Microwave Manual PDK

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LIMDA
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

Practical No. Subject Code : 171001
 AIM: - Introduction to Microwave Bench.
 APPARATUS:
1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

3. Pin Modulator 4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter 6. Variable Attenuator,
7. Detector Mount 8. CRO
9. VSWR meter. 10. Waveguide stand
11. Cooling fan 12. Cable
 THEORY:-
 GUNN power supply:-

It provides bias to GUNN oscillator and Pin modulator.
 GUNN Oscillator:-
This device act as a source for microwave in the bench. The GUNN oscillators consist of
resonant cavity, an arrangement for coupling diode. And a mechanism to couple the Rx
power from coiling to external circuit / load. A coaxial coating or rectangular waveguide
cavity is commonly used. It generates continues waves. The GUNN oscillator is powered
from GUNN power supply.
 Pin Modulator:-
Pin diode used in Pin Modulator operates as low reverse bias and in series with low
frequency modulation signal. AM signal is sent from the microwave bench and AM
modulation is achieved by use of PIN diode. The modulating signal changes the RF
resistance of diode, so that urging amount of mismatch results.
 Isolator:-
This is rectangular waveguide which is modified that microwaves can move in one
direction. An isolator is a two port device which provides very small amount of
attenuation for transmission from port-1 to port-2 but provides maximum attenuation for
transmission from port-2 to port-1. This requirement is very much desirable when we
want to match a source with a variable load.
 Frequency meter:-
This is connected along the wave guide. It is cylindrical tube consisting of permanent
load marked which is used to indicate frequency.
 Variable Attenuator:-
It is used for perfect matching so that there are minimum frequency and also
instantaneous frequency. It reduces waveguide across section and attenuation generally
moving wave type preferred. Depth of penetration is adjusted here.
 Slotted line section:-

This section of microwave bench is used as SWR indicator. It has small slit on broad
fore of waveguide and traveling probes for dominant mode traveling inside waveguide.
The slot does not radiate power which is awarding to standard wave pattern coupling
probe moving along the waveguide can be used to detect the standing wave present
inside the waveguide.
 Matched Termination:-
Waveguides are adjust to reflection if not matched using characterizes impedance.
Hence matched terminations are providing to present reflection of microwave energy.
 VSWR Meter:-
It is connected to slotted line. VSWR meter can be used as an alternative method as line
frequency. The meter is connected from slotted line incremented, which measure any
device being studied on bench must be connected between slotted line and termination.
 Waveguide Stand and Turn table:-

The whole bench needs to be dept at constant level for proper operation for this turn
table is used. Waveguides are supported by means of stand.
 Cooling Fan:-
Since GUNN oscillator operation at microwave frequencies it tends to heat µp. This
may vary nature of waveguide. So cooling is required.
Other Components:-
 Circulator:-
This is simulator to isolator. It is ferrite device in which each element is connected only
to next clockwise terminal device. There are generally 4 terminal devices but can be 3
terminals also, T terminal and Y type circulator. They are generally used for isolation of
i/p and o/p in tube terminal amplifying called parametric amplifiers.
 Fixed attenuator:-
Instead of variation provided by moving wave attenuated, here fixed revises slot is
provided. Generally attenuation ranges are 3dB, 6dB and 10dB.
 Tee junction: -
They are used to select E and H wave energies. Hybrid junction magic tee and
directional couplers.
 Directional coupler:-
These provide benching to waveguide as far splitting indent energy. They are available
in 3dB, 10dB and 20dB. Directional couplers are fault in waveguide assemblies which
can sample a small amount of microwave power for measurements. They can be
designed to measure incident or regulated power.
 Waveguide Joints:-
It is not possible to prepare a waveguide system in one piece and may require several
sections connected by joints. These are waveguide joints and must be constructed is
such a way that a good connection is made between any two sections.
 Microwave Junction:- .
At work-in positions in microwave bench it become necessary to split energy of
microwave in to circular direction. This is achieved in waveguides in general by
microwave functions. These are combined to from guide.
 Waveguide Bench:-
It useful for chaining the direction of power by desired angle bends can be H, E bends.
 CONCLUSION:-
PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,LIMDA

 AIM:-To study I-V characteristic of GUNN oscillator.
 APPARATUS:-

 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply
GUNN PIN Variable Freq. Detector

Osc. Isolator
Modulator Attenu Meter Mount
-ator
 THEORY:-
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative resistance effect in bulk semiconductor which
has two conduction band separated by an energy gap. A high field domain is formed when the applied
electric field gradient exceeds the threshold. The domain which is usually formed near the cathode
travels towards anode. When this domain reaches anode, it delivers a current pluses and disappears.
Another domain is formed nears the cathode which travels towards anode and so on. The time required
by to travel from cathode to anode gives the oscillator frequency of a GUNN oscillator. The GUNN
diode is placed in a resonant cavity. The oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimensions. A
PIN modulator used to give square modulation of signal coming from GUNN diode.
 PROCEDURE:-
1. Set here components as shown in the block diagram.

