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Diaphragm Diaphragm
Vent to
Atmosphere
Sealed
Area
Substrate Substrate
Pressure Scales surface exposed to the atmosphere. When Depending on the pressure of the applica-
the atmospheric pressure increases, the gage tion, the error contributed by changes in the
Since the measurement of pressure is always ambient atmospheric pressure may be negli-
device will indicate a lower measured pres-
differential (i.e., the pressure being mea- gible. In the example above, if the full span
sure since it is measuring with respect to
sured is always compared to some other were 1,000 psia, the error contributed by
atmospheric pressure.
pressure), the nomenclature used to describe the altitude change would be 2.5 psi/1,000
a pressure measurement includes informa- How do these different operational character-
psi * 100% = 0.25% FS.
tion about the pressure reference. istics influence the choice of device type? The
only way to be unaffected by altitude or baro- In some systems (e.g., refrigeration), the
The following abbreviations are commonly metric pressure changes with a single sensor is fluid being measured is shielded from the
to use a gage device. Conversely, if the applica- effect of atmospheric pressure by the system
used:
tion requires measurement of the environmen- construction If in the previous example the
psi = pounds per square inch
container were closed so that changes in
psia = psi absolute tal pressure, a gage device cannot be used.
(i.e., relative to vacuum) atmospheric pressure had no effect on the
psig = psi gage Altitude Example fluid, then there would be no error due to
(i.e., relative to atmospheric the atmospheric pressure changes even if a
Ambient atmospheric pressure decreases
pressure) sealed device were used. In this situation,
with increasing altitude by approximately
using a gage device would cause an error
0.5 psi for every 1,000 foot increase.
Psi (without the “a” or “g”) should generally since atmospheric pressure changes experi-
At the typical mountain pass in Colorado
be avoided as it is unclear to what pressure enced by the vented, inaccessible side of the
of 10,000 feet, the ambient pressure is 14.7
the measured pressure is referenced. An diaphragm would not be offset by pressure
psia - 5 psia = 9.7 psia. changes on the application side. See illustra-
exception is when a pressure increment is
When a sealed sensor (either absolute or tion in Figure 2.
being discussed - since a 10 psia pressure
sealed gage) with its pressure port open
change is the same as a 10 psig pressure
change, the term psi could be used unam-
to the atmosphere is brought to higher Vent Path
elevations, the output will decrease because All gage devices must have a vent path to
biguously in this context.
the pressure applied to its diaphragm is atmospheric pressure. In competitive de-
Depending on the pressure of the applica- being reduced. The error due to altitude is vices, the vent path is wide open to dirt and
tion, the distinction between psia and psig calculated by finding the pressure change moisture and is a frequent cause of field
may be negligible. This is generally true in for the altitude range and dividing by the failures. In Sensata gage devices, the internal
high pressure applications. The difference full scale range of the sensor to get error in workings of the sensor are protected from
in measurement between an absolute and a % FS. moisture and dirt by the connector as well
gage device depends on atmospheric pres- as some patented features in the sensing ele-
Example (note: psi is used in some
sure. (At sea level, is approximately ment. The vented air travels from the sensing
places in this example when pressure
14.7 psi.) For a 1000 psi full span application element, through the standard electrical
changes or differences are being considered):
this is a 1.5% FS difference. wire and exits at the end of the wire. The
A 0-50 psia sealed sensor is being used to
wire end must remain in a clean environ-
measure the height of an open container
Performance of the of liquid by measuring the pressure at the
ment to avoid plugging of the vent (i.e.,
not plugged with solder or water or oil).
Transducer Types bottom of the tank. The system is moved The size and length of the leads for venting
In order to understand how the two device from sea level to Denver, Colorado at 5,000 affect the response time of the sensor. For a
types differ in performance, