1. Creating a table with constraints.

Problem: Create a table student with following constraints.

i)A CHECK constraint on the stud_id, so that value must start with 'S'
ii)A CHECK constraint on stud_name so that name is entered in uppercase.
iii)A CHECK constraint on class so that only the groups “B.SC” , “B.COM”, and “B.B.M”
iv) The default student age is 21 and college is “sv arts degree and pg college”.

Problem Solution:
Table Creation :
Create table student(
stud_id varchar2(10) CONSTRAINT sno_cons check(stud_id like 's%') primary key,
stud_name varchar2(20) CONSTRAINT sname_cons check(stud_name=upper(stud_name)),
age number(2) default 21,
class varchar2(10) check(class in('B.SC','B.COM','M.C.A',’M.B.A’)),
college varchar2(30) default ('sv arts degree and pg college'));

Rows Insertion:
insert into student(stud_id,stud_name,class) values('S121','HARI','B.SC');
insert into student(stud_id,stud_name,class) values('S122','RAVI','B.COM');
insert into student(stud_id,stud_name,class) values('S123','SIVA','M.B.A');
insert into student(stud_id,stud_name,age,class) values('S124','RAJESH',22,'B.SC');

TABLE DATA:
SQL> select * from student;

Stud_id Stud_name Age Class College

S121 HARI 21 B.SC sv arts degree and pg college
S122 RAVI 21 B.COM sv arts degree and pg college
S123 SIVA 21 B.B.M sv arts degree and pg college
S124 RAJESH 22 B.SC sv arts degree and pg college

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 2. JOIN OPERATORS

Problem: Write the select the statements for joining two tables.

Table Creation:
Create table employee(eno number(4) primary key,ename varchar2(20), sal number(8,2),
deptno number(2) references department(deptno));

create table department(deptno number(2) primary key,

dname varchar2(10),loc varchar2(20));

Rows insertions
insert into employee values(&eno,’&ename’,&sal,&deptno);
insert into department values(&deptno,’&dname’,’&loc’);

Table data:

SQL> select * from department;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

10 Sales Gudur
20 Marketing Nellore
30 Production Chennai
40 purchase Hyderabad

SQL> select * from employee;

ENO ENAME SAL DEPTNO
121 ravi 6500 20
122 siva 7600 10
123 rahul 8900 30
124 Scott 22000

INNER JOIN
SQL>select eno,ename,sal,employee.deptno,dname,loc
from employee NATURAL JOIN department;

ENO ENAME SAL DEPTNO DNAME LOC

121 ravi 6500 20 marketing nellore
122 siva 7600 10 sales gudur
123 rahul 8900 30 production chennai

OUTER JOIN
1. LEFT OUTER JOIN
SQL>select eno,ename,sal,employee.deptno,dname,loc from employee
left outer join department on employee.deptno=department.deptno;

ENO ENAME SAL DEPTNO DNAME LOC

121 ravi 6500 20 marketing nellore
122 siva 7600 10 sales gudur
123 rahul 8900 30 production chennai
124 Scott 22000
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2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN
SQL>select eno,ename,sal,employee.deptno,dname,loc from employee
RIGHT JOIN department on employee.deptno=department.deptno;

ENO ENAME SAL DEPTNO DNAME LOC

121 ravi 6500 20 marketing nellore
122 siva 7600 10 sales gudur
123 rahul 8900 30 production chennai
40 purchase hyderabad

3. FULL OUTER JOIN

SQL>select eno,ename,sal,employee.deptno,dname,loc from employee
FULL JOIN department on employee.deptno=department.deptno;

ENO ENAME SAL DEPTNO DNAME LOC

121 ravi 6500 20 marketing nellore
122 siva 7600 10 sales gudur
123 rahul 8900 30 production chennai
124 Scott 22000
40 purchase hyderabad

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 3. MULTIPLICATION TABLE

Problem: Write a program to display the Multiplication table for a given number.

Problem Solution

Algorithm
1. Begin
2. input n
3. for x=1 to 10
4. res=n*x;
5. print n,”*”,x,”=”,res
6. end for
7. end

PL/SQL Program

declare
num number(5);
res number(5);
begin
num:=#
for i in 1..10
loop
res:=num*i;
dbms_output.put_line(num||'*'||i||'='||res);
end loop;
end;

output:

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 4. BIGGEST AMONG THREE NUMBERS

Problem: Write a program to find biggest among 3 three numbers

Problem Solution

Algorithm
1. Begin
2. input a,b,c
3. if a>b and a>c then
4. big=a
5. else
6. if b>c and b>a then
7. big=b
8. else
9. big=c
10. print “biggest number=”,big
11. end

PL/SQL Program

declare
num1 number(5);
num2 number(5);
num3 number(5);
begin
num1:=&num1;
num2:=&num2;
num3:=&num3;
if (num1>num2) and (num1>num3)then
dbms_output.put_line('The biggest number in given 3 is '||num1);
elsif (num2>num3) and (num2>num1)then
dbms_output.put_line('The biggest number in given 3 is '||num2);
else
dbms_output.put_line('The biggest number in given 3 is '||num3);
end if;
end;

output:

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 5. AMSTRONG NUMBER

PROBLEM: Write a program to check the given number is amstrong number or not

Problem Solution

Algorithm
1. begin
2. input num
3. num1=num
4. Repeat while num>0
5. rem=num mod 10
6. s=s+power(rem,3)
7. num=num/10
8. end while
9. if num1=s then
10. print ‘ the given is amstrong’
11. else
12. print ‘not amstrong’
13. end if
14. end

PL/SQL PROGRAM

declare
num number(5);
rem number(5);
s number(5):=0;
num1 number(5);
begin
num:=#
num1:=num;
while(num>0)
loop
rem:=mod(num,10);
s:=s+power(rem,3);
num:=trunc(num/10);
end loop;
if(num1=s) then
dbms_output.put_line('The given number is Amstrong');
else
dbms_output.put_line('The given number is not a Amstrong');
end if;
end;

OUTPUT

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 6. PALINDROME

Problem: Write a PL/SQL program to check the given number palindrome or not.

Problem Solution

Algorithm:
1. declare n, rnum, rem, n1
2. input n
3. n1=n
4. rnum = 0
5. repeat while n>0
rem = mod(n,10)
rnum = rnum*10+rem
n= n/10
6. print ‘reverse number=’, rnum
7. if n1=rnum then
8. print ‘palindrome’
9. else
10. print ‘not palindrome’
11. stop

PL/SQL Program
declare
n number(4);
rnum number(5);
rem number;
begin
n:=&n;
n1:=n;
rnum:=0;
dbms_output.put_line(‘given number=’||n);
while n>0
loop
rem:=mod(n,10);
rnum:=rnum * 10 +rem;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(‘reverse number=’||rnum);
if n1=rnum then
dbms_output.put_line(‘palindrome’);
else
dbms_output.put_line(‘not palindrome’);
end;

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 7. STRING PALINDROME

PROBLEM: Write a program to check the given string is palindrome or not.

Problem Solution

ALGORITHM

1. Begin
2. input string
3. len=length(string)
4. repeat while len>0
5. revstr=concate(revstr,substr(string,len,1))
6. len=len-1
7. end while
8. print “the reverse string is:”,revstr
9. if string=revstr then
10. print “the given string is palindrome”
11. else
12. print “the given strong is not palindrome”
13. end if
14. end

PL/SQL PROGRAM

declare
string varchar2(10);
revstr varchar2(10);
len number(5);
begin
string:='&string';
len:=length(string);
while(len>0)
loop
revstr:=revstr||substr(string,len,1);
len:=len-1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('The reverse of given string is'||revstr);
if(string=revstr) then
dbms_output.put_line('The given string is a pallindrome');
else
dbms_output.put_line('The given string is not a pallindrome');
end if;
end;
/

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 8. FACTORIAL

Problem Definition Write a PL/SQL program to find Factorial for a given Number.

Problem Solution:
Algorithm
1. declare n, fact
2. input n
3. fact = 0
4. repeat while n>0
a. fact=fact*n
b. n= n-1
5. print ‘factorial =’, fact
6. stop

PL/SQL Program
declare
n number(3);
fact number(3);
begin
n:=&n;
fact:=1;
while n>0
loop
fact:=fact*n;
n:=n-1;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('factorial for a number='||fact);
end;

output

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 9. PRIME NUMBER CHECKING

Problem: write a program to check the given number is prime or not using procedures.

Problem Solution:

Algorithm:
1. Begin
2. input x
3. for i=1 to x
4. if mod(x,i)=0 then
5. c=c+1
6. end if
7. if c=2 then
8. print ‘the given number is prime’
9. else
10. print ‘the given number is not prime’
11. stop

Procedure definition:

create or replace procedure prime(x in number) as

c number(5):=0;
begin
for i in 1..x
loop
if(mod(x,i)=0) then
c:=c+1;
end if;
end loop;
if(c=2) then
dbms_output.put_line('The given number is Prime number');
else
dbms_output.put_line('The given number is not a Prime number');
end if;
end;
executing procedure

output
SQL>exec prime(7);

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 10. Calculating EmployeeNetSalay

Problem Definition :
Write a PL-SQL program to evaluate the DA, HRA, INCOME TAX, GROSS SALARY, and
NETSALARY from the base table PAY. We have Input in the base table only the fields ENUMBER,
ENAME and BASIC. Conditions are
1. If basic >=10000 then da=25% of basic hra= 15% of basic it=10% of basic
Otherwise da=15% of basic hra= 10% of basic it=5% of basic

Create the base table with following specifications.

Field Name Data Type Length Constraints
Eno Number 6 Primary Key
Ename Varchar2 15
Basic Number 8,2
Da Number 6,2
Hra Number 6,2
Itax Number 6,2
Gsal Number 8,2
Netsal Number 8,2

Problem Solution:

Table Creation

create table pay(eno number(6) Primary Key, ename varchar2(15), bsal number(8,2), da number(6,2),
hra number(6,2), itax number(6,2), gsal number(8,2), netsal number(8,2));

Rows Insertion

insert into pay (eno,ename,bsal) values(11,’Radha’8000);

insert into pay (eno,ename,bsal) values(22,’Krishna’,4500);
insert into pay (eno,ename,bsal) values(33,’Veena’,15000);
insert into pay (eno,ename,bsal) values(44,’Sita’,9000);

Table Contents Before Execution

Eno Ename Bsal Da Hra Itax Gsal Netsal

11 Radha 8000 - - - - -
22 Krishna 4500 - - - - -
33 Veena 15000 - - - - -
44 Sita 9000 - - - - -

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PL/SQL Program
Declare
da1 number(6,2);
hra1 number(6,2);
itax1 number(6,2);
gs number(8,2);
nsal number(8,2);
Cursor c1 is select * from pay;
begin
for i in c1
loop
if i.bsal>10000 then
da1= i.bsal*0.25;
hra1=i.bsal*0.15;
itax1=i.bsal*0.1;
else
da1= i.bsal*0.15;
hra1=i.bsal*0.1;
itax1=i.bsal*0.05;
end if;
gs:=i.bsal+hra1+da1;
nsal:=gs-itax1;
update pay set da=da1,hra=hra1,itax=itax1,gsal=gs,netsal=nsal where eno = i.eno;
end loop;
end;
/

Table Data:

Eno Ename Basic Da Hra Itax Gsal Netsal

11 Radha 8000 320 240 200 8560 8360
22 Krishna 4500 157.5 112.5 90 4770 4680
33 Veena 15000 750 600 450 16350 15900
44 Sita 9000 360 270 225 9630 9405

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 11.Student Result Processing
Problem Definition
Write a PL/SQL program to process the X class results for the following rules.
If Eng, tel, hin, mat, sci, soc >=35 then pass and total is >=360 I class,
if total is >=300 II class, otherwise III class.
The base table is Tenth and fields are HTNO, ENG, TEL,HIN,MAT,SCI,SOC,TOT,RESULT.

Problem Solution: Table Creation

Create table ssc(htno number(8),eng number(3),tel number(3),hin number(3),mat number(3),sci
number(3),soc number(3), total number(3),result varchar2(10));

Rows Insertion
insert into ssc(htno,eng,tel,hin,mat,sci,soc) values(10011,44,45,56,67,78,45);
insert into ssc(htno,eng,tel,hin,mat,sci,soc) values(10012,64,55,65,67,78,55);
insert into ssc(htno,eng,tel,hin,mat,sci,soc) values(10013,48,55,56,75,78,45);
insert into ssc(htno,eng,tel,hin,mat,sci,soc) values(10014,33,65,56,67,86,65);
Table Data:

Htno Eng Tel Hin Mat Sci Soc Total Result

10011 44 45 56 67 78 45
10012 64 55 65 67 78 55
10013 48 55 56 75 78 45
10014 63 65 56 67 86 65

PL/SQL Program
declare
tot number(3);
res varchar2(10);
cursor c1 is select * from ssc;
begin
for i in c1
loop
total:=i.eng+i.tel+i.hin+i.mat+i.sci+i.soc;
if i.eng>34 and i.tel>34 and i.hin>34 and i.mat>34 and i.sci>34 and i.soc>34 then
if total>=360 then
res:='First’;
elsif total>=300 then
res:='Second’;
else
res:='Third’;
end if;
else
res:=’fail’;
end if;
update ssc set total=tot, result=res where htno=i.htno;
end loop;
end; Htno Eng Tel Hin Mat Sci Soc Tot Result
10011 44 45 56 67 78 45
Table Data: SQL>Select * from ssc; 10012 64 55 65 67 78 55
10013 48 55 56 75 78 45
10014 33 65 56 67 86 65

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 12. Finding Electrical Charges
Problem Definition :
Write a PL/SQL program to calculate Electrical charges as per the rates given below:
1. Industry Rs 7.50,
2. Agricultural Rs 0.5p
3. Domestic Rs 3.50.
Problem Solution:

Table Creation
create table apseb(cno varchar2(6),ctype char(15),pmr number(7),omr number(7),nu number(4), rate
number(8,2), tcharge number(10,2));

Rows Insertion
insert into apseb(cno,ctype,pmr,omr) values('c001','agriculture',700,450);
insert into apseb(cno,ctype,pmr,omr) values('c002','domestic',500,420);
insert into apseb(cno,ctype,pmr,omr) values('c003','industry',1500,450);

Table Data:
SQL> select * from apseb;
Cno Ctype Pmr Omr Nu Rate Tcharge
C001 Agriculture 700 450
C002 Domestic 500 420
C003 Industry 1500 450

PL/SQL Program
declare
price apseb.rate%type;
amt apseb.tcharge%type;
cu apseb.nu%type;
cursor c1 is select * from apseb;
begin
for i in c1
loop
if i.ctype='agricultural’ then
price:=0.5;
elsif ctype='industry' then
price:=7.50;
else
price:=3.50;
end if;
cu:=i.pmr - i.omr;
amt:=cu * price;
update apseb set rate=price, nu=cu, tcharge=amt where cno=i.cno;
end loop;
end;

Table Data:SQL> select * from apseb;

Cno Ctype Pmr Omr Nu Rate Tcharge
C001 Agriculture 700 450 250
C002 Domestic 500 420 80
C003 Industry 1500 450 1050

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 13. Calculating Commission
Problem Definition:
Write a PL-SQL program to calculate the commission for a given basic to be calculated as follows.
If salary is greater than 7000 commission is 20%
If salary is lessthan 7000 and greater than 5000 commission is 15%
Other wise commission is 10%

Problem Solution:

Table Creation
create table empcomm (acno number(5),basic number(10,2),comm number(6,2));

Rows Insertion:
insert into empcomm (acno,basic) values(101,6000);
insert into empcomm (acno,basic) values(111,4200);
insert into empcomm (acno,basic) values(121,6500);
insert into empcomm (acno,basic) values(131,3500);
Table Data:
Select * from comm;
Acno Basic Comm.
101 6000
111 4200
121 6500
131 3500

PL/SQL Program
declare
com number(6,2)
cursor c1 is select * from empcomm;
begin
for i in c1 loop
if i.basic>=7000 then
com:=i.basic*0.2;
elsif i.basic>=5000 and i.basic<7000 then
com:=i.basic*0.15;
else
com:=i.basic*0.1;
end if;
update empcomm set comm=com where acno=i.acno;
end loop;
close c1;
end;

TABLE DATA
select * from empcomm;
Acno Basic Comm
101 6000 1200
111 4200 420
121 6500 1300
131 3500 175

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 14. TRIGGER
Problem Definition:
Create a trigger to insert values from one table to another table automatically when salary is greater
than 6000
Table creation

create table emp1(eno number primary key,ename varchar2(20),sal number(5));

create table emp2(eno number primary key,ename varchar2(20),sal number(5));

problem solution:

Trigger creation

create or replace trigger tr1 after insert on emp1

for each row when(new.sal>=6000)
begin
insert into emp2 values(:new.eno,:new.ename,:new.sal);
end;
/

Rows insertion

insert into emp1 values(100,'Suneel',5000);

insert into emp1 values(101,'Hari',7000);
insert into emp1 values(102,'Sree',9000);
insert into emp1 values(103,'Siri',5800);

Table data

SQL> select * from emp2;

ENO ENAME SAL

---------- -------------------- ----------
101 Hari 7000
102 Sree 9000

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 15. CREATING PROCEDURE

PROBLEM: Create a procedure to insert student details in 3 different tables based on their course.

Procedure

Table creation

create table student1(sno number(5) primary key,sname varchar2(10),course varchar2(10));

create table student2(sno number(5) primary key,sname varchar2(10),course varchar2(10));
create table student3(sno number(5) primary key,sname varchar2(10),course varchar2(10));

Procedure definition:

create or replace procedure student(s in number, name in varchar2, cou in varchar2) as

begin
if cou='bsc' then
insert into student1 values(s,name,cou);
elsif cou=’bcom’ then
insert into student2 values(s,name,cou);
else
insert into student3 values(s,name,cou);
end if;
end;
/

Procedure execution

SQL> exec student(121,'rahul','bsc');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec student(122,'ravi','bcom');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec student(123,'ajay','mba');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select * from student1;

SNO SNAME COURSE

---------- ---------- ----------
121 rahul bsc

SQL> select * from student2;

SNO SNAME COURSE
--------- ---------- ----------
122 ravi bcom

SQL> select * from student3;

SNO SNAME COURSE
---------- ---------- ----------
123 ajay mba

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 16. FUNCTION

Problem Definition: Create a function to find square of given number.

Problem Solution:

Function creation:
create or replace function squar(x in number)
return number as
z number;
begin
z:=x*x;
return(z);
end;
/

Function calling

declare
n number(5);
begin
n:=&n;
dbms_output.put_line('The square of given number is'||squar(n));
end;
/

Output

Enter value for n: 5

old 4: n:=&n;
new 4: n:=5;
The square of given number is 25

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