2. Keep the controls of GUNN power supply as below
METER SWITCH OFF

GUNN BIAS KNOB FULLY ANTICLOCKWISE
PIN BIAS KNOB FULLY ANTI CLOCKWISE
PIN FREQ POSITION ANY POSITION
3. Set the micrometer of GUNN oscillator to required frequency of operation (refer the chat).
4. Switch the GUNN power supply ON.
5. Measure the GUNN diode current corresponding to various GUNN bias voltage through the digital
panel meter and the meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above 10 voltages.
6. Plot the graph of voltage v/s current readings. Note the negative resistance region of GUNN diode.
7. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponding to maximum current. Also, measure the
minimum current.
 PRECAUTION:-
Do not keep GUNN bias knob position at threshold for more than 10 seconds. Do not
Exceed 10 volts.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
GUNN diode bias voltage GUNN diode current (mA)

(volts)
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM: To study following characteristics of Gunn Diode

1. Output power and frequency as a function of Bias Voltage.
2 Square wave Modulation through PIN diode. .
 APPARATUS:-

 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply
GUNN PIN Freq. Variable

Osc. Isolator
Modulator Meter Attenuator
Slotted Line Detector Oscilloscope

Mount
VSWR
Meter
SW-115
 THEORY:-
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative resistance effect in bulk semiconductor which has two
conduction band separated by an energy gap. A high field domain is formed when the applied electric
field gradient exceeds the threshold. The domain which is usually formed near the cathode travels
towards anode. When this domain reaches anode, it delivers a current pluses and disappears. Another
domain is formed nears the cathode which travels towards anode and so on. The time required by to
travel from cathode to anode gives the oscillator frequency of a GUNN oscillator. The GUNN diode is
placed in a resonant cavity. The oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimensions. A PIN
modulator us used to give square modulation of signal coming from GUNN diode.
 PROCEDURE:-
1. Set the components as shown in the block diagram.

2. Initially set the Variable attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3. Keep the controls of GUNN power supply as below
METER SWITCH OFF
PIN BIAS KNOB FULLY ANTI CLOCKWISE
PIN FREQ POSISTION ANY POSITION
4. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as follows
METER SWITCH NORMAL
INPUT SWITCH 200 OHMs CRYSTAL
RANGE DB SWITCH 40 DB
GAIN CONTROL KNOB FULLY CLOCKWISE.
5. Set the micrometer of GUNN Oscillator to required frequency of operation (refer the chart)
6. Switch the GUNN power supply ‘ON’
7. Switch ‘ON’ VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Output Power As A Function of Bias Voltage
1. Turn the meter switch of GUNN power supply to voltage position.

2. Increase the GUNN bias to 8.0 volt.
3. Rotate PIN bias knob to obtain maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
4. Turn the Output in the VSWR meter through frequency control knob of modulation.
5. If required change the range the db switch of VSWR to higher position to get deflection. Any level
can be set through variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
6. Reduce GUNN bias voltage in step of 1 volt and note down corresponding reading of output at
VSWR meter.
7. Use the reading to draw graphs of power v/s voltage.
 Square Wave Modulation
1. Keep the meter switch of GUNN power supply to volt position and rotate GUNN bias voltage
Slowly so that panel meter of GUNN supply reads 8.8 volts.
2. Turn PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for maximum output on the oscilloscope.
3. Coincide the bottom of square wave on oscilloscope to some reference.
4. Now with help of the variable, attenuator coincide the top of square wave to same reference level
and note down the micrometer reading
5. Connect VSWR to detector mount and note down the dB reading in VSWR Meter for both the
Micrometer reading of the variable attenuator.
6. The difference of both dB reading of VSWR meter gives the modulation dep Of PIN modulator.
 PRECAUTION:-
Do not keep GUNN bias knob position at threshold for more than 10 seconds.
Do not exceed 10 volts.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
Volt (V) Power (dB) Frequency(GHz)
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM: - To determine the Standing Wave Ratio and Reflection Coefficient.
 APPARATUS:-

13. Slotted Section 14 .Tunable probe
15. Movable Short 16. Matched Termination
17. S.S.Tuner
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
S-S Matched Oscilloscope

Slotted Line Tuner Termination
VSWR
Meter
SW-115
Detector Movable
Mount short
 THEORY:-
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called

VSWR as ratio of maximum to minimum current, SWR is measure of mismatch between load
and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of line may be considered as the sum of two traveling
waves the “Incident Wave” propagates from generator and the reflected wave propagates towards the
generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incidents wave from a discontinuity on the line
or from the load impedance.
The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the
reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves gives the rise to standing wave along
with the line. The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where
the line adds in opposite phase.
The distance between two successive minimum is half the guide wavelength on the lines. The
ratio of electrical field strength and incident wave is called reflection between maximum and
minimum field field strength along the line.
Hence VSWR denoted by S is

S= E max
E min
EI + Er
=
EI - Er
Where EI= Incident Voltage

Er= Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficients, p is
Er Z- Z0
p= =
EI Z+Z0
Where
Z is the impedance at a point on line ,
Z0 is characteristics impendence
The above equation gives following equation
S-1
Ρ =
S+1
 PROCEDURE:-
1 Set up the equipment as shown in the fig.

2 Keep variable attenuator at maximum position.
3 Keep the Control knobs of VSWR meter as below.
Range : 40db /50db
Input Switch ; Impedance low
Meter switch : Normal
Gain(coarse fine) : Mid position apporx.
4 Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:
Meter switch : OFF
Mod switch : AM
Beam voltage knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector voltage knob: fully clockwise
AM Frequency &amplitude : Mid position Knob.
5 Switch ON the klystron power supply VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6 Turn the meter switch of klystron power supply to beam. Voltage position and set the beam
Voltage at 300v.
7 Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter
8 Turn the output by tuning the reflector voltage amplitude and frequency of AMMODULATION
9 TUNE FOR Maximum deflection by tuning the plunger of klystron mounts. Then tune
for Maximum deflection by the tuning the probe.
10 If necessary change the range db switches variable attenuator position and gain control knob
to get deflection the scale of VSWRmeter
11 Move the probe along with slotted line the deflection will change.
A Measurement of low and medium
Measurement of Medium VSWR

1 Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
2 Adjust the VSWR meter again control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicates 1.0 on
Normal VSWR scale.
3 Keep all control as it is and move the probe to next minimum position. Read the VSWR
on the scale.
4 If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher position and read
the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
Measurement of Low VSWR

Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe depth and record the corresponding
B Measurement of high VSWR (Double minimum method)
1 Set the depth of SS tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR

2 Move the probe along with Slotted line until minimum is indicated
3 Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a reading of 3db
Of normal dB scale (0 to 10) of VSWRmeter
4 Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full scale deflection is obtain i.e ‘0’ dBOn 0-10
dB scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line. Let it be d1
5 Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe the right along the slotted line until full
Scale deflection is obtained in 0-10 dB normal dB scale. Let it d2
6 Replace the SS tuner and terminator by movable short.
7 Measure the distance between two successive minima position or probe Twise this distance is
wave guide length λg
8 Calculate SWR by following equation.
SWR= λg / п( d1-d2)
For different SWR calculate the reflection coefficient.

 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION:

 AIM: - To determine frequency and wave-length in rectangular wave guide.
 APPARATUS:-

15. Movable Short 16. Matched Termination
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
Slotted Line Oscilloscope
Detector VSWR
Mount Meter
SW-115
 THEORY:-
Mode represents in wave guides as either TE m,n/ TM m,n

Where TE- transverse electric,
TM- transverse magnetic
m- Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n- Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
λg
--- = (d1 – d2)
2
Where d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima/maxima
It is having highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide λ0, λg and λc are related as below
F= c/λ0 = c (1/λg2 – 1/λc2)1/2
Where
Λ0 is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cutoff wave length
For TE10 mode, λc=2a/m

Where m=1 in TE10mode and ‘a’ is broad dimension of waveguide. The following relation can be
proved
C=f λ
8
Where C=3×10 is velocity of light and f is frequency.
The electromagnetic field at a point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of
two traveling waves the ‘Incident Wave, which propagates from the source to the load and the
reflected wave which propagates towards the generator.
 PROCEDURE:-
1. Set the components as shows in the block diagram.

2. Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3. Keep the controls of GUNN Power Supply as below
METER SWITCH OFF
PIN BIAS KNOB FULLY ANTICLOCKWISE
PIN FREQ POSITION ANY POSITION
4. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as follow
METER SWITCH NORMAL
INPUT SWITCH 2000HMS CRYSTAL
RANGE DB SWITCH 40 DB
GAIN CONTROL KNOB FULLY CLOCKWISE
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator to required frequency of operation (refer the chart)
6. Switch the GUNN power supply ‘ON’
7. Switch ‘ON’ VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Measurement of wave Length and frequency With Slotted Line section
1. Move the probe along the slotted line. The deflection in VSWRmeter will vary move the probe to
Deflection position. To get accurate reading, if necessary increase the VSWR meter range db
Switch to higher position. Note and record the probe position as d1
2. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again as d2
3. Calculate the guide wave length ( ) as twice distance
4. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for X band and
Known as cut. Off wavelength (λc).
5. Find the free space wavelength by the relation.
1/ λ02 = 1/ λg2 + 1/ λc2
6. Calculate the frequency by following equation.
f = c/λ0
 Measurement of Frequency with Frequency Meter
l. Tune the output in the VSWR meter through frequency control knob of modulation.
2. If required change the range the db switch of VSWR to higher position to get deflection any level
Can be set through variable attenuator and gain. Control knob of VSWR meter.
3. Tune the&Frequency meter knob to get a 'dip' on the VSWR scale and note down the
frequency directly from the frequency meter.
4. Replace termination with movable short and detune the frequency mete
 PRECAUTION:-
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION.

 AIM:- Study the function of multi hole directional coupler by measuring the
Following parameters
1 To measure main –line and auxiliary-line VSWR.
2. To measure the coupling factor and directivity.
 APPARATUS:-

15. Directional Coupler 16. Matched Termination
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
Matched
Termination Oscilloscope
P3
Slotted Line Multi Hole Detector VSWR
Directional Mount Meter
P1 Coupler P2 SW-115
 THEORY:-
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and reflected wave
separately. It consists of two transmission line, the main arm and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically
coupled to each other. Refer to the fig. the power entering port-1 the main gets divided between port 2
and 3 and almost no power comes out in port 4. power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and
port 4 .
Coupling (db) = 10 log 10 [P1/P3] Where P 2 is terminated.
Isolation (db) = 10 log 10 [P2/P3] Where P1 is matched.
With built termination and power is entering at port 1. the directivity of the coupler is a measure of
separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is measure as the ratio of the two power output
from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is successfully applied to each
Terminal of the main line with the port terminated by material loads.
Hence,
Directivity 0 (db) = Isolation- Coupling = 10 log 10 [P2/P1].
Main line VSWR is SWR measured looking into the main line the input terminal when the matched
loads are placed. At all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line the looking into the output terminal,
when the matched loads are placed on other terminal.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of coupler. It is
defined as insertion.
Loss = 10 log 10 [P1/P2] when power is entering at port 1.
 PROCEDURE:-
1. Main Line SWR Measurement
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the figure.

2. Energized the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described.
3. Follow the procedure as described for VSWR measurement experiment (low and medium
VSWR measurement)
4. Repeat the same for other frequency.
2. Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement.
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.

2. Energized the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described operation of
3. Klystron and Gunn oscillator.
4. Measure SWR as described in the experiments of SWR measurement (low and medium SWR
5. Repeat the same frequency.
3. Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion loss.

1. Set up the equipment as shown in figure.
2. Klystron and Gunn Oscillator
3. Remove the directional coupler and connect the Detector Mount to the frequency meter. Tune
the detector for the maximum output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator, gain
control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading.(Reference level let it be X )
5. Insert the direction coupler as shown in second figure, with detector to the auxiliary port 3and
matched termination to port 2 without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of VSWR meter.
6. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range –db switch if required
(Let it be Y)
7. Calculate the coupling factor, which will be X-Y in db.
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from
Port 2 without disturbing the set up.
9. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure the
reading on VSWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
10. Compute the insertion loss X- Z in dB.
11. Repeat the step from 1 to 4.
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e port 2 to frequency meter side matched
Termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
13. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter, let it be Yd.
14. Compute the directivity as Y-Yd.
15. Repeat the same for other frequencies.
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION.
PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ANTECHNOLOGY,LIMDA

 AIM: - To study about Circulator.
 APPARATUS:-
13. Slotted line section 14. T -Circulator and Y -circulator
15. Matched termination
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
Oscilloscope
Slotted Line T-Circulator / Detector
Y-Circulator Mount
P1 P2 VSWR
P3 Meter
Matched SW-115
Termination
Oscilloscope
T-Circulator / Detector
Y-Circulator Mount
P1 P3 VSWR
P2 Meter
Matched SW-115
Termination
 THEORY:-
CIRCULATOR:
Circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to an
adjacent port but not coupled to the, other ports. This is depicted in fig. Circulator can have any
number of ports.
The important circulator and isolator parameters are:

A. Insertion loss:
Insertion loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to the
input port, measured with other ports terminated in the matched load. It is expressed in dB.
B. Isolation:
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measured at the input. This ratio is
expressed in db. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminated in a matched
load.
C. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratios of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of
the standing wave existing in the line with all parts except the test port are matched.
 PROCEDURE:-
A Input VSWR Measurement

1. Setup the components and equipments as shown in fig with input port of T -circulator connected
to the slotted line and matched load on other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter find out VSWR of the T-circulator as
described earlier for low and medium S WR measurements.
4. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports.
B. Measurement of insertion loss and isolation

1. Remove the probe and T -circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to the slotted
section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with VSWR meter.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation. Tune
the detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR meter.
3. Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain
Control knob of VS WR meter. Let it be PI.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of the setup
Insert the T –Circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep input port to slotted line and
Detector its output port. A matched termination should be placed at third port.
5. Record the reading in the VSWR meter, if necessary, change range (dB) switch to high or lower
Position, and read 10 db changes for each step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
6. Compute Insertion loss given as P1-P2 in db.
7. For measurement of isolation, disconnect the port2 and connect port3 to the detector mount.
Connect the port2 with matched termination. Record the reading of VSWR meter after and let it
be P3. . Compute Isolation as P1-P3 in db. .
Repeat the above experiment for Y-Circulator.
 PRECAUTION:-
Do not keep GUNN bias knob position at threshold for more than 10 seconds. Do not
Exceed 10 volts.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
o T-Circulator
Insertion loss = ______________
Isolation = _______________
o Y-Circulator
Insertion loss = ______________

Isolation = ________________
 CONCLUSION:-
PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING ANTECHNOLOGY,LIMDA

 AIM: - To study about Isolator.
 APPARATUS:- 1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

13. Slotted line section 14. Matched termination
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
Oscilloscope
Slotted Line P1 Isolator P2 Detector
Mount
VSWR
Meter
SW-115
P2 P1 Oscilloscope
Isolator Detector
Mount
VSWR
Meter
SW-115
 THEORY:
An isolator is two ports device that transfers energy from input to output with the little attenuation and
from output to input with very high attenuation. The isolator shown in fig can be derived from a three-
port circulator by simply placing a matched load (reflection less termination)on one port.
The important circulator and isolator parameters are:

A. Insertion loss:
Insertion loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to the
input port, measured with other ports terminated in the matched load. It is expressed in dB.
B. Isolation:
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to the output to that measured at the input. This ratio is
expressed in db. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port terminated in a matched
load.
C. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratios of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of
the standing waye existing in the line with all parts except the test port are matched.
 PROCEDURE:-
A. Input VSWR Measurement

1. Setup the components and equipments as shown in fig with input port of T -circulator connected
to the slotted line and matched load on other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter find out VSWR of the T-circulator as
described earlier for low and medium S WR measurements.
4. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports.
B. Measurement of insertion loss and isolation

1. Remove the probe and T -circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to the
slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with VSWR meter.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation.
Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR meter.
3. Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of VS WR meter. Let it be PI.
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of the
setup insert the T –Circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep input port to slotted
line and detector its output port. A matched termination should be placed at third port.
5. Record the reading in the VSWR meter, if necessary, change range (dB) switch to high or lower
position, and read 10 db changes for each step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
6. Compute Insertion loss given as P1-P2 in db.
7. For measurement of isolation, disconnect the port2 and connect port3 to the detector mount.
Connect the port2 with matched termination. Record the reading of VSWR meter after and let it
be P3. .
8. Compute Isolation as P1-P3 in db.
Repeat the above experiment for V-Circulator.
 PRECAUTION:-
 OBSERVATIONS
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM: Study of E-Plane Tee and H-Plane Tee.
 APPARATUS:-

15. E-Plane Tee 16.H-Plane Tee
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
Oscilloscope
E/H Plane Detector
Slotted Line P3 P2/P1 Mount
Tee
VSWR
P1/P2 Meter
Matched SW-115
Termination
 THEORY:-
. E-Plane Tee
When TEIO mode is made to propagate into port@, the two outputs at port Ci)
and @ will have a phase shift of 180. as shown in Fig. 6.7. Since the electric field
lines change their direction when they come out of port Ci) and @, it is called a E-
plane Tee. E-plane Tee is a voltage or series junction symmetrical about the central
arm. Hence any signals that is to be split or any two signal that are to be combined
will be fed from the E arm.
3
H-Plane Tee
In general, the power out of port @ (side or E arm) is proportional to the difference
between instantaneous powers entering from ports Ci) and @.
Also, the effective value of the power leaving the E arm is proportional to the phasor
difference between the powers entering ports
Ci) and @. When powers entering the main arms (ports Ci) and @ are in phase
opposition, maximum energy comes out of port (j) or E-arm.
Since it is a three port junction the scattering matrix can be derived as follows.
 PROCEDURE:-
VSWR measurement of the ports

1. Set up the component and equipments as shown in figure keeping E/H arm to wards slotted line and
matched termination to other ports.
2. Energized the microwave source for the particular frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR of E arm as described in measurements of SWR for low and medium value.
4. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched termination. Measure
the VSWR as above similarly VSWR of any port can be measured.
Measurement of Isolation and coupling factor

1. remove the tunable probe and E/H plane tee from the slotted line and connect the detector mount to
slotted line.
2. Energized the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount
for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter, set any power level in
The VSWR meter note down. Let it be P3 (input power for the E/H plane tee).
4. Termination to arm 1or 2. Note down the reading of VSW meter let it be arm 2 or 1.
5. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
6. The same experiment may be repeated for other ports also.
7. Repeat the above experiments for other frequencies.
 PRECAUTION:
Do not keep GUNN bias knob position at thresholds for more than 10 seconds. Do not exceed 10
volts.
 OBSERVATION:
Frequency = _________________ GHz
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM:- Study of Magic Tee.
 APPARATUS:-

15. Magic Tee
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
GUNN Power
Supply

Osc. Isolator
Matched
Termination
1
4/3 3/4 Oscilloscope
Slotted Line Magic Tee Detector
Mount
VSWR
2 Meter
Matched SW-115
Termination
 THEORY:-
The device Magic tee is a combination of E and H plane tee. Arm 3is the H arm and Arm 4 is the E
arm. If power is fed in to arm 3 (H arm) the electric field divides equal Lily between arm 1 and 2 with
the same phase and no electric field exists in arm 4.
If the power is fed in arm 4 (E arm) it divides equally in arm 1 and 2 but out of phase With no power
in arm 3. Further if power is fed in arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 (H- arm) and it is
subtracted in arm 4 (E-arm) the basic parameters
A. Input VSWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each ports as a load to the line while other ports are Terminated
in matched loads.
B. Isolation.
The isolation between E and H arm is defined as the ratio of power supplied by the Generator
connected to the E arm ( port 4) to the power ducted at H arm ( port 3) when side arm 1 and 2
are terminated in matched load.
Isolation ( db) = 10 log 10 [ P4/P3]

Similarly, isolation between other ports may be defined.
C. Coupling factor.
It is defined as Cij= 10 –a/20
Where a is attenuation /isolation in db when I is input arm and j is output arm.
Thus a=10 log10 [P4/P3]
Where P3 is the power delivered to arm I and P4 detected at j arm.
 PROCEDURE:-
VSWR measurement of the ports
1.. Set up the component and equipments as shown in figure keeping E arm to wards slotted line and
Matched termination to other ports.
2. Energized the microwave source for the particular frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR of E arm as described in measurements of SWR for low and medium value.
4. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched termination. Measure
the VSWR as above similarly VSWR of any port can be measured.
Measurement of Isolation and coupling factor
1. remove the tunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and connect the detector mount to
Slotted line.
2. Energized the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount
For maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter, set any power level in
The VSWR meter nd note down. Let it be P3.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully place the
Magic tee after slotted line keeping H-arm connected to slotted line, detector to E- arm and
Matched
Termination to arm 1and 2. note down the reading of VSW meter let it be P4
5. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P# -P4 in db.
6. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
7. The same experiment may be repeated for other ports also.
8. Repeat the above experiments for other frequencies.
 PRECAUTION:
Do not keep GUNN bias knob position at thresholds for more than 10 seconds. Do not exceed 10
volts.
 OBSERVATION:
Frequency = _________________ GHz
Isolation = __________________ (db)
Coupling factor= (db)
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM : To setup an active & passive satellite communication link and

study their difference.
 APPARATUS : Satellite uplink transmitter, satellite downlink receiver, satellite link

emulator, pair of yagi antennas and RHCP & LHCP axial mode helix antennas, connecting
cables, reflecting sheet, etc.
 THEORY :
The UPLINK
In uplink station the signals have to be sent at a differing frequency, usually in the
higher 14GHz band, to avoid the interference with downlink signals. Another function is performed by
the uplink station is to control tightly the internal functions of the satellite itself (Such as station
keeping accuracy). Uplinks are controlled so that the transmitted microwave power beam is extremely
narrow, in order not to interfere with the adjacent satellites in the geo-arc. The powers involved are
several hundred watts. Each satellite has a number of transponders with access to a pair of receive /
transmit antennas and associated electronics for each channel. Satellites are conveniently categorized
into following three power ranges. 1) Low power (having transponder power around the 20W mark
and primarily general telecommunication satellite). 2) Medium power (having transponders power
around 45W and commonly termed as semi DSB direct broadcast service). 3) High power
(transponder power powers exceeding 100W).
The DOWNLINK
The medium used to transmit signals from satellite to earth is microwave
electromagnetic radiation which is much higher in frequency than normal broadcast TV signals in the
VHF/UHF bands. Microwaves still exhibit a wave-like nature but inherit a tendency to serve
attenuation by water vapour or any obstruction in the line of sight of the antenna. The transmitted
power is extremely weak by the time it reaches earth and designed equipment is used, and certain
installation precautions are taken, the background noise can ruin the signal. A television receive only
(TVRO) site consists of an antennas designed to collect and concentrate the signal to its focus where a
feedhorn is precisely locked. These channels microwaves to an electronic component called a low
noise block (LNB), which amplifies and down converts the signal to a more manageable frequency for
onward transmission, by cable, to the receiver locked inside the dwelling.
 PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains with lead provided.

