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SECTION 01
(a)
(i) D ifferentiate h alf duplex and full duplex com m unication system in term s o f
frequency used. (4 marks)
(ii) D efine signal to noise ratio (SNR) and noise factor (NF). (4 marks)
(b) In an experim ental procedure, two RF am plifiers (am plifier A and am plifier B) are
used for analysis. The noise factor and gain o f am plifier A are 1.5 and 10
respectively, while am plifier B has a noise factor o f 2 and gain o f 100. This
experim ent was conducted at room temperature, Ti = 25°Celcius.
(i) C alculate the noise tem perature for am plifier A and am plifier B. (4 marks)
(ii) D esign the configuration o f the cascaded am plifier w ith the low est noise
effect. (8 marks)
(c) In a w ireless com m unication system, a receiver w ith an am plifier with frequency
range o f 3 GHz to 5 GHz and input resistance o f 10 kQ was used. C alculate the
(a)
(i) W hat is the predom inant advantage o f am plitude m odulation double
sideband-full carrier (AM DSB-FC)? ( 2 marks)
(ii) W hat is the predom inant disadvantage o f AM D SB-FC? ( 2 marks)
(iii) W hat is the advantage o f using a trapezoidal pattern to evaluate an AM
DSB-FC envelope? (2 marks)
(t>) A carrier signal v^(r) = 6 c o s (l0 ;rl0 ^ /) volt is m odulated using am plitude
m odulation (AM) by an inform ation signal v^(r) = 4 co s(4 ;rl0 ^ rj + c o s (l0 jrl0 ^ rj
m odulated signal.
(i) W rite the mathem atical equation for the m odulated AM signal. ( 3 marks)
(ii) D escribe how the am plitude and frequency o f the m odulating signal affect
the frequency deviation. (2 marks)
For this m odulator, a 2 volt am plitude o f the tone signal will produce a fi*equency
deviation o f 0.3 kHz. I f the tone signal is [t] = 2 .5 co s(4 ;rl0 ^r j , determ ine:
diagram if you are given only ONE o f each o f these com ponents: a filter, a
m ultiplier, an oscillator and a mixer. (6 marks)
SEE 3533 / SKEE 3533
Q.4
(a) The trend in the design o f new com m unication systems has been tow ard increasing
the use o f digital techniques. State four (4) advantages o f digital com m unications
com pared to analog com munications. (4 marks)
(b) A Fourier spectra o f signal g{t) shown in Figure Q.4 is sampled using uniform ly
spaced im pulses at a rate of: 10 kHz, 20 kH z and 40 kHz. For each o f the sam pling
rate;
(i) Sketch the spectrum o f the sampled signal. (6 marks)
(ii) I f the sam pled signal is passed through an ideal low pass filter (LPF) o f
bandw idth 10 kHz, sketch the spectrum o f the output signal and determ ine
w hether the signal g{f) is recoverable. (6 marks)
G{w)
Figure Q.4
lim ited signal o f 1 M Hz at a sampling rate 50% higher than N yquist rate to
m itigate the aliasing effect and quantized to 256 levels by using |j,-law quantizer
w ith = 255.
(i) List the key param eters and their respective values to be considered for the
design. (4 marks)
6
SEE 3533 / SKEE 3533
(ii) The desired received signal quality in term o f signal-to-quantization-noise
ratio is about 50 dB. Discuss whether this can be achieved without
increasing the transm ission bandwidth. Show necessary calculations for your
reasoning. (5 marks)
7
SEE 3533 / SKEE 3533
Q.5
(a) W ith the aid o f block diagrams, describe in general the stages needed for audio
transm ission over a digital com m unication system. (5 marks)
(b) In a certain telem etry system, there are four analog signals, m jit), ms{t) and
m 4 {t). The bandw idth o f mi{t) is 3.6 kHz, but for each o f the rem aining signals it is
1.2 kHz. These signals are to be sampled at their respective N yquist rates and are
to be w ord-by-w ord tim e-division m ultiplexed using a similar m echanism as Pulse
Code M odulation (PCM ) T1 carrier system.
(i) Suggest a suitable scheme for accom plishing this m ultiplexing requirem ent
by stating the proposed com m utator frequency (in rotations per second).
(5 marks)
(ii) I f the com m utator output is binary-coded using 1024 levels, determ ine the
output bit rate. (3 marks)
(iii) Determ ine the m inim um channel bandw idth for data transm ission. (2 marks)
(c) Am plitude shift keying (ASK) m odulation utilizing on-off keying (OOK) is used to
send 100,000 bits per second o f binary information. The am plitude o f the received
signal is 0.2 Volt. The carrier frequency is 1 MHz. The noise pow er per Hertz, No,
ranges from 10’^ to 10“’ watt/Hz.
(i) D esign both coherent and non-coherent detectors and determ ine which
entire range o f noise powers. I f it is, indicate w hich part o f the range meets
the specifications. (3 marks)
END OF QUESTIONS
8
SEE 3533 / SKEE 3533
APPENDICES
B) Trigonometry Identities
X
sin^ x + cos^ X = 1
cos^ X - sin^ X = cos2x
sin^ X = ^ ( l - co s2 x )
3
sin Xsin ; = ^ [c o s(x - - cos(x + >^)
cosxcosj = 3
cos(x - ^) + cos(x + y )
1.0
0.8 -
0.6 -
0 .4 -
§
0.2 -
- 0.2 -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D) COMPANDING EQUATION
E:
x=
E./max
E..
y =-
A -Law :
l + log(Ar)
l + log(A)
Ax
0 < x < -
l + log(A) A
|u-Law :
lo g (l + ^.;c)
^ log(l + Ai)
Probability o f error:
A SK FSK PSK
Coherent: Coherent: Coherent:
/ I— \
Pe = -e r f c eA
Pe = -^ rfc Pe = - e r f c
' 2 'IN. / ' 2
N on coherent: N on coherent:
1 p i ( E„]
n = -e x p Pe = - e x p
\ 2N..o!
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SEE 3533 / SKEE 3533
Error Function Table
e r fc (x ) X e r f c (x) X e r fc (x )