Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
HeinrichSchwendemann
'Drastic Measures to Defend the Reich at the
Oder and the Rhine .. .': A Forgotten
Memorandum of Albert Speer of 18 March
1945
See also H. Schwendemann, 'Lebenslaufer iiber verbrannter Erde. Vom Riistungsminister zum
Widerstandler: Wie Albert Speer die eigene Biographie riickwirkend besch6nigte' in Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, no. 97, 26 April 2000, 52.
1 Der Prozefl gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militdrgerichtshof.
Niirnberg 14 November 1945-1 Oktober 1947, vol. 16 (Nuremberg 1948), 475-647 (hereafter
IMT).
2 A. Speer, Erinnerungen (Frankfurt 1969).
3 A. Reif (ed.), Albert Speer. Kontroversen urnm ein deutsches Phdnomen (Munich 1978); M.
Schmidt, Albert Speer: Das Ende eines Mythos. Speers wabre Rolle im Dritten Reich (Bern 1982).
4 C. Dipper, 'Der Speer-Legende zweiter Teil' in Neue Politische Literatur, 41 (1996), 193-5.
5 See, for example, U. Schlie, 'Albert Speer und das Dritte Reich' in idem (ed.), Albert Speer.
'Alles was ich weif'. Aus unbekannten Geheimdienstprotokollen vom Sommer 1945 (Munich
1999), 243-84, esp. 278-84.
6 IMT, vol. 16, 530-3; IMT, vol. 41, 417-42, 490-4, 497-507.
7 Printed in Reif, op. cit., 218-22, see esp. 221.
598 Journalof ContemporaryHistoryVol 38 No 4
on moral grounds, because his diabolical traits were becoming ever clearer to
Speer, in order to rescue what could still be rescued? Both points of view are
put forward in the most recent Speer biographies by journalists who knew him
personally. Van der Vat depicts Hitler's only friend in the last phase of the war
as an opportunist who tried to flee from his responsibility,8 while Gitta Sereny9
and Joachim Fest'?almost seem to describe Speer as a secret resistance fighter.
Both Sereny and Fest were able to develop a relationship with Speer based on
trust and subscribed to Speer's own interpretation of his role in the spring of
1945 - as described in his Erinnerungen and in personal conversations with
him.11In the media publicity for Sereny's and, particularly, Fest's book,12the
view prevailed that Speer had been the only person during the end phase of the
war to have shown any responsibility within the nazi leadership.
There is, however, a memorandum from Speer to Hitler, dated 18 March
1945, in the files of the ministry of armaments kept in the Federal Archive in
Berlin, which shows Speer's superficial and highly responsibility-conscious
actions in a different light.13 Because this document was not mentioned at
Nuremberg, Speer was able to manipulate the pre-history of the infamous
'Nero order' according to his own interests.14When the Federal Archive, at
that time still in Koblenz, allowed Speer, after his release from Spandau
prison, access to the files of the ministry of armaments to help him write his
memoirs,15 he was given the opportunity, which he well knew how to use,
either not to mention those events which might compromise him or to reinter-
pret them for his exoneration. Speer's manipulative skills, of which historians
have already provided evidence in other areas, such as his responsibility for
putting forced labourers and concentration camp prisoners to work,'6 are also
8 D. van der Vat, Der gute Nazi. Albert Speers Leben und Liigen (Berlin 1997), 289-356.
9 G. Sereny, Das Ringen mit der Wahrheit. Albert Speer und das deutsche Trauma (Munich
1995), 529-627.
10 J.C. Fest, Speer. Eine Biographie (Berlin 1999), 299-381.
11 The parallels between Fest's biography of Speer and Speer's Erinnerungen, which was Fest's
most important source, are evident for this period. Fest, who spent two years helping Speer write
his Erinnerungen (Speer, op. cit., 527; van der Vat, op. cit., 493-7; Fest, op. cit., 441) can in no
way substantiate his claim to have been a 'distanced chronicler' (Fest, 364). A political biography
of Speer which considers the position of historical research at that time and thereby satisfies
scientific standards has still to be written.
12 For contemporary press reviews of Fest's biography of Speer, see J. Fest, 'Speer-Hitlers
unglickliche Liebe', interview in Rheinischer Merkur, no. 42 (October 1999), 8. Positive reviews:
R. Rietzler, 'Seele verkauft', Der Spiegel, 20 September 1999, 264f; A. Pfeiffer, 'Des Teufels
Lieblingsarchitekt', Stuttgarter Zeitung, 29 October 1999. Negative reviews: N. Frei, 'Nach-
gelernt Schuld', Neue Ziircher Zeitung, 12 October 1999; V. Ullrich, 'Die Speer-Legende', Die
Zeit, 23 September 1999, 51f; N. Berg, 'Die Zukunft der Vergangenheit', Badische Zeitung, 30
October 1999.
13 BA (Federal Archive of Germany), R 3/1537, Memorandum of 18 March 1945, 2-6.
14 IMT, vol. 16, 531-52, esp. 545ff.
15 Speer, op. cit., 527.
16 U. Herbert, Fremdarbeiter. Politik und Praxis des 'Ausldnder-Einsatzes' in der Kriegswirt-
schaft des Dritten Reiches (Bonn 1999); K. Orth, Das System der nationalsozialistischen
Konzentrationslager. Eine politische Organisationsgeschichte (Hamburg 1999), 48, 80, 168-72,
Schwendemann:
A Forgotten
Memorandum
of AlbertSpeer 599
evident in his account of events which led to his coming into conflict with
Hitler in March 1945.
The dramatic high point in Speer's Erinnerungen is his initiatives to prevail
upon Hitler to renounce his 'scorched earth' policy on the territory of the
Reich in March 1945. Nobody knew better than Speer what consequences the
planned destruction of Germany's own infrastructure would have, as he and
his ministry had taken part in the 'scorched earth' warfare in the retreat from
the east. When Anglo-American troops first occupied the border areas in west-
ern Germany in September 1944, Hitler had already issued a basic order to the
Wehrmacht and party which commited them to fight according to the princi-
ples of ideological warfare on the territory of the Reich and which anticipated
the 'Nero order': 'Every bunker, every housing block in German towns and
every German village must become a fortification where the enemy either
bleeds to death or the occupying forces bury man upon man in its ruins. There
are two choices: to hold one's ground or be destroyed.'17By arguing that the
production of important components would be the prerequisite for getting
production back on track after reconquest, Speer had no difficulty in persuad-
ing Hitler that factories should be closed temporarily by removing those com-
ponents in the event of retreat.18Because Hitler planned to win back the lost
territories through a large-scale offensive in the west - a plan which corre-
sponded with Speer's ideas - both were completely in agreement with a
policy of paralysis of production rather than one of destruction.
The collapse of the Eastern Front and the occupation of Upper Silesia by the
Red Army in the second half of January 1945 caused Speer to realize - rather
late - that the war could no longer be won through the production of arma-
ments. He sent Hitler a memorandum on 30 January 1945 along these lines.19
It was only in March 1945, however, as Anglo-American troops launched
their decisive final offensive on the Rhine, as the advance into the Ruhr was
about to take place and in the east the Red Army was preparing itself on the
Oder for the conquest of Berlin, that Speer seemed to have become aware of
the self-destructive consequences of the 'all or nothing' ideological warfare
which the leaders of the Wehrmacht, acting on Hitler's orders, were rigorous-
ly waging at the fronts.
On 7 March 1945, Speer told the industrialists of the Ruhr that the strategy
of paralysis then in place was to continue to be pursued so that the economic
potential of the Ruhr remained intact, 'in the event of the enemy advancing
further'. For this reason he intended to contact the commanders-in-chief of the
army units in the west, to obtain a corresponding directive from Hitler.20It
thereby became apparent that Speer was reckoning on a speedy end to the war
as a result of the Allied advance into the territory in front of the Ruhr, and for
him the preservation of the economic potential of the Ruhr area had become
acute. However, he left the Ruhr industrialists in no doubt as to his desire to
ensure the continued conduct of the war. Speer arranged for arms production
to concentrate on munitions because of the supply problems at the front. Also
his directive, that supplies to the Ruhr population be given precedence, justi-
fied Speer in claiming the need to maintain the people's 'powers of resistance'
and thereby the production of arms.21
Speer's description in his memoirs of how, while on his way to the Western
Front, he had the impression that Hitler's orders would have resulted in the
Reich territory becoming 'scorched earth'22is confirmed in Goebbels' diary
entries. Speer voiced his criticism to Goebbels of the preparations to blow up
bridges in the event of a further retreat from Reich territory, and of Hitler's
decision to evacuate the population forcefully from the last remaining areas
west of the Rhine - the Saarland, the Palatinate and parts of Hesse-Nassau.
In addition, he gave Goebbels to understand that 'economically, the war is so
to speak lost'.23Speer, who found support in Goebbels, tried to persuade his
Fuihrerto withdraw his order to carry out a policy of 'scorched earth' on the
territory of the Reich, but - and this should be stressed - Speer did not call
on Hitler to end the war.
Speer's very attempt to ask Hitler to change his plans with regard to the
forced evacuation of the territories on the left bank of the Rhine resulted in
disaster. In his Erinnerungen, Speer reports almost in outrage that during the
night of 18/19 March, Hitler decided to have these territories cleared against
the will of the war-weary population on the march.24However, he withholds
the fact that on 15 March he had sent a decree from Hitler to all those in the
highest party, military and government positions, including the directors of the
German national railway (Reichsbahn), indicating that, following Speer's 'sug-
gestion', the Fuihrerhad stipulated that 'the order of priority regarding trans-
port' due to the 'greatly reduced availability of transport' . . . was to be deter-
mined 'only by its immediate value for the conduct of war'. 'The following
order is to be followed in evacuations: Wehrmacht for operational purposes,
coal, food for the evacuation. Even refugee transportation can only be given
permission to leave after complete fulfilment of this requirement, when there is
25 BA, R 3/1623a, 28/R, Circular by Speer, 15 March 1945, re order of transport for evacua-
tions, 28/R in M. Moll (ed.), 'Fiihrer-Erlasse' 1939-1945 (Stuttgart 1997), Doc. 392, 485.
26 BA, R 3/1623a, memo from Speer, 7 March 1945, 22.
27 BA, R 3/1623a, Circular by Bormann, 19 March 1945, re evacuation in the west, 42f.
28 Schwendemann, op. cit., 236-41.
29 BA, NS 19/2606, note of 22 January 1945, 46.
30 BA, R 3/1623a, Communication from the Reich Ministry of the Interior (Jacobi) to Speer, 24
January 1945, 8, containing a copy of a circular from the Reich Ministry of the Interior (Stuck-
hardt) of 22 January1945 to the Reich Defence Commissars of East Prussia, Danzig-West Prussia,
the Wartheland, Lower Silesia, Upper Silesia, Pommerania, Mark Brandenburg, Sudetenland.
Speer had already issued a similar edict in July 1944: BA, R 3/1623, Speer's edict of 26 July 1944
re retransfer from the east, 3f.
31 Speer claims in his memoirs to have taken photos of the refugees and shown them to Hitler
in the hope that he 'might arouse his sympathy'. Hitler, however, had 'vigorously pushed [the
photos] away. Speer, op. cit., 430.
602 Journalof ContemporaryHistoryVol 38 No 4
evacuation orders so late in the day in Upper Silesia and the other eastern dis-
tricts.32
Speer's transport order, which Hitler enforced in the middle of March 1945,
resulted in 'practically no more refugee trains'. In this way, by means of the
Ftihrer order which was valid until the end of the war, Speer secured the trans-
port interests of the army at the expense of the civilian population.33 Speer,
who boasts in his memoirs that he always represented the needs of the refugees
to Hitler,34did not mention this transport order, since it would infer that by
this time he had already written off the East German population.
It is hardly surprising, therefore, that in his memoirs Speer also tried to con-
ceal the fact that he had reached the pinnacle of his power on 18 February -
when Hitler made him a kind of transport dictator, whose job it was to allo-
cate the ever-decreasing transport capacity in the face of a transport crisis,
continuously worsened by the Allied bombings.35This increase in power is
only worth a brief mention in a footnote by Speer,36but he also emphasizes the
fact that in his first decree of 19 February37he had been entitled to give
absolute priority to the 'unconditional' implementation of troop transport and
not the feeding of the population, as he later tried to suggest.
Besides Speer's attempt to prevent the forced evacuation of the seemingly
unreliable Germans west of the Rhine, the focal point of his activities was to
prevent systematic 'scorched earth' warfare on his own territory. To this end
he adopted a two-pronged approach, turning to the army command as well as
to Hitler. He was able to win over Guderian, who up to then had put into
practice Hitler's order to halt at the Eastern Front, and who, now that the war
could last only a few more weeks according to Speer's economic forecast, tried
to distance himself from Hitler. Following a discussion with Speer, on 15
March Guderian drew up an order to limit the blowing-up of bridges to what
was militarily necessary and to prevent the destruction of factories by paraly-
sis measures.38However, this order remained a draft because Hitler, together
with Keitel and Jodl, the Army High Command leaders who were in charge of
the war in the west, rejected it.39
32 BA, R 22/3372, Report from the Provincial High Court President and the Public Prosecutor
in Kattowitz, Neisse, to Reich Minister of Justice Thierack, 1 February 1945, 302R.
33 The list of priorities for rail transport had been drawn up at the beginning of March; the
'Fuhrer order' had yet to be issued: P.E. Schramm (ed.), Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der
Wehrmacht 1940-1945, vol. IV/2, entry for 6 March 1945, 1150.
34 Speer, op. cit., 430, 441.
35 Hitler edict on the formation of a transport headquarters of 18 February 1945 in 'Fiihrer-
Erlasse', Doc. 388, 481f.
36 Speer, op. cit., note 5, 581f.
37 Printed in Ursachen und Folgen. Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur
staatlichen Neuordnung Deutschlands in der Gegenwart. Eine Urkunden- und Dokumenten-
sammlung zur Zeitgeschichte, vol. 22 (Berlin 1975), 528-31, esp. 530.
38 BA, R 2/1623a, draft of an order of 15 March 1945 re measures for destruction in one's own
country, 31-3.
39 H. Guderian, Erinnerungen eines Soldaten (Stuttgart 1995), 384; IMT, vol. 41, Guderian's
statement at Nuremberg, 10 May.1945, 510-14; Speer, op. cit., 442.
A Forgotten
Schwendemann: Memorandum
of AlbertSpeer 603
Speer was suggesting that the final battle at the Rhine and Oder, where the
western and eastern fronts ran, be waged as long as possible, a strategy intend-
ed to prevent the remaining territory of the Reich ending up as a battlefield
which in turn would result in the further destruction of Germany's economic
potential. All available forces, therefore, were to be concentrated at both
rivers. Speer's suggestions of withdrawing the troops in Norway and Upper
Italy and of handing over to the army authority over the territorial army
(Volkssturm) and the anti-aircraft units of the Luftwaffe corresponded to the
demands of the supreme commanders of the army groups and the General
Chief of Staff of the Army High Command (OKH), Guderian,56with whom
Speer was in contact. But Speer, like Hitler, in no way wished to capitulate
something he never demanded of Hitler - rather, he wanted 'to win the
enemy's respect' by way of a kind of final duel and in this way achieve a
making a 'desert' out of Germany. He did, however, adopt one of the sugges-
tions in Speer's second memorandum and on 21 March ordered all army train-
ing units to be stationed behind the western and eastern fronts so that 'enemy
breakthroughs in depth at the fronts can be caught and blocked off'.62
The 19th of March 1945 must have signified a break in Speer's relationship
with Hitler: to all appearances Speer expected Hitler to accept his demands to
'preserve our power as a Volk' and his suggestions to continue the war. In this
way, Speer's later statement in his letter to Hitler that 'my belief in a
favourable change in our fate remained unbroken until 18 March' is not to be
considered as a tactical manoeuvre, but rather as a reflection of his expecta-
tions at the time.63It was only later that it became clear to him that Hitler real-
ly did intend to 'drive the Germans to a heroic defeat'.64This realization and
the beginning of the Anglo-American offensive on 22 March with its speedy
operational breakthrough on the right bank of the Rhine led Speer to consider
it advisable to distance himself from Hitler and to attempt to hinder the imple-
mentation of the order to destroy.65In addition, Speer seems to have come to
an understanding with the Reich Minister of Finance, Schwerin-Krosigk, an
exponent of the conservative leadership elite, also to leave open all political
options dealing with the Allies without regard to Hitler66- a plan by which
they both surely wished to be able to secure their own survival after the war.
Hitler, to whom news was brought of the opposing views of his 'favourite
minister' by Speer's rivals, suspected him of wanting to evade the 'responsibil-
ity' which 'we' - as Hitler wrote to Goebbels - 'had to carry anyway' and
presented him with an ultimatum on 28 March to commit himself to 'the prin-
ciples of his present conduct of the war'.67 Speer's letter to Hitler dated 29
March 1945 in which he is supposed to have rejected the ultimatum, provides
further key evidence of Speer's position in his relationship with the Fiihrer.68In
connection with Hitler's remarks of 19 March, he again turned against the
idea of destroying the foundation of the lives of his own people, the responsi-
bility for which, however, he was concerned anew to lay at the door of the
enemy, who had to 'take the historical blame on itself'. He asked Hitler to
62 BA/MA, RM 7/102, Hitler's order (signed by Keitel) of 21 March 1945 to the Wehrmacht
leadership, 99f; RH 2/334, note from the Commander-in-Chief of the reserve army of 26 March
1945, concerning the transfer of the reserve training units behind the western and eastern fronts,
Aktion Leuthen, 27.
63 IMT, vol. 41, Speer to Hitler, 29 March 1945, 426.
64 Speer had told Goebbels on 14 March that Hitler himself had emphasized in Mein Kampf
with regard to the first world war 'that there is no place in the politics of war for leading the
people to a heroic downfall'. Goebbels-Tagebiicher, vol. 15, entry for 14 March 1945, 501.
65 For a chronological list of Speer's activities against the 'Nero order' up to 30 March 1945,
about which there are almost only later statements, see Eichholtz, Geschichte der deutschen
Kriegswirtschaft, vol. 3, 664-7.
66 BA, R 3/1624, Schwerin von Krosigk to Speer, 29 March 1945, 6.
67 Goebbels-Tagebiicher, vol. 15, entry for 28 March 1945, 619f; Speer, op. cit., 457-9.
68 IMT, vol. 41, letter from Speer to Hitler of 29 March 1945, 425-9; Annemarie Kempf's
testimony, 505; IMT, vol. 16, Speer's testimony, 550.
A Forgotten
Schwendemann: of AlbertSpeer
Memorandum 609
69 Ibid., 429.
70 The comparison between Speer's letter and the quotations in his memoirs shows that in the
final passage he suppressed those testimonies which were not sympathetic to him, and did not
indicate where he had made omissions, so that the sense was distorted. Speer, op. cit., 459.
71 Ibid., 460.
72 Ibid., 460f.
73 Goebbels-Tagebiucher,vol. 15, entry for 31 March 1945, 643.
74 IMT, vol. 41, enforcement decree of Hitler of 31 March 1945, 433f; Speer's enforcement
regulations for the Fiihrer decree of 30 March 1945 re measures for paralysis and destruction,
435-7.
75 BA, R 3/1623a, memo of Speer, 30 March 1945, 75.
76 Speer, op. cit., 440.
77 IMT, vol. 41, 433.
610 Journalof ContemporaryHistoryVol 38 No 4
ments empire saw to it that the fronts were still being supplied with arms,
which was precisely what was needed to prolong the war.78Speer drew no con-
clusions from the fact that the awful destruction which was being inflicted on
Germany's economic potential day after day by the Allied bombings would
last until the Wehrmacht stopped fighting.
In April 1945 Speer, on Hitler's authority, tried to prevent bombings being
carried out by means of further orders concerning supplies, transport and
communications installations, as well as through his own intervention.79The
consequent implementation of the 'Nero order' would, however, no longer
have been possible, because, as Bormann himself pointed out, there were no
explosives for 'sustained destruction'.80Klaus-Dietmar Henke, one of the few
historians to take a critical stance vis-a-vis the 'Speer Myth' of 1945,81 has
drawn attention to the fact that the quick advance of the Allied troops in the
west and the rapid decline in loyalty towards the NS regime in the last weeks
of the war stood in the way of the implementation of Hitler's order to destroy.
Speer in no way acted in isolation in April 1945 in order to prevent 'something
worse', but it was rather down to 'a thousandfold alliance of the sensible' at
the local level who sought to avoid pointless destruction.82On the other hand,
self-destructive warfare continued to be waged with undiminished force as the
leaders of the Wehrmacht took literally Hitler's ideological basic command to
continue fighting 'to the last breath'. Above all, it was on the Eastern Front,
where the soldiers lived in fear of the wrath of the Red Army, that units liter-
ally fought to total self-destruction.83
The fact that Speer allowed himself to be impressed by such 'heroism' can be
seen in his letter to the Lower Silesian Gauleiter Hanke, who carried out
Hitler's command to fight 'to the last man' and without regard for the civilian
population in the 'defence' of Red Army-beleaguered Breslau. On 14 April
Speer wrote to Hanke that Germany would not go under, hailed him at the
same time as one of German history's 'heroes' whose 'greatness . . . would
later be of inestimable value to the people', and wished him a 'beautiful and
dignified' death in action.84Speer's flight to his Fuhrer shortly before the Red
Army surrounded the capital city of the Reich fitted into this pathos of down-
fall.85His farewell to Hitler in the early hours of 24 April indicate that Speer
remained loyal to his Fuhrer to the end and that there was no break in their
relationship.
Speer's depiction of himself as a secret resistance fighter from the autumn of
194486does not stand up to scrutiny. In the second half of 1944 Speer was sec-
ond to Goebbels as the engine of 'total war', a ruthless mobilization of
German 'Volkskraft' (power of the people), and he had seen to it that arms
production continued, despite great problems in all areas.87Hitler repeatedly
expressed his 'unreserved admiration' for his 'ingenious organizer'.88Despite
the fact that in his memoranda Speer kept warning of further setbacks89if
Hitler's demands were not complied with, until the middle of January 1945 he
appeared ever optimistic to Hitler, Goebbels and other ministerial colleagues,
Gauleiters, generals and the staff of his own ministry that he could even
increase armaments so long as the Wehrmacht could hold the existing eco-
nomic area and no more skilled workers were conscripted into the army.90This
is what Speer promised Hitler after Anglo-American troops invaded France at
the end of August 1944, 'not only to maintain the present record high level' of
armaments production in an economic sphere confined to Central Europe,
'but to increase it considerably'.91Even on 4 January 1945 he told Goebbels
that he saw 'confidently into the future. There is still so much national
strength at our disposal that we will always be able to deal with such problems
that are inevitable in the sixth year of war.'92
Speer even influenced Hitler's strategic decisions. At his behest, Hitler
moved the centre of the war command to Hungary to secure that country's oil
and bauxite deposits.93It was due not only to the withdrawal of divisions for
the Ardennes offensive in the west, but also to the move to Hungary
because of a monthly production of about 23,000 tonnes of fuel94- that the
front in the eastern Reich broke up within a few weeks in January 1945 under
the blows of the Soviet winter offensive - with all the catastrophic conse-
quences for the East German civilian population fleeing in fear of their lives.95
The capture of the Upper Silesian industrial area by the Red Army in the last
weeks of January 1945 presented the first decisive turning-point for Speer. It
was only then that he informed Hitler that the war could no longer be main-
tained on economic grounds. However, Speer used his influence - as of
February 1945 he had also become transport dictator - to 'force out of the
arms production . .. anything which could still be forced out of it' so that the
Wehrmacht could continue to wage the hopeless war.96 As he had already
promised on 13 January 1945 at the beginning of the Soviet winter offensive,
in a speech to commanding generals of the front, Speer found himself continu-
ally journeying to sectors of the eastern and western fronts to the Chiefs of
Commands and Chief Quartermasters of the Army Groups, in order to find
out what their supply problems were - particularly of fuel and munitions
and to provide a solution.97
That Speer tried to show Hitler an alternative in his memorandum of 18
March 1945 was in no way strange. All Hitler's other henchmen also sought a
way out in the face of total defeat in the spring of 1945. If Ribbentrop tried to
establish contact with the west with Hitler's uninterested approval, Goring
and Himmler did so behind the Fiihrer's back. Even Goebbels, who had con-
tinual tried to persuade Hitler to adopt a 'political solution', still hoped to
enter into negotiations with Stalin after Hitler's suicide.98Speer, who had told
Goebbels of his desire 'to attempt a political solution"'99and indicated as much
in his memorandum of 18 March to Hitler, was in any case the only one who,
by dint of his position of trust, dared to contradict Hitler by protesting openly
against a 'scorched earth' policy. However, there was no break in his relations
with his Fiihrer whom he assured of his 'undivided' loyalty. He proved this
loyalty by supporting the continuation of the war, rather than asking Hitler to
capitulate. These were probably the deciding reasons why, aside from person-
al considerations, on 30 March 1945 Hitler reinstated Speer's full power of
authority which enabled him to give orders preventing pointless bombings in
April 1945. In spite of this, the Wehrmacht's fanatical defence, to the point of
self-destruction, which was carried out by the Wehrmacht leadership acting on
Hitler's command with no consideration for the civilian population, soldiers
and material assets, formed the basis of the German war strategy until after
Hitler's suicide.100As a result of the hopeless defensive action against the last
great offensives of the anti-Hitler coalition in March and April 1945, many
towns and areas were turned into 'desert', which is what Hitler wanted to
achieve through his order of 19 March 1945.
The fact that Speer, in a gross overestimation of his abilities, saw it as his
task, as the future economics and production minister in the Donitz adminis-
tration,101to rebuild the destroyed Reich can only be described as an ironic
twist of history. It was, after all, Speer who had held the main responsibility
for the war being 'maintained' on economic grounds for so long when, in its
last phase, there was an exorbitant loss of life and massive destruction in the
Reich. In any case, his strategy in the memorandum of 18 March 1945 began
to take shape for him personally. His apparently calculated manoeuvring in
spring 1945, when he was already looking to the time after the war, gave him,
as opposed to the others whom Hitler had trusted, the opportunity to experi-
ence a 'favourable end of war', not least because, as Hitler's general manager
of the material conduct of the war, he could 'win the enemy's respect' at
Nuremberg.
Heinrich Schwendemann
is currently working as an academic adviser in the History
Department at the University of Freiburg. He is the author of Die
wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem deutschen Reich und
der Sowjetunion von 1939 bis 1941 (Berlin 1993) and Hitlers
Schloss. Die 'Fiihrerresidenz'in Posen (Berlin 2003).