2. Switch on the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The frequency display will read 2.400 GHz.
4. The transmitting frequency can be selected by the means of a select switch provided on the front
panel.
5. Pressing the select the switch will increase the frequency from 2.400GHz, 2.427GHz, 2.254GHz, and
2.481GHz and back to 2.400GHz in cycle manner, in Tx, Rx and satellite emulator. This indicates that
each channel is spaced 27 MHz apart.
6. All frequencies are PLL locked, PLL means that when both receiver and transmitter are set at same
frequency, they are accurate to less than 100 KHz of each other and no further tuning and repeated
adjustments are required.
7. Now bring the transmitter to 2.481GHz and connect the RHCP helix antenna with BNC lead to R.F
out of Tx.
8. Set R.F output level of Tx to maximum by tuning the path loss pot fully clockwise. i.e. (making path
loss low).
9. The RHCP helix antenna of Tx should be rotated with antenna pointing in the same direction to that of
RHCP helix antenna of UPLINK channel of satellite link emulator.
10. Now, switch on the satellite link emulator and frequency display will come on.
11. The uplink frequency display will read 2.400GHz.
12. Now, bring the frequency of uplink satellite link emulator to 2.481 GHz.
13. Similarly, the downlink display will read 2.400GHz.
14. Press the frequency select switch of satellite emulator downlink channel several times so as to set the
frequency display from 2.400, 2.427, 2.454, and 2.481 and then back to 2.400. This is done to ensure the
emulator downlink PLL is locked and displayed is generated correctly.
15. The receiver can be switched on now after plugging into AC mains outlet.
16. The frequency display will light up. Set the frequency of Rx to 2.400GHz using frequency control. Set
R.F input level Rx to minimum by tuning path loss pot fully clockwise. Also set R.F input level of uplink
to maximum by tuning the path loss pot fully clockwise for maximum sensitivity.
17. Now, connect LHCP helix antenna with BNC lead to receiver. Point the LHCP helix antenna or Rx
towards LHCP antenna of downlink satellite link emulator.
18. Setup the link in a triangular fashion with Tx, Rx and satellite link emulator at 3 verticals of triangle.
Make sure that LHCP helix antenna of Tx should point towards LHCP helix antenna of downlink satellite
link emulator. Set the distance between antennas to approximately 5 meters.
19. If switching ON the tone transmitter will make the receiver sound to 1KHz test tone, a successful sat
link is said to be said to be established. That is a sat link using active satellite link emulator.
20. In case of passive satellites, no frequency translation and power amplification takes place. Set Tx and
Rx at same frequency and switch of the satellite. Point the Tx and Rx antennas towards the reflector sheet
in the same triangular fashion as explained above. The only difference being that instead of satellite there
is a reflection from wall. The transmitted signal is reflected back to receiver without the power being
increased and frequency remaining same. Here the reflecting surface is functioning like a passive satellite.
21. Unlinking to a satellite is normally carried out at a higher frequency because of narrow beamwidth,
from pinpointing distance satellites, at higher frequency. There are two uplink frequency channels
2.481GHz and 2.454GHz.
22. At last connect the video camera output video in of Tx and connect the power supply of camera. Set
the input select switch to video.
23. Select the 1 KHz at audio1 channel and feed a 2KHz sine wave externally at audio2 channel.
24. Connect the video monitor out of Rx and connect the power supply of monitor.
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM : To measure the S/N ratio.
 APPARATUS :
1. Satellite uplink transmitter. 2. Satellite downlink receiver.

3 .Satellite link emulator 4.Pair of yagi antennas
5.Antenna stand with connecting cables 6. Mic
7.Video monitor 8. CCD camera
9.Function generator 10.CRO
11.Spectrum analyzer
 THEORY:
Signal to noise ratio (S/N)
This is the ratio of the desired signal e.m.f. to any noise e.m.f. present. It is defined
as a power ratio and since at a given point in a circuit power it is proportional to the square of the
voltage.it should be as high as possibleif this ratio falls to unity or below,the signal is rendered
virtually useless.signal to noise ratio (S/N) is that relevant after demodulation. The S/n ratio is thus
dependent on both C/N ratio and the modulation characterstics.
 PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the link as before.press the frequency selector switch of satellite emulator down link
channel several times so as to frequency display from 2.400.This is done to ensure the emulator
downlink PLL locked and displayed frequency is generated correctly.If switching ON the
1khz tone on transmitter will make the receiver sound to 1 khz test tone via satellite, PLL of
complete link are OK and a successful sat link is said to be established.
2. Remove BNC cables from audio,video and digital in.switch enable of telecommand meaning
remove all modulating signals being fed to TX or satellite.
3. Measure the noise floor of the baseband outputs of demodulator of RX by removing all the
modulating inputs at TX and satellite link emulator with help of CRO. The CRO can measure
the noise floor of each baseband outputs in mv.
4. Now ,put the audio and video signals in the baseband of TX so that you will start receiving the
modulator carrier. The baseband outputs of RX will demodulate the received signal and extract
the modulating signal. Both audio as well as video signal can be measured with CRO.
5. As both noise and modulating signal are measured in mV actual signals can be calculated by
taking the difference of the two readings. Say noise floor is 50mV and video signal or sine
wave at RX is as read on CRO say 1050 mV, Now S is equal to 1000mV. Now S/N is 20(in
numerals) and S/N in db = log S/N in numerals. That is 20 log db = 26 db.
6. Measure S/N varying path loss at RX.

7. Monitor the audio and video transmissions and correlate them to various levels of C/N. Does
higher level of C/N result in better picture and sound quality or higher S/N.
8. If you are able to receive audio and video sent,clearly you are well above threshold level of
signal. Now the effect of noise can be seen if you decreased the received signal strength to a
considerable level. This can be achieved by increasing the path loss.
9. This means the received signal noise is just above the noise floor of the RX.although we are
using FM demodulator but because the received signal is barely above the noise floor you can
hardly received any intelligent information. Thus signal can not below noise floor of RX.
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM : To measure the C/N ratio.
 APPARATUS:
1. Satellite uplink transmitter. 2. Satellite downlink receiver.

