Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Southeast University
Department Of Textile Engineering
I/A 251,252 Tejgaon Dhaka Bangladesh
©right
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Raw Materials
• Importance of The Survey
• Reason of using Reactive dyes in major textile
industry in Bangladesh
• Methods of Dyeing & Printing Cotton Goods
with Reactive Dyes
• Technical Deficiency of Reactive Dyes, Causes
and Remedies of Technical Deficiency
• Conclusion
Chapter 1
Acknowledgement
Project Work is an academic function of the Pabna Textile Engineering College. Our teacher Md. Abdul Mannan,
Principal, Pabna Textile Engineering College, gave us an opportunity to choose preferable mills for Project Work. I
chose Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing (pvt.) Ltd. joyfully with the supervision of Mithun Biswas, Asst.
Manager(production).
During the Project with Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing (pvt.) Ltd. I worked in all the departments related with
Dyes and Chemicals. Beside these, I learned about Dye Quality Control and Storage System,printing, Garments,
Store & Inventory , finishing & specially dyeing.
Our deepest appreciation goes to Mithun Biswas, Asst. Manager(production)Dyeing, Bengal Hurricane Dyeing &
printing (pvt.) Ltd. to give us the opportunity to have project work at BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP.
I would like to thank Engr. Md. Iqbal Mahamud (Head of the Factory), GM, Dyeing, Bengal Hurricane Dyeing & printing
(pvt.) Ltd. for helping to know about the all aspects of BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP.
Our gratitude also goes to all the employees of BENGAL HURRICAN GROUP for their sincere co-operation, support and
valuable advice which they have provided us during the two months of training.
Lastly I express my gratitude to our supervising teacher, the name that should be mentioned first, Shib Shankar
Chakraborty, Head of the Dept. Wet Processing Technology for his valuable direction & supervision.
However, I have prepared my Industrial Attachment overcoming all the difficulties & also the shortage of time. Here I
would like to present the report.
•
Chapter:2
Application of reactive dyes in major
textile industries in Bangladesh
Application of Reactive dyes in major
textile industries in Bangladesh
Chapter:3
Project Abstract
•
The use of reactive for Dyed products has dramatically increased over the last 50 years. Reactive dyes
are now used to produce multiple products. Reactive coloring components are inert into materials
which are adhered to the base substrate by the application of soda ash which act as fixing agent.
The main goal of our project is to provide information about the reason of using reactive dyestuff in
major textile industry in Bangladesh, different methods using in our industry for cotton dyeing with
reactive dyes, technical deficiency of reactive dyes during dyeing & causes and remedies of
deficiency of reactive dyes.
During reactive dyeing there is a rule of using different amount of soda ash with fixed amount of salt &
auxiliaries. In case of dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes alkali pH should be correctly maintained
as during dyeing more electrolytes required for exhaustion and alkali for fixation.
However the rubbing fastness and hand feel properties of dyed fabric depends on the amount of soda
ash. When we use fewer amounts of soda ash then hand feel is good but rubbing fastness is not
good. And when we use more amounts of soda ash then rubbing fastness is good but hand feel is
not good.
Chapter 4
INTRODUCTION
• With the evaluation of the wet processing industries the use of the reactive dyes in the most of the
industries increases day by day. As a result to complete the project it is has become a part to discus
about the evaluation or growth of the wet processing industries in Bangladesh. Now the number of
the wet processing industries and finishing industries in Bangladesh is 193 which are totally export
oriented according to the survey of the BTMA which has been provided into their we address.
• But the interesting matter is that with the growth of the textile wet processing mills the number of
the employee is not increasing. This is because of to reduce the cost and increase the quality the
modernization of the machine is also increasing which reduce the number of worker in wet
processing industries. But what is the actual number of the worker in wet processing industries has
not been found due to the lack of proper survey in this sector.
• Our project work was estimated as:
• APPLICATION OF REACTIVE DYES IN MAJOR TEXTILE IN BANGLADESH & DEFICIENCY OF REACTIVE
DYE:
• The project work is interesting as well as lengthy but we must admit that we had to really work
hard and it helps us a great deal to know about whole procedure of reactive dyeing on dyed fabric.
Though reactive dyeing products exhibit intrinsic characteristics which make them suitable for
multiple products application but reactive dye has it main problem with hydrolysis while dyeing as
a result wastage of the reactive dye increase and it become difficult to match the proper
The objects of project are:
NH (bridging part)
C
Hetreocyclic ring
N N
Cl
C C - NH
N
-N N-
Here,
So from the above table it is obvious that secondary hydroxyl group is the beast reactive while
primary one is the most reactive.
Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:
The dyeing mechanism of material with reactive dye takes place in 3 stages:-
1.Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye absorption.
2.Fixation under the influence of alkali.
3.wash-off the unfixed dye from material surface.
•Now they are mentioned below:
1.Dye absorption:
When fibre is immersed in dye liquor, an electrolyte is added to assist the exhaustion
of dye. Here NaCl is used as the electrolyte. This electrolyte neutralize the negative
charge formed in the fibre surface and puts extra energy to increase dye absorption. So
when the textile material is introduces to dye liquor the dye is exhausted on to the
fibre.
Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:
2. Fixation:
Fixation of dye means the reaction of reactive group of
dye with terminal –OH or-NH2 group of fibre and thus
forming strong covalent bond with the fibre and thus
forming strong covalent bond with the fibre. This is an
important phase, which is controlled by maintaining
proper pH by adding alkali. The alkali used for this
purpose depends on brand of dye and dyeing
temperature. Here generally caustic soda, soda ash or
NaHCO3 is used as alkali depending upon reactivity of
dye. They create proper pH in dye bath and do as the
dye-fixing agent. The reaction takes place in this stage
is shown below:
3.
Alkali
alkali
3. alkali
pH10-12.5
3. Wash-off:
As the dyeing is completed, a good wash must be applied to the material to remove extra
and unfixed dyes from material surface. This is necessary for level dyeing and good
Application method of reactive dyes varies significantly with type of dyes, shade
required, and available equipments in the mill. These are 3 application procedures
available:
1. Discontinuous method-
-Conventional method
-Exhaust or constant temperature method
-High temperature method
-Hot critical method.
2. Cotinuous method-
-Pad-steam method
-Pad dry method
- Pad thermofix method
3. Semi continuous method-
- Pad roll method
- Pad jig method
- Pad batch method.
Stripping of reactive dye:
1.Partial stripping:
Partial stripping is obtained by treating the dyed fabric with dilute acetic
acid or formic acid. Here temperature is raised to 70-100°C and treatment
is continued until shade is removed by desired amount. After that a
through washing is necessary to remove the product of hydrolysis. The
amount of acid used is as below: -
Glacial acetic acid : 5-10 parts
With water :1000 parts
Or
Formic acid :2.5 to 10 parts
With water :1000 parts
Temperature : 70 - 100°C
Time : until desired shade is obtained.
2. Full stripping:
For complete stripping the goods are first treated with sodium
hydrosulphite (hydrose) at boil then washed off and bleached with 1%
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at room temperature. This is carried out for
30 min. The recipe is as below: -
Na-hypochlorite : 1% at room
temperature
Na-hydrosulpite: at boil.
Time : 30 min
D-R-Cl + H-OH D-R-OH
+ H-Cl
•Hydrolysis of activated vinyl compound containing dye,
D-F-CH2-CH2-OSO3H + H-OH D-F- CH2-CH2-OH + H2SO4
2) Amount of alkali:
The amount of alkali used for fixing depends on the depth of shade dyed and the liquor ratio
employed.Some quantities of alkali required for fixing the reactive dyes are given table 28.
3) Dyeing temperature:
Since increase in temperature affects the rate of physical and chemical processes involved in
dyeing, it is important in dyeing reactive dyes also. The affinity of the dye for the fibre
decreases with increases in temperature and at the same time the rate of hydrolysis of the
dye increases and adversely affects the fixation of color yield. However the rate of diffusion
of the dye in the fibre increases with increased temperature. At temperatures lower than
20oc, the rate of fixation is very low. Hence for most of the dyes a temperature of 20 o to 25oC
is the recommended temperature while for some other dyeing at 50 o to 60oC with sodium
bicarbonate as the alkali gives maximum color value.
Important factors for dyeing cellulosic fibre with
cold brand reactive dye in batching process:
4) Electrolyte concentration:
Since reactive dyes have low affinity for cellulose exhausting the dye bath by
adding common salt or Glauber’s salt prior to fixation can increase the fixation. The
amount of salt required producing adequate exhaustion decreases with decreasing
liquor ratio. Thus for pale shade on cotton and viscose rayon 15 and 10 g/l of
common salt used. The quantities may be increased to 30 and 20 to 30 g/l for
medium and deep shades on these fibres.
5) Time of dyeing:
Generally the dye may be added in two portions. The salt may also be added in
two lots. The exhaustion takes place in 20 to 30 min. There is generally no
advantage in extending the period beyond 30 min. The alkali is then added and the
dyeing continued for 30 to 90 min. The depth of shade and reactivity of the dye
decide the time of dyeing. For deeper shades larger times are required.
6) Liquor ratio:
With decreased liquor ratio, both exhaustion and fixation take place to increased
exert. However the rate of fixation of most of the dyes is not significantly affected.
As the liquor ratio is decreased, the effectiveness of increasing salt addition also
decreases. Hence lower amount of salt are sufficient to get optimum exhaustion.
Why low affinity reactive dyes are preferred for dyeing?
• If the reactivity of the dye is increased considerably, the rate of reaction with the fibre
increases. There fore, the dyeing can be carried out in a short time. However in this case the
rate of dye also increases, leading to deactivation of a part of the dye. This results in
wastage of the dye. If on the other hand the reactivity of the dye is decreased, the extent of
hydrolysis can be reduced considerably. However this results in the slower rate of reaction
with the fibre also. The ultimate object of dyeing is to react as much of the dye ass possible
with the fibre and minimize the hydrolysis of the dye. This is achieved in practice in two
stages. The dyeing is first started from the aqueous medium under neutral conditions when
the dye does not react either with the fibre or with water. Then gluber salt or common salt is
added to exhaust the dye onto the fibre as much as possible. In this respect, this stage of
dyeing (exhaustion) resembles the dyeing of direct dyes on cotton. Then the second step (that
of fixation or reaction with the fibre) is carried out by adding the alkali (usually used soda
ash). Since the exhausted dye is already on the fibre, it is more likely that the exhausted dye
reacts with the fibre in preference to water. However the dye present in the dye bath (which
contains a substantial amount of the reactive dye) can now react with water since it is under
alkaline condition. It is already stated that the hydrolyzed dye cannot further react with the
fibre but dye to the affinity forces; it is absorbed by the fibre and is retained in it. During the
subsequent washing or soaping the substantivity held hydrolyzed dye gets stripped into the
treatment of the dyeing with boiling soap or detergent solution removes almost all
hydrolyzed dye. However if the affinity is very low, exhaustion of the dye bath prior to
fixation cannot be achieved substantially. This results in a larger amount of the reactive dye
remaining in the dye bath and getting hydrolyzed when alkali is added subsequently. If the
dye has high affinity for cellulose like a direct dye, it becomes difficult to remove the
hydrolyzed dye from the dyeing since it is also absorbed by and retained in the fibre by fairly
strong affinity forces, through not as strong ass the covalent bond formed between the dye
and the fibre. Hence in actual practice low affinity dyes are selected for converting in to
reactive dyes.
Dyestuffs:
Dye Brand name Origin/source
Bezactive Bezema , Switzerland
REACTIVE
DYE Ciba Ciba , Switzerland
Dychufix Hubei Hwalle dyestuff Ind.co.
Kemafix Jaychem,India
Levafix Dystar , Germany
Procion Dystar, Germany
Jackazol India
Kemazol Jaychem,India
Remazol Dyestar , Germany
Solazol Solarfine , Taiwan
Solacion Solarfine , Taiwan
Chemicals:
The main goal of our project is to provide information about the reason of using
reactive dyestuff in major textile industry in Bangladesh, different methods using
in our industry for cotton dyeing with reactive dyes, technical deficiency of reactive
dyes during dyeing & causes and remedies of deficiency of reactive dyes.
As these topics are very sensitive for dyeing industries, it is very much important to
make a survey. It will be very helpful not only for our studying period but also for
our future career.
3. The dyes have very stable electron arrangement and can protect the degrading effect of ultra-violet ray.
4. Textile materials dyed with reactive dyes have very good wash fastness with rating about 4-5 due to
strong covalent bonds formed between fibre polymer and reactive group of dye.
5. Reactive dyes give brighter shades and have moderate rubbing fastness.
6. Dyeing method of reactive dye is easy. It requires less time and low temperature for dyeing.
Dyeing:
Anticreasing Agent (.5 g/l)
Leveling Agent (1 g/l)
A. Acid ( .2 g/l)
Dyes (According to Shade %)
G. Salt (According to Shade %)
Soda Ash (According to Shade %)
60min at 60OC, Neutralization (Dyeing):
A. Acid (1 g/l)
10min at 40-50OC,
Soaping:
Soaping Agent (.5 g/l)
Dyeing curve:
Sequestering Agent Color Dosing 60 0C 50min
Leveling Agent Linear (30min) 50 0C 10min
Bath drain
35 C
0
20min 30min 10min 10min 35 0C Col
PH +Hardness Check Salt (15min) 1 g/l Soda Rest Soda w
(30min) (60min)
Process steps:
Dyeing: HOT BRAND REACTIVE DYEING:
Anticreasing Agent (.5 g/l)
Leveling Agent (1 g/l) DYEING AT 92oC:
A. Acid ( .2 g/l)
Dyes (According to Shade %)
G. Salt (According to Shade %)
Soda Ash (According to Shade %)
Neutralization (Dyeing):
A. Acid (1 g/l)
20min at 70-
80OC,
15min at
40OC,
20min at
40OC,
Bath
Drain
800C 40min
Sequestering Agent Color Dosing
Dyeing curve:
60 C 50min
0
10min at 40-50OC,
Soaping:
Soaping Agent (.5 g/l)
20min at 70-80 C,O
20min at 70-80OC,
Fixing & Softening:
Fixing Agent (.5 g/l)
15min at 40OC,
15min at 40OC, 15min at 40OC,
20min at 40OC,
Bath Drain
Dyeing procedure for dark shade
Felosan NOF/Wetting agent = 0.5g/l ↓
Kappazon H53NEU/Stabilizer (H2O2) = 0.5 g/l Dye stuff
Anticreasing agent = 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J] ↓ 60oC x 35' Runtime 20'
↓ 60oC x 5'
Caustic → 2 g/l
Soda ash
↓ 60oC x 15' ↓ 60oC x 40' Runtime 60'
Hydrogen peroxide → 2.5 g/l [Dosing 10'] Bath drop after shade matching
↓ (60oC - 80oc) ↓
Temperature rise up to 105oC Hot rinse
↓ 30' ↓ 60oC x 10'
Acetic acid → 1.0 g/l
H2O2 killer → 0.5 g/l Soaping
↓ 60oC x 10' ↓ 80o - 95oC x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l (To control p H = 4.5-5.5) Cold rinse
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l ↓ 45oC x 10'
↓ 55oC x 45' - 60' Neutralize (Acetic acid = 0.5 g/l)
Kappaquest FE / Sequestering Agent → 0.35 g/l ↓ 45oC x 10'
↓ 90oC x 5'
Sarabid LDR → 0.5 g/l (leveling agent)
Fixing
↓ 60oC x 5' ↓ 40oC x 15'
Gluber Salt (Runtime → 10') Softening
↓ 60oC x 10' ↓
Unload
Dyeing Procedure for White
↓
Felosan NOF/wetting agent → 0.5 g/l
Sequestering agent →
Kappazon H53NEU /Stabilizer → 0.5 g/l
0.5 g/l
Anticreasing agent → 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J] ↓ 90oC x 5'
Caustic → 3 g/l Acetic acid → 0.35 g/l
↓ 60oC x 15'
Hydrogen peroxide → 10.0 g/l Softener → 1.5 g/l
↓ 60oC x 10'
Syno white 4BK/Optical brightener (60o → ↓ 40oC x 10'
80oC)
↓ 105o x 60' N. Hot
Acetic acid → 1.0 g/l
↓ NT x 10' ↓
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l [To Control PH- 4.5 -
5.5] Unload
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l
↓ 55oC x 45' - 60'
Dyeing procedure for Light/Medium Shade
↓
Anticreasing agent → 0.5 g/l [ For S/J]
Felosan NOF/Wetting agent → 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /Stabilizer (H2O2) → 0.5 g/l ↓ 60o x 5'
Dye stuff
Anticreasing → 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J]
↓ 60oC x 35' → Runtime → 20'
↓ 60oC x 5'
Glauber Salt
Caustic → 2 g/l
↓ 60o x 10' → Runtime → 20'
↓ 60oC x 15'
Soda ash
Hydrogen peroxide → 2.5 g/l
↓ 60o x 40' → Runtime → 60'
↓ (60o - 80oC)
Bath drop after shade matching
Temperature rise up to 105oC
↓
↓ 30'
Hot rinse
Acetic acid → 1 g/l
↓ 60o x 10'
H2O2 Killer → 0.5 g/l
Soaping
↓ 60oC x 10'
↓ 80o - 90oC x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l [To Control PH- 4.5 - 5.5]
Cold rinse
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l
↓ 45o x 10'
↓ 55oC x 45'
Neutralize
Sequestering agent / Kappaquest FE → 0.35 g/l
↓ 45o x 10'
↓ 90oC x 5'
Softening
Sarabid LDR → 0.5 g/l (leveling agent)
↓
• ↓
Unload
NOTE: - During Bleaching we maintain gradian to rise temperature from
80o - 105oC as 1.5o/min and cooling from 105oC - 80oC as 2o/min. For S/J
or low GSM. Fabric.
Dyeing procedure for S/J Light / Medium Color
Felosan NOF/ Wetting agent = 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /H2O2 Stabilizer = 0.5 g/l
↓
60o x 5'
Anticreasing agent = 1.0 g/l
Dye stuff
↓ 60o x 5' ↓ 60o x 35' - Run time - 20'
Caustic = 2 g/l Glauber Salt
↓ 60oC x 15' [Dossing] ↓ Dosing - 60o x 10' - run time - 20'
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) = 2.5 g/l Soda ash
↓ (60o - 80oC) ↓ 60 x 40'
Temp rise up to 105oC & Run - 30' Bath drop after shade matching
↓
↓
Acetic acid = 1.0 g/l Hot rinse - 10' x 60oC
H2O2 killer / Kappaquest FE = 0.5 g/l
↓ 60oC x 10' ↓
Soaping
Acetic acid = 0.8 g/l [To control PH - 4.5 - 5.5') ↓ 80o - 90oC x 10'
Enzyme = 1.5 g/l Neutralization / Acetic acid
↓ 55oC x 45' - 60' ↓ 45oC x 10
Sequestering agent = 0.35 g/l Cold rinse - 45o x 10'
↓ 90oC x 5' ↓
Sarabid LDR /Levelling agent = 0.5 g/l
Softening
Anticreasing - 0.5 g/l ↓
• ↓ Unload
Migration Dyeing procedure for dark, medium & light shade
Felosan NOF/wetting agent → 0.5 g/l
Kappazon H53NEU /stabilizer (H2O2) → 0.5 g/l ↓
Glauber Salt [Run time 10']
Anticreasing → 1.0 g/l [Only for S/J]
↓ 60o x10'
↓ 60 C x 5'
o
Temperature rise up to 80oC [ Run time→ 20']
Caustic → 2 g/l ↓ 80oC x 20'
↓ 60oC x 15' cooling to 60oC
Hydrogen peroxide → 2.5 g/l
↓ (60oC - 80oC) ↓
soda ash
Temperature rise up to 105oC
↓ 60oC x 40' → Run time → 60'
↓ 105 C x 30'
o
Bath drop after shade matching
Acetic acid → 1.0 g/l ↓
Kappaquest FE /H2O2 killer → 0.5 g/l
↓ 60oC x 10' Hot rinse
↓ 60o x 10'
Acetic acid → 0.8 g/l [To control P = 4.5 - 5.5']
H
Soaping
Enzyme → 1.5 g/l ↓ 80oC - 95oC x 10'
↓ 55oC x 45' - 60' Cold rinse
Sequestering agent → 0.35 ↓ 40o x 10'
↓ 90oC x 5' Neutralize
Sarabid LDR → 0.5 g/l ↓ 45 o x 10'
Anticreasing agent → 0.5 g/l [for S/J] Fixing [ For medium & dark shade]
↓ 40 o x 10'
↓
Softening
↓
Dye stuff
Unload
↓ 60oC x 35' → Run time - 20'
Sample (Dyeing)
Method of printing:
Block and screen-printing method.
Sample:
One piece of square size bleached, scoured cotton fabric (small) and One piece of square size
bleached, scoured cotton fabric(bigger)
Combination color:
Total Dyes = 1.8gm
Blue = 0.6gm
Red = 0.6gm
Yellow = 0.6gm
Recipe:
Dye:
Total Dyes = 1.8gm
CIBA CRON RED = 0.6gm
CIBA CRON BLUE = 0.6gm
CIBA CRON YELLOW = 0.6gm
Urea = 8gm
Thickener = 70gm
Alkali = 8gm
Additional water = as required.
Preparation of thickener:
1)16 gm of starch and 200cc water are taken in
bowl.
2)Heat is applied and solution is stirred
continuously until a thick viscose solution is
obtained.
3)By continuous stirring and boiling a specific
viscosity is obtained.
4)The heat application is stopped otherwise
viscosity falls down. So temperature is
maintained strictly.
Preparation of printing paste:
Hydrolysis of water:
Hydrolysis of the water is also a cause of
the technical deficiency of the reactive dye.
• There creates many problems and defects in dyed fabrics when dyeing with Reactive dyes due to
technical deficiency. Some defects may be remedied by some process. Those are described below:
•
• Defect: Colors are not fast to washing, Abrasion; Staining in the fabric when transporting from
place to the other, water marks on the fabric
Remedy : Wash the fabric with soap and soda ash at right temperature. Adding sequestering agent
will yield good results. Treating with Ammonia will also give good results.
Defects in the fabric due to Printing- Need to take out full color
Remedy: Treat the dyed fabric with Sodium Hydrosulphite with 5-10 gm Sodium Hydrosulphite at
75 deg C for 30-45 minutes. Add 5-7 gms Caustic Soda for even removal of colors. The color
becomes light yellow or brown after removal. Wash it thoroughly with soap.
The color can also be removed by solution of Sodium Hypochlorite. Treat the fabric with a sodium
hypochlorite solution ( 3-5 gms Chlorine) for 20-30 minutes. Keep the pH between 9-10. The fabric
is treated with Acetic acid after removal of color to remove chlorine and to neutralize the fabric.
The fabric can be re-dyed after removal of color
Faults and their remedies for the technical deficiency of
reactive dyes:
• Defect: Bleeding in colors during washing, abrasion
Remedy: Boil the fabric with caustic, Treat the fabric with Hydrogen Peroxide ( 5-10 gpl, 60-70 deg C) to make the color fast.
Defect: The fabric has been dyed in darker shade, uneven dyeing
Remedy: To take out color from the fabric treat it with caustic for 45-60 min at 70 deg C. Thereafter treat the fabric with 10-20 gpl
Acetic Acid for 40-60 min at 80-85 deg C.
Defect : The fabric has become stiff and rough after dyeing
REACTIVE DYEING is truly an important dyeing phenomenon for cellulose materials &
ranks as the major contribution to the progression of any textile dyeing industry.
Dyeing parameters have a great influence on reactive dyeing which have described
in my report. It was really an important subject & also innovative one. I have tried
my best to express the topics properly.
The project work has given us a special interest & has been arranged as a presentation
of the application reactive dyes in cotton dyeing. I think anyone can research in
future about this topic which will enrich our textile knowledge.
Any absolute conclusion is impossible but waiting the pros & cons I’m certain that my
position is a tenable one.
©right