohydraminous= lung hypoplasia; polyhydraminous= TEF
- RDS- surfacant- what period is this produced= canalicular period; tx = provide mom w/
steroids
- physical assessments for differential dx, ex. hydrocele - shine light, different
- Embryo: cyanotic defects, causes ex. tetralogy of fallot
- most common VSD = membranous = most common heart defect
- high Pressure = L. side of heart in adults; R. side heart of fetus has higher P
- defects: secundum, ASD folding process
- symptoms of coarctation of Ao: paradoxial pulse, malformed lower limbs, etc.
- pyloric (no bile) vs. duodenal stenosis (bile present)
- Meckel's diverticulum: rule of 2's
- testicular descent: what's governing it- gubernaculum; pathologies- ectopic testis,
cryptorchidism (found along the tract)
- what forms spermatic cordd, diff. abdominal areas that contribute to it
- cardiac arteries & veins: LAD, etc
**Abdomen is biggest portion of exam, make sure know orientation of the organs & their
associated vessels
- marginal artery
- radiograph differences b/t Lrg/sm intestine
- kidneys R/L differences in position & the renal v. (left side) connects w/ gonadal v.-
what does this mean in terms of blockage/ symptoms
- foregut (6), midgut (6), hindgut (3)
- vagus n. only supplies up to 2/3 of T-colon; then pelvic splanchnic takes over
- know kidney defects (horseshoe, etc) - what is the kidney's main aterial supply
- where are the urethral constrictions & their significance
- conditions of obstruction that cause jaundice = obstruction @ common bile duct or at
ampulla of vater (which is at 2nd part of duod.) this will also cause bile stained emesis
- know the biliary tree
- know the 3 portal-caval anastomosis that cause: caput medusae, hemrroids,
esophageal varices- why does this condtion result in hematamesis

WET LAB: they are very tricky when it comes to placement of the organ b/c they can
rotate it or move to an unfamilliar position making it difficult to identify. Therefore it would
be most beneficial to get in as much wet lab time outside of the lab sessions & practice
identifying structures in different orientations. Watch lab videos

TO DO LIST leading up to exams:

- do grey's questions ATLEAST twice
- go to wet lab
- complete DES questions sheets night before for a wrap up
- read through all the note packets, just to make sure you didn't miss a big concept
- virtual pictures