3. Satellite link emulator 4.pair of yagi antennas
5. Antenna stand with connecting cables 6. mice
7. Video monitor 8. ccd camera
9. Function generator 10.cro
11 .spectrum analyzer
 THEORY:-
Carrier to noise ratio (C/N)

Any signal received is combained with an element of noise,which degreades the overall
performance.
Signal = wanted signal + noise
Obviously the noise component must be kept as small as possible,taking into account the
cost and available technology. Noise can come from many sources and be produced by the thermal
agitation atoms and molecules above absolute zero. There are three main sources of noise in
environment 1). Extraterrestrial noise source 2). Man-Made noise 3). Ground noise And the
characteristics appereance of noise on FM video pictures can be either black or bright white tear drop
or comet shaped blobs (sparklies) that appear at random on the screen. The carrier to noise ratio(C/N)
is relevant before demodulation in the RX.
 PROCEDURE:-
1. Setup the link as before.press the frequency selector switch of satellite emulator down link
channel several times so as to frequency display from 2.400,2.427,2.454,2.481 and then back to
2.400..This is done to ensure the emulator downlink PLL locked and displayed frequency is
generated correctly.If switching ON the 1khz tone on transmitter will make the receiver sound to
1 khz test tone via satellite, PLL of complete link are OK and a successful sat link is said to be
established.
2. Now switch off the carrier by switching of both TX and satellite.
3. RX will read only it is noise floor at RSSI output which has a DC voltage output in proportional to
the output received signal strength.
4. By the use of chart we can convert DC voltage to corresponding RF signal level in dbm or dbuv.
Say,in absence of any carrier Rx. Reads 0.92v which is equal to -96dbm
Thus -96dbm is noise floor of Rx that means the carrier received by Rx is less than -96dbm it will
be unable to measure it.
5. Now, switch on Tx and satellite say the Rx reads 1.93v which is equal to -59dbm of carrier level
is being received.
Thus C/N = carrier level/noise level. As both noise and carrier signal detected are measured in db,
C/N can be calculated by taking the difference of two readings or C/N = carrier level (in db)-
noise level (in db).
Hence, C/N= -59-(96) = 37 db
Make sure that Rx is not saturated with carrier otherwise incorrect C/N will be read. This can be
done by increasing path loss at Rx and satellite and or taking Rx farther away from satellite.
6. Measure the C/N readings for different levels of path loss.
7. Monitor the audio and video transmissions and correlate them to various levels of C/N.
 OBSERVATION:-
 CONCLUSION:-

 AIM : To study satellite communication kit.

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PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LIMDA

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

 AIM: - Introduction to Microwave Bench.

1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

 GUNN power supply:-

 Slotted line section:-

 Waveguide Stand and Turn table:-

Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

 AIM:-To study I-V characteristic of GUNN oscillator.

1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

GUNN PIN Variable Freq. Detector

1. Set here components as shown in the block diagram.

METER SWITCH OFF

GUNN diode bias voltage GUNN diode current (mA)

Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

 AIM: To study following characteristics of Gunn Diode

1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

GUNN PIN Freq. Variable

Slotted Line Detector Oscilloscope

1. Set the components as shown in the block diagram.

 Output Power As A Function of Bias Voltage

1. Turn the meter switch of GUNN power supply to voltage position.

 Square Wave Modulation

Volt (V) Power (dB) Frequency(GHz)

Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

 AIM: - To determine the Standing Wave Ratio and Reflection Coefficient.

1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

GUNN PIN Freq. Variable

S-S Matched Oscilloscope

It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called

Hence VSWR denoted by S is

Where EI= Incident Voltage

1 Set up the equipment as shown in the fig.

A Measurement of low and medium

Measurement of Medium VSWR

Measurement of Low VSWR

B Measurement of high VSWR (Double minimum method)

1 Set the depth of SS tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR

For different SWR calculate the reflection coefficient.

Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

 AIM: - To determine frequency and wave-length in rectangular wave guide.

1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

GUNN PIN Freq. Variable

Slotted Line Oscilloscope

Mode represents in wave guides as either TE m,n/ TM m,n

For TE10 mode, λc=2a/m

1. Set the components as shows in the block diagram.

 Measurement of wave Length and frequency With Slotted Line section

PARUL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,LIMDA

1. GUNN power supply 2. GUNN oscillator,

GUNN PIN Freq. Variable

Isolation (db) = 10 log 10 [P2/P3] Where P1 is matched.

Directivity 0 (db) = Isolation- Coupling = 10 log 10 [P2/P1].

Loss = 10 log 10 [P1/P2] when power is entering at port 1.

1. Main Line SWR Measurement

1. Set up the equipment as shown in the figure.

2. Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement.

1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.

3. Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion loss.

Class : 7th Sem Subject : Microwave Engineering

 AIM: - To study about Circulator.

GUNN PIN Freq. Variable

The important circulator and isolator parameters are: