Bio study guide – circulatory and respiratory systems

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Purpose – transport nutrients and lymph throughout the body through the blood stream

Major organ – heart

- size – fist sized, proportionate to body
- location – thoracic cavity, behind sternum, in between lungs
- cardiac muscle – fiber is stimulated, pulses, (heartbeat)
- nervous include nodes
- connective tissue – pericardium, fluid filled sac around the heart

structures of the heart

- septum – divides into left and right sides
- upper chambers – RA and LA collect blood from body ® and lungs (L)
- lower chambers – RV and LV retrieves blood from atriums and pumps it away
- valves – flaps of tissue that open in only one direction
o tricuspid – right side of the heart
o bicuspid – left side of the heart (both atrioventriclar)
o semilunar valves – in between ventricles and the major blood vessels

blood vessels are veins – move blood toward the heart

- SVC – pumps blood towards the heart from upper body
- IVC – pumps blook towards the heart from lower body
- Pulmonary veins – pump oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart
- Arteries – move blood away from the heart
o Aorta – largest vessel in body and takes blood away from the heart and
brings it to body
o Pulmonary arteries – takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart
and to the lungs to be oxygenated
CIRCULATION
From right side of head to right jugular vein to superior vena cava to right atrium to
tricuspid valve to right ventricle pumped through the semilunar into the pulmonary artery
to the lungs to the pulmonary veins to the left atrium to the bicuspid valve to the left
ventricle to the semilunar valve to the aorta and to the left carotid artery to the left side of
the head

Pulmonary circulation – circulation of blood between heart and lungs

Systematic circulation – circulation of blood between heart and the rest of the body
Renal – kidneys
Hepatic – liver
Coronary-heart

PATTERN -> ARTERY TO ARTERIOLE TO CAPILLARY TO VENULE TO VEIN

Arteries contain inner endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue, like the aorta
and arterioles

Veins – depend on skeletal muscle to bring blood back to the heart and have inner
endothelium smooth muscle connective tissue and valves that prevent backflow of blood
like the vena cava and venules

Capillaries – only one cell thick, where diffusion of gases occur, connecting point
between arterioles and venules, because they are so thin, loss of fluid throughout them
can occur

Iliac – legs
Subclavian – arms
Renal – kidneys
Hepatic – liver
Coronary – heart
Carotid/jugular – head
Pulmonary – lungs

BLOOD!!!

Wha tis it? – connective tissue that is in liquid form, allows for transport within the
circulatory system

Functions – transport nutrients and oxygen to cells, transport waste and co2 away from
cells, transfers heat to skin and defends against disease

Blood composition
55% is plasma, which is a yellowish fluid made mostly of water
rest is dissolved substances lik eminderals, vitamins, amino acids, hormones, and wastes

contain proteins like fibrinogen, forming blood cloths, and serm albumin, regulates
osmotic pressure b/t plasma and the blood cells and plasma and tissue, and serum
globulin which act as antibodies and fights off invaders

45% composed of blood solids

RBCS called erythrocytes, biconcave discs that transport oxygen on hemoglobin

Mature ones don’t hae a nucleus
Short life span
Removed by liver and spleen, many circulate at a time, produced in the BONE
MARROW

WBCS called leucocytes, defend against disease, made in BONE MARROW LYMPH
NODES AND SPLEEn, larger, scarcer, function for years
- phagocytes – eat invaders
 - antibodies – localize invaders for phagos to eat

platelets are called thrombocytes

- cell fragments, pieces of larger cells with no nucleus, life span of a week and
help form blood clots

BLOOD CLOTTING
Finger cut, platelets congregate, blood vessel constricts, blood flow decreases,
clotting factors are released and enzyme added, forms thrombin which works with protein
fibrinogen, forms fibrin which forms the clot/scab

BLOOD TYPES

Determined by antigens on the cell (nametags) groups of chemicals

Located on cell membrane
Antibodies found in the lasma

Blood types Antigen on the Antibodies in Can get blood Can give blood
rbc the plasma from to
A A Anti-b A, o A, ab
B B Anti-a B, o B, ab
Ab Ab None A,b,ab,o Ab
O None Anti-a, anti-b O A,b,ab,o

Type O is universal donor

Type ab is the universal recipient

RH FACTOR
Antigen present on surface, if present, then it is Rh+ postive, which is dominant in US
If not present, then it is Rh- which is recessive in the US

During a blood transfusion, patient must receive the matching blood type or else
agglutenation, or clotting occurs

Rh positve and rh negative are INCOMPATIBLE

Like when pregnant ladies and the babies with the different rhs make the baby die and get
sick because it is attacked by antibodies

RESPIRATORY SYSTEm

Function – transports gases to and from the circulatory system

External gase exchange

External gas exchange is between ATMOSPHERE and the BLOOD
 1. breathed in through the nose, where the air is filtered by the cilia
2. then goes through the pharynx, where epiglottis is located and must be up fro the
air to past
3. larynx - goes through the voice box, which contains the vocal chors
4. trachea – tube with cartilage rings that have filtering cilia
5. bronchi – smooth muscle and cartilage lined with cilia and mucus
6. bronchioles – same structure and f unction as bronchi but smaller
7. alveoli – air sacs that surround the capillaries when gases are exchanged

cilia – moves debris up to the trachea opening, ending up in the esophagus and then
swallowed – EW NASTY

INTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE

Between capillaries and the cells, occurs because of DIFFUSION

RESPIRATORY CONTROL

Medulla oblongata, located in brainstem, controls respiratory rate able to detect CO2
LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
Diaphragm is a muscle that regulates breathing, changes the volume of the thoracic cavit
in order to draw air in or push air out

INHALATION
Diaphragm contracts – pushed down
Chest expands
Ribs pushed up and out
Volume of thoracic cavity INCREASES, air goes into lungs, more pressure outside

EXPIRATION/EXHALATION

Diaphragm relaxes – pushed up

Chest relaxes
Ribs pushed in and down
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Air is pushed out, more pressure inside

GAS EXCHANGE – OXYGEN GOING IN

-inahle air
oxygen rom air dissolves in the alveoli mucus membrane, cross the alveolar membrane
by diffusion, enters the capillaries, enters the blood vessels, then travels to the cells to be
used in cellular respiration

GAS EXCHANGE – CO2 COMING OUT

Co2 produced by cellular respiration leaves the cells
Enters the blood vessels
Then to capillaries
Through the alveolar membrane, dissolves in alveolar mucus membrane
Air exhaled

GAS TRANSPORT

Oxygen 1. Small amount of oxygen dissolved in blood, carried by hemoglobin

(oxyhemoglobin) in the lungs

Carbon dioxide – small amount dissolved in the blood, rest is carried by hemoglobin

67% converted into BICARBONATE IONS which dissolve in the plasma

LUNG VOLUMES

Total amount of air that both lungs can hold together, depending on height sex, weight,
etc

Vital lung capacity, max amount that can be exhaled after deep breath

Residual rate difference between the two lung capacities, air remainingin the lungs

When ug et the wind knocked out of you, residual air is pushed out of the lungs