TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SAGARMATHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department of Civil Engineering

A Report on
SURVEY CAMP 2073
[ Code : 071/BCE/YC8 ]

By
Deepak Silwal: 071/BCE/010
Nabin Nepal: 071/BCE/020
Rujjwal Timalsina: 071/BCE/031
Sagar Aryal: 071/BCE/035
Suraj Sedai: 071/BCE/042

2073
Lalitpur, Nepal
ii
 A Report on

SURVEY CAMP 2073

[ Code : 071/BCE/YC8 ]

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

By
Deepak Silwal: 071/BCE/010
Nabin Nepal: 071/BCE/020
Rujjwal Timalsina: 071/BCE/031
Sagar Aryal: 071/BCE/035
Suraj Sedai: 071/BCE/042

LALITPUR, NEPAL
FALGUN 2073
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
SAGARMATHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
iii
 A Report on
SURVEY CAMP 2073
[ Code : 071/BCE/YC8 ]

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

SURVEY CAMP 2073 INSTRUCTION TEAM

1. Coordinator/Resource Person (G. Lecturer): Er. Bishwodeep Adhikari
2. Sub-Coordinator/Resource Person (G.Lecturer) Er. Pravash Devkota
3. Resource Person (G. Lecturer) Er. Ram Krishna Danai
4. Resource Person (G. Lecturer) Er. Suwash C. Acharya
5. Resource Person (G. Lecturer) Er. Mani Poudel
6. Resource Person (G. Lecturer) Er. Bhuwan Ghimire
7. Lab Instructor Mr. Dipendra Shrestha
8. Lab Assistant Mr. Dhan B.Thapa Magar
9. Office Supporter Mr. Prakash Poudel

LALITPUR, NEPAL
FALGUN 2073
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
SAGARMATHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

iv
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SAGARMATHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report entitled “A Report on Survey Camp 2073” is a bonafide
work of group “071/BCE/YC8’’ (Deepak Silwal, Nabin Nepal, Rujjwal Timalsina, Sagar
Aryal, Suraj Sedai) who carried out the survey under the guidance and supervision of the
‘Survey Instruction Team 2073’ in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelor of Engineering.

………………...................................... ……………………………………………………
Er. Bishwodeep Adhikari Er. Pravash Devkota
(Camp Coordinator) (Camp Sub coordinator)
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Sagarmatha Engineering College Sagarmatha Engineering College

Date:………………………….. Date:……………………………

………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………
External Examiner Assoc.Prof.Arun Prasad Parajuli
(Head of Department)
Department of Civil Engineering
Date:………………………… Sagarmatha Engineering College

Date: …………………………

v
Acknowledgement
Apart from the efforts of us, the successful completion of survey camp largely depends
upon guidelines and supervision of many others. We take this opportunity to express our
gratitude to the Department of Civil Engineering, Sagarmatha Engineering College and its
members who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this camp.

We would like to show our greatest appreciation to the Survey Instruction Team (Er.
Bishwodeep Adhikari, Er. Pravash Devkota, Er. Ram Krishna Danai, Er. Suwash Chandra
Acharya, Er. Mani Poudel, Er. Bhuwan Ghimire, Mr. Dipendra Shrestha, Mr. Dhan
Bahadur Thapa Magar, Mr. Prakash Poudel) for their tremendous support and help during
the time of survey.

We are indebted to the Sagarmatha Engineering College administration for organizing the
survey camp.

Our thank goes to all friends for providing us necessary help and moral support.

At last, special thanks to all those who helped us directly and indirectly for the
completion of survey and preparation of the final report.

vi
Abstract
This report is the detail description of the Survey Camp 2073 completed under the
supervision and the guidelines of ‘The Survey Instruction Team’ of Sagarmatha
Engineering College as a part of course in Bachelor in Civil Engineering.

This report includes the instrument handling, methodology, observations and the
calculations made during the camp with corresponding drawings. The major tasks done
were ‘Topographic Surveying’, ‘Road Surveying’, ‘Bridge Site Surveying’. It consists of
linear and angular measurements, computation sheets, different maps, longitudinal
alignments and cross sections.

The objectives of survey camp, to carry out the survey efficiently, prepare the
topographic maps, selection of bridge site and the fixing of road alignment was
successfully met which are included in this report. The knowledge of referencing, rl
transfer, triangulation, curve setting with the use of instruments like auto level, total
station are also included.

We have put the great efforts to include all tasks done at the survey camp in this report so
that it is handy for all in surveying.

vii
Working Schedule
Project Title: Survey Camp 2073
Location: International Training Centre of Nepal Scouts, Kakani, Nuwakot
Duration: 1st of Kartik to 12th of Kartik
Working time: 8:00 am to 6:00 pm
Class: 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm
Survey group: 071/BCE/YC8

SN Day Field Work

1 1st Kartik Reconnaisance
2 2nd Kartik Major traverse
3 3rd Kartik Minor traverse and Major traverse
4 4th Kartik Fly Levelling, RL transfer to stations
5 5th Kartik Calculation and Plotting
6 6th Kartik Detailing for Topographic map
7 7th Kartik Detailing and Field verification
8 8th Kartik Road Survey, fixing IPs
9 9th Kartik Road Survey, detailing
10 10th Kartik Bridge Site Survey, triangulation
11 11th Kartik Detailing, RL transfer
12 12th Kartik Evaluation

viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ITC International Training Centre I

WCB Whole Circle Bearing
NRS Nepal Road Standard
IP Intersection Point
BC Beginning of Curve
MC Mid of Curve
EC End of Curve
RL Reduced Level
TBM Temporary Benchmark
HI Height of Instrument
RL Reduced Level
Lat. Latitude
Dep. Departure
BS Back Sighted
IS Intermediate Sighted
FS Front Sight

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2
Background................................................................................................................................... 2
Objectives of Camp....................................................................................................................... 2
Location and Accessibility............................................................................................................. 2
Relevancy of Camp ....................................................................................................................... 3
Limitations .................................................................................................................................... 3
Organization of report .................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 4
Surveying ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Traversing ................................................................................................................................. 4
Levelling ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Curve setting................................................................................................................................. 9
Classification ........................................................................................................................... 10
Elements of a horizontal curve ............................................................................................... 10
Instruments ................................................................................................................................ 11
 Autolevel......................................................................................................................... 11
 Total Station ................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter: METHODODLOGY ............................................................................................................ 15
Topographic surveying ............................................................................................................... 15
Road Site Surveying .................................................................................................................... 18
Bridge Site surveying .................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter 4 : Result and Discussion .................................................................................................. 22
Topographic Survey: ................................................................................................................... 22
Result ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 22
Road site Surveying .................................................................................................................... 22
Result ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 22
Bridge site survey ....................................................................................................................... 23
Result ...................................................................................................................................... 23
Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter: Conclusion and recommendation ................................................................................... 24

x
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................... 25

xi
1
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Talking about survey question arises what is survey? Why survey? How to survey?
Simply, it is the measurement on the earth, above the earth and beneath the earth.
Surveying allows us to get accurate and valid measurements of things that are on the
surface of the earth. We deal with the linear and angular measurements in surveying.

Surveying is main root for execution of any civil engineering project. The science of
surveying has been developed since the initial stage of human civilization according to
their requirement.

The Survey Camp 2073, ITC of Nepal Scouts, Kakani, Nuwakot organized by Survey
Instruction Committee, Sagarmatha Engineering College, Tribhuvan University is a part
of Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering study which gives the real idea of application of
survey works in actual field.

Objectives of Camp
The main objective of the survey camp was to provide an opportunity to the students to
consolidate and update their practical and theoretical knowledge in surveying. The survey
camp enables the students to perform following jobs applying the principles of civil
engineering.
 Conduct the topographic survey and prepare the topographic map.
 Conduct bridge site survey.
 Conduct the road alignment survey.
 Prepare necessary maps and report.

In addition, survey camp aim at familiarizing an individual with surveying problems,

proper handling of the instruments, analyzing the obtained survey data and interpret them
in required precision, and importance of the team work.

Location and Accessibility

ITC of Nepal Scouts located at Kakani, Nuwakot was chosen as the area to be surveyed.
This lies in Bagmati zone of Nepal. The location was accessible to complete the
objectives of camps effectively.

2
Relevancy of Camp
The main objective of the survey camp was to fulfill the partial requirement of the
bachelor in civil engineering. Apart from this it was relevant in expressing the surveying
knowledge of the students in the real field and overcoming the problems that gets
encountered during the survey.

Limitations
 Instruments used were different during different days in camp
 Consistency of the surveyor.
 Weather and temperature variation in the project area.
 Greater variation of gradient of slope leading to difficulty in instrumental set up
and making observation.

Organization of report
This report comprises five different chapters that are as follows:
 Chapter 1: Introduction
This section describes about the surveyed area, its location, objectives of the
survey camp, its relevancy and different limitation of the survey.
 Chapter 2: Literature Review
This section describes the short theory on the terms like surveying, levelling,
curve setting and different instrumental setup and their use.
 Chapter 3: Methodology
This section focuses on how the surveying is carried out. The principles of
surveying are discussed over here.
 Chapter 4: Result/Discussion
This section includes all the results obtained during camp and discusses about
their use in the civil engineering practices.
 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
This section gives the conclusions that have been drawn out after doing different
surveying works.

3
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Surveying
Surveying, means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth
surfaces. It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and
interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative
position and size according to given measurement requirements. Thus, surveying has two
similar but opposite functions:
 the determination of existing relative horizontal and vertical position, such as that
used for the process of mapping
 the establishment of marks to control construction or to indicate land boundaries

Thus, surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of distinctive features on
the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth, by means of measurements of
distances, directions and elevations.

Surveying is carried out based on its own principles, they are:

 Working from whole to part.
 Redundancy in measurement.
 Consistency of work.
 Independent check.
 Accuracy required.

Traversing
Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the
framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help
of an angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively. There can be open or
close traverse.

Open traverse: Traverse neither returning to its starting position nor ending to the known
point is called open traverse.

Closed traverse: Traverse returning to its starting point or ending at the known point is
called closed traverse.

4
For establishing the control points, a closed traverse is preferred since it provides
different checks for the included angles, deflection angles and bearing for adjusting the
traverse. When an open traverse is used, the work done should be checked by providing
cut of lines and by making observations on some prominent point visible from as many
stations as possible.

Traversing surveys is very fundamental and has become one of most common methods of
surveying in geomatics engineering works such as general purpose angle measurement
provision of control surveys, contour and detail mapping and setting out construction
works.

Traversing is based on the principle that ‘If the co-ordinates of the first station and the
bearing of the first line are known, the co-ordinates of all successive points can be
computed as follows:
XB= XA+ LSinӨ
YB= YA+ LCosӨ
Where, L = Length of traverse leg
Ө = Bearing of line AB in WCB
XA = Easting of A.
XB = Easting of B.
YA = Northing of A.
YB = Northing of B.

Dependent Coordinates
Latitude: Latitude of a survey traverse may be defined as its coordinate length measured
parallel to an assumed magnetic meridian.
Departure: Departure of a survey traverse may be defined as its coordinate length
measured perpendicular to magnetic meridian.

If ‘l’ is the length of traverse, Ө be the bearing then

5
Latitude (L) = lcos Ө
Departure (D) = lsin Ө

Independent coordinates
The coordinates of traverse station calculated with respect to the common origin or the
total latitude and departure of any point with respect to a common origin are called the
independent coordinates.

Closing Error
If a closed traverse is plotted accordingly to the field measurements the end points of the
traverse will not coincide with the starting point due to error in field measurement, such
error occurring while plotting the traverse is considered as the closing error.

For a closed traverse, EL=0

ED=0
Error of closure e=√(𝐸𝐿)2 + (𝐸𝐷)2 )
Where the sign obtained in EL and ED denotes the quadrant in which it belongs
to.
Relative error of closure = error of closure/perimeter of traverse

Balancing the traverse:

There are different methods of adjusting a traverse such as Bowditch’s method, Transit
method, Graphical method, and Axis method. Among them during the survey camp
Bowditch’s method was used to adjust the traverse.

The basis of this method is on the assumptions that the errors in linear measurements
are proportional to L and that the errors in angular measurements are inversely
proportional to L where L is the length of a line. The Bowditch’s rule is mostly used to
balance a traverse where linear and angular measurements are of equal precision. The
total error in latitude and in the departure is distributed in proportion to the lengths of
the sides.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝∗𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑔

Correction for latitude or departure= 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

However the case is different with the link traverse we correct the bearing in this case.

6
The error (e) in a link traverse due to bearing may be determined by comparing the two
bearings of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of traverse. If the closed
traverse, has N number of sides then,
Correction in bearing for the first line = e/N
Correction in bearing for the second line = 2*(e/N)
And similarly, correction for bearing for the last line = N*(e/N) = e

Discrepancy and misclosure

For lengths of the traverse legs, two ways distance measurement (forward and backward)
is done. The difference in values obtained by forward and backward distance
measurements is called discrepancy. The reciprocal of mean of the two measurements
divided by the discrepancy is called precision. Both the discrepancy and the precision for
each traverse leg must be obtained in given limits.

Levelling
Levelling is the process of finding the elevation at a specified location relative to another
elevation. Levelling is the determination of the elevation of a point or difference between
points referenced to some datum. It is a major task in producing necessary data for
mapping, engineering design, and construction.

Levelling results are used to:

 Design highways, railways, canals, sewers, water supply systems
 Lay out the construction projects according to planned elevation
 Calculate volumes of earthwork and other materials
 Investigate drainage characteristics of an area

Terms used in Levelling

Level Surface or line: It is any surface parallel to the mean spherical surface of earth. The
line lying in the level surface is level line.

Horizontal plane or line: It is the plane tangential to the level surface of that point. Any
line lying in the horizontal surface is horizontal line.

Vertical line or plane: It is a line normal to the surface through the point ex. a plumb line.
The plane containing the vertical line is vertical plane.

7
Datum surface or line: It is the arbitrarily assumed level surface or line from which
vertical distances are measured. The datum considered is the mean sea level.

Elevation: It is the vertical distance of a point above or below datum. It is also known as
reduced level.

Bench-mark (BM): It is the fixed reference point of known elevation. One setup by the
surveyor for his own use in particular task is termed as temporary bench mark (TBM).

The line of Collimation: It is the line joining the intersection of cross hairs of the optical
center of the object glass. It is also called the line of sight.

Turning point: It is a point denoting the shifting of the level. It is the point on which is the
fore sight and back sight are taken. Any stable and well defined object such as boundary
stone, rock etc. is used as change point. A bench mark itself is a change point.

Height of instrument (HI): It is the elevation of line of sight.

Levelling is divided in two groups

 Direct Levelling
 Indirect Levelling

Direct Leveling
It is the branch of leveling in which the vertical distances with respect to a horizontal line
(perpendicular to the direction of gravity) may be used to determine the relative
difference in elevation between two adjacent points. The difference in elevation between
two points is the vertical distance between two level lines. Following are some special
methods of direct (spirit) leveling:

Differential Leveling: It is the method of direct leveling, the objective of which is solely
to determine the difference in elevation of two points regardless of the horizontal
positions of the points with respect of each other. This type of leveling is also known as
fly leveling.

8
 Figure 1 Illustration of differential levelling

Profile Leveling: It is the method of direct leveling, objective of which is to determine the
elevations of points at measured intervals along a given line in order to obtain a profile of
the surface along that line.

Cross Sectioning: Cross-sectioning or cross leveling is the process of taking levels on

each side of main line at right angles to that line, in order to determine a vertical cross-
section of the surface of the ground, or of underlying strata, or of both.

Reciprocal Leveling: It is the method of leveling in which the difference in elevation

between two points is accurately determined by two sets of reciprocal observations when
it is not possible to set up the level between the two points

Indirect Leveling: Indirect leveling method or trigonometric leveling is the process of

leveling in which the elevations of points are computed from the vertical angles and
horizontal distances measured in the field, just as the length of any side in any triangle
can be computed from proper trigonometric relations.

The first operation is required to enable the works to be designed while the second
operation is required in the setting out of all kinds of engineering works. Leveling deals
with measurements in a vertical plane.

Arithmetic Check:
This is a check done at the end of the operation in field book.
E(BS)-E(FS) = E( R)- E(F) = Last RL – First RL
This is the check done to ensure the correctness of the levelling data.

Curve setting
A regular curve path followed by a railway or highway alignment is called curve. A curve
may be either cicular, parabolic or spiral and is always tangential to the two straight
direction at the ends.

9
Classification
Curve
 Horizontal
o Circular ( Simple, Compound, Reverse)
o Transition( Cubic, Spiral, Lemniscate)
 Vertical
o Summit
o Sag
Here we deal with the setting of the horizontal curve.

Figure 2 Curve Setting

Elements of a horizontal curve

 Back tangent: The tangent BC-PI at BC, the point of commencement of the curve
is called back tangent.
 Forward tangent: The tangent EC-PI at EC, the end point of the curve is called
forward tangent.
 Point of intersection: The point PI where back tangent when produced forward
and the forward tangent produced backward meet, is called point of intersection.
 Angle of intersection: The angle between the back tangent and the forward tangent
is called angle of intersection.
 Angle of deflection: The angle through which forward tangent deflects is called
angle of deflection of the curve (Δ). It may be either to the right or to the left.
 Point of commencement: The point where the curve originates from the back
tangent is called point of commencement of the curve.
 Point of tangency: The point where the curve joins the forward tangent is called
point of tangency.

10
  Tangent distance: The distance between point of intersection and point of
commencement of the curve or the distance between point of intersection and
point of tangency are called tangent distances.
 Length of the curve: The total length of the curve from the point of
commencement to the point of tangency is called length of the curve.
 Long chord: The chord joining the point of commencement and the point of
tangency is called long chord.
 Mid-ordinate: The ordinate joining the midpoint of the curve and long chord is
called mid-ordinate.
 Normal chord: A chord between two successive regular pegs on the curve is called
normal chord.
 Sub chord: When a chord is shorter than a normal chord, it is called sub chord.
If the angle of intersection is given, then
Δ= 180⁰-I (I= angle of intersection)
R=1719/D (D= degree of curve)
BC-PI or EC-PI =R tan (Δ/2)
Length of chord=2R sin (Δ/2) m
Apex distance= R (sec (Δ/2)-1) m
Chainage of first tangent point = chainage of IP-tangent length
Chainage of second tangent point = chainage of first IP+ curve length
Chainage of MC = Chainage of BC+ L/2

Instruments

 Autolevel
A level essentially comprises a telescope
rotatable about a vertical axis; it is used to create
a horizontal line of sight so that height
differences can be determined.

The line of sight is maintained perpendicular to

the direction of gravity through a system of
prisms called a compensator. This compensator
maintains a horizontal line of sight when the Figure 3 Auto Level
instrument is approximately leveled.

11
Setting up the instrument anywhere
1. Extend the legs of the tripod as far as is required and tighten the screws firmly.
2. Set up the tripod so that the tripod plate is as horizontal as possible and the legs of
the tripod are firm in the ground.
3. Now, and only now, place the instrument on the tripod and secure it with the
central fixing screw.

Levelling-up the instrument

 After setting up the instrument, level it up approximately with the bull’s-eye
bubble.
 Turn two of the footscrews together in opposite directions. The index finger of
your right hand indicates the direction in which the bubble should move. Now use
the third footscrew to centre the bubble.
 To check, rotate the instrument 180°. Afterwards, the bubble should remain within
the setting circle. If it does not, then readjustment is required.

Height difference between two points

The basic principle of levelling involves determining the height difference between two
points. To eliminate systematic errors related to atmospheric conditions or to residual
line-of-sight error, the instrument should be about equidistant from the two points. The
height difference is calculated from the difference between the two staff readings for the
points A and B respectively.

Figure 4 Elevation transfer

12
  Total Station
A total station consists of a
theodolite with a built-in distance
meter and so it can measure angles
and distances at the same time.
Today’s electronic total stations all
have an opto-electronic distance
meter (EDM) and electronic angle
scanning. The coded scales of the
horizontal and vertical circles are
scanned electronically, and then the
angles and distances are displayed
digitally.

Figure 5 Total Station

The horizontal distance, the height difference and the coordinates are calculated
automatically and all measurements and additional information can be recorded.

Setup

 Place tripod approximately over a known point locking legs at a convenient height
so machine will be at or lower than eye level and the legs are at equal distances
from each other. Eyeball the head of the tripod so it is as close to level as possible.
 Remove instrument carefully from casing with both hands. Place on top
(supporting with top handle) of tripod and tighten centering screw below platform
into instrument, aligning the three corners of machine and platform. Use sight
tangent screw on back side of LCD display to center the instrument over the exact
known point to be surveyed.
 After it was installed on the center, the instrument is levelled observing the bubble
using the tripod legs and levelling screws.

Power and preparation

Power on the instrument and check the level of battery, if it shows low replace it with the
charged one otherwise it is okay. For the lights on display it can be made from the buttons

13
provided. Afterwards, the image from the lens was adjusted so that clear view of the
prism center point can be viewed. Then height of the instruments was noted.

Angular and linear measurement

For the angular measurement

14
Chapter: METHODODLOGY
Topographic surveying
Topographical surveying is the process of determining the positions of natural and
artificial features of the locality by means of conventional signs up on a topographical
map. The methodology of surveying is based on the principle of surveying.

Reconnaissance (Recce)
Recce means the exploration of an area. In survey, it involves walking around the
survey area and roughly planning the number of stations and the position of the traverse
stations. It is primarily done to get an overall idea of the site plan how the given area can
be surveyed for the topographic map preparation.

The following points have to be taken into consideration for fixing traverse stations:
 The adjacent stations should be clearly inter-visible.
 The whole area should include the least number of stations possible.
 The steep slopes and badly broken ground should be avoided as far as possible,
which may cause inaccuracy in taping.
 The traverse station should maintain the ratio of maximum traverse leg to
minimum traverse leg less than 2:1 for Major Traverse and 3:1 for Minor
Traverse.
 The traverse line of sight should not be near the ground level to avoid the
refraction .The stations should provide minimum level surface required for
setting up the instrument.
Thinking the above given points into consideration, the traverse stations were fixed.
Then two way taping was done for each traverse leg. Thus, permanent fixing of the
control points completes recce.

Traversing
The skeleton of lines joining those control points covering the area to be surveyed is
called Major Traverse. To do the survey precisely, two-sets of reading should be taken for
Major Traverse. We take two sets as 0 set and 90 set.

In the Survey Camp, two traverses - major and minor had to be established. The major
traverse had 27 control stations including two given control points. The control stations
were named as CM1, CM2, ……………… CM25 along with CP1, CP2 (the two given

15
control points) .The leg ratio of maximum traverse leg to minimum traverse leg was
maintained within 2:1. The discrepancy in length between the forward measurements and
the backward measurements of all the traverse legs was within 1:2000. Two sets of
readings were taken for measuring the horizontal traverse angles. The difference between
the mean angles of two sets of readings was within a minute for all the angles.

It is not sufficient to detail the area by enclosing with the help of major traverse. So,
minor traverse was established to cover small area. Only one set of reading is taken as
less precision is acceptable. The minor traverse had 4 control stations and enclosed the
office building. The control stations were named as cm1, cm2 and along with the two
control stations of major traverse Cm16, CM25. The leg ratio was maintained within 3:1.
The discrepancy in length between the forward measurements and the backward
measurements of all the traverse legs was within 1:1000.

In a closed traverse, by geometry, the sum of the interior angles should be equal to (2n-
4)*90˚ where n is the number of traverse stations. If the angles are measured with the
same degree of precision, the error in the sum of the angles may be distributed equally
among each angle of the traverse.
The error (e) in a closed traverse due to bearing may be determined by comparing the two
bearings of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of traverse. If the closed
traverse, has N number of sides then,
e
Correction for the first line = N
e
Correction for the second line = 2 N

And similarly, correction for the last line = e

Levelling
Before starting the level transfer autolevel was used for the two peg test to ensure the
precision of the autolevel. The level instrument was well levelled on the ground surface.
Staff was held at the BM provided and the backsight reading was taken. Differential
levelling was carried out to transfer the RL at all the major stations. From the major
traverse stations RL was transferred to minor traverse stations.

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Detailing
Tacheometry was used for the detailing process. Total station was used to carry out the
detailing process. From total station horizontal distances, vertical distances, and
horizontal angles are measured that locates the control points of different RL at the
topographic map.

Computation
In a closed traverse, by geometry, the sum of the interior angles should be equal to (2n-4)
x 90˚ where n is the number of traverse sides. If the angles are measured with the same
degree of precision, the error in the sum of the angles may be distributed equally among
each angle of the traverse.
We apply the coordinate method in computation. Latitude and departures of each traverse
leg are computed as lcos and lsin respectively. Latitude of line is measured towards
north termed as Northing and departure measured towards east termed as Easting.
For a closed traverse, total sum of latitudes equals to zero and total sum of departures
equals to zero. But while plotting the starting and ending point of closed traverse donot
coincide which is termed as misclosure. It is corrected by using Bowditch rule as
mentioned in literature review part ahead. Similarly for minor traverse correction of
bearings are done as mentioned earlier in chapter 2.

Plotting
After computation of the coordinates of each control points they are plotted in a grid sheet
of A0 size. Both major and the minor traverse were plotted to scale of 1:500. The plotted
coordinates were correctly located so that the area is located at the centre of grid sheet
which makes the plot attractive. All the required legends and the coordinates of the
traverse stations are mentioned at the left hand side of the grid sheet.

Thus obtained traverse was verified in the field using plane table surveying to check the
precision in the overall surveying as well in computation and plotting.

For the complete preparation of the topographic map the contour of the area are plotted
using the data of the various detail points from the field. The hard details like building,
roads, drainage etc. are also plotted in the map.

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Road Site Surveying
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are
typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need
not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal
construction or maintenance. The methodology of road site surveying is based on the
principle of surveying.

Reconnaissance
The route along which the road alignment needed to be fixed was observed. The position
for fixing the intersection points of the curve was inspected. The existence of obligatory
points, gradients of the slope, location of river routes etc. were well observed so as to
decide the alignment of the road.

Horizontal Alignment
Horizontal alignment is done for fixing the road direction in horizontal plane. For this, the
bearing of initial line connecting two initial stations was measured using compass.
Afterwards, along the road alignment intersection points are fixed at the position where
there must be the existence of the curve.

For fixing the curve along the alignment we use the Rankine method for finding out the
beginning of curve, mid of curve, end of curve and length of curve.
Tangent length (T) = R Tan∆/2
Length of curve (L) = πR∆/180
Apex distance = R (sec (∆/2)-1)
Chainage of BC= Chainage of IP- T
Chainage of MC = Chainage of BC+ L/2
Chainage of EC = Chainage of MC + L/2

Levelling
We use the fly levelling method to transfer the RL from the temporary bench mark
provided to all the IP point along the road alignment. The RL transfer work was carried
out to the last IP and back to the TBM for making the close loop. From the IP the RL was
well transferred to all required points in the road alignment.

18
Longitudinal Section
For obtaining the data for the longitudinal section data are taken using total stations with
prism at the interval of 15m along the road alignment. From the obtained data the level
from the IP was transferred to all points at the interval of 15m on the road alignment as
well on the points of BC, MC and EC.
Cross Section
Cross sections were taken at 5m intervals up to 10m along the centerline of the road on
both side of the central line of the alignment and at points where there was a sharp
change in the elevation. Cross section was also done at the point of BC, MC, and EC.
Total Station was used to carry out the task and for linear measurements tape was used.
The RL was transferred to different points from IP by performing necessary calculations.

Topographic survey of road alignment

For the topographic survey of road alignment the deflection angles at different road
sections are measured. This represents the overall details of the land profile and the
contour along the road alignment. All the obligatory points are noted in the topographic
survey of the road.

Plotting
Longitudinal section: For plotting the L section we take a graph paper on which vertical
scale of 1:100 and horizontal scale of 1:500 is fixed. The RL of the road alignment is
plotted at the vertical axis and the distance was plotted in the horizontal axis.

Cross Section: For plotting the cross section we take a graph paper on which vertical and
horizontal scale of 1:100 is fixed. Cross sections are run on the either side of the
longitudinal profile up to the distance of 10m at 5m interval.

Topographic map of road alignment: For plotting the topographic map of the road
alignment we fix the on horizontal and the vertical scale in the grid sheet. We plot the
contour lines and the hard details along the road alignment.

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Bridge Site surveying
For the bridge site surveying we use the methods of triangulation, levelling, tacheometry
etc. The methodology of the bridge site survey is given below:

Site Selection
There are various factors for the selection of bridge site such as geological condition,
socio-economical and ecological aspect etc.
 The sites was chosen such that it should be laid on the very stable rocks at the
bed of river as far as possible and not affect the ecological balance of the flora
and fauna of the site area.
 The bridge axis should be so located that it should be fairly perpendicular to the
flow direction and at the same time.
 The river width should be narrow from the economical point of view and the
free board should be at least 5m.
 The starting point of bridge axis should not in any way lie or touch the curve of
the road.

The site selected for the bridge axis was near the curve of the river with no community
near. For the purpose of the shortest span, the stations were set perpendicular to the river
flow direction. The riverbanks were not eroded and were suitable for bridge construction.
The chance of change of direction of river on the selected axis line was nominal.

Topographic Survey
For the topographic survey of the bridge site triangulation was done. First the bridge axis
was set and horizontal control stations were fixed on either side for detailing. Distances
between stations on the same side of river were measured. Then the interconnecting
triangles were formed and angles were measured with total station. The bridge axis length
or span was calculated by solving the triangles using the Sine rule. Thus the horizontal
control was set out.

For vertical control, the level was transferred from the TBM 1 to the I.P.s of the road and
was transferred to the stations on the next bank by reciprocal leveling. For the same bank
direct level transfer method was used. A closed loop was formed at the either side of the
bank so as to check the accuracy.

20
Longitudinal Section
The L-Section of the river is required to give an idea about the bed slope, the variation in
the elevations of the different points along the length of the river and nature of the river
bed. Keeping the total stations at the control stations on the river banks, readings were
taken at different points along the center line of the river up to a meters upstream
and m downstream. The RL’s of the traverse stations being known previously the
levels of the different points on the river were calculated.

Cross Sectioning:
At longitudinal section of the river, readings were taken at an interval of 20m. This was
done up to 40m downstream and 60m upstream. At every 20m chainage the readings
were taken for cross sectioning on the either side of the thalweg point. The spot heights
were taken where the change in slope was noticed or remarkable points were noticed such
as normal depth level flood depth level, riverbank, etc.

Detailing
The detailing was done with the help of total station. The important details, which were
not included in the cross-section data, were taken. All the detailing points were noted for
the topographic view of the bridge site. The triangulation stations were taken as the
control points for detailing.

Computation
The angles in the triangulation were checked for the precision provided. The angles are
corrected based on the techniques provided. Afterwards the span of the bridge axis was
computed using the triangulation law from both triangles on either side of the bridge axis.
The RL of points at the points of longitudinal and cross sections are computed from the
RL from the control points of the triangulation stations.

Plotting
For longitudinal and the cross section it was plotted in the required scale in the graph. For
the topography of the bridge site a grid sheet is taken and the control points of the
required points are plotted.

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Chapter 4 : Result and Discussion
The survey camp was completed in the period of 12 days (1st Kartik-2nd Kartik). The
objectives of the survey camp to perform the topographic survey, road site survey and
bridge site survey were successfully completed using he principles of surveying. The
surveying instruments like total stations, autolevel were used. Various maps were plotted
using the data obtained from different surveys. Some of the results obtained are discussed
below:

Topographic Survey:

Result
As mentioned in the methodology topographic survey was carried out and the different
results were obtained. The precision in the angular measurement was obtained ( ), the
error of misclosure was obtained ( ), in the level transfer to the different traverse
station the precision of ( ) was obtained. After that all the coordinates of different
traverse stations were computed and traverse was plotted in the grid sheet using the scale
of ( ) which is given in sheet no ( ). Similarly topographic map was plotted using the
appropriate scale of( ) which is shown in the sheet no ( ). All the calculations
ad the field books are given in the appendix no ( ).

Discussion()

Road site Surveying

Result
As mentioned in methodology chapter, road site survey was carried out. The total
Chainage of the road alignment was ( )m. The total number of IP fixed were ( ) in
number representing the number of curves in the road alignment.

All the calculations and the field book are kept in the appendix no ( ). And the
longitudinal sections, cross section and the topographic map of the road alignment are
kept at the appendix no ( ).

Discussion()

22
Bridge site survey

Result
The bridge site survey was carried out using triangulation as mentioned in the
methodology section earlier. The precision in the angular measurement was obtained (
).The axis length of the bridge was computed to be ( ) m. The topographic map at
the bridge site and the longitudinal and cross sections at the different Chainage point
along the thalweg point of the river is kept at the appendix ( ).

Discussion()

23
Chapter: Conclusion and recommendation

24
Bibliography
John Wilfrid Wright, J. L. (2015). surveying. Encyclopedia Britannica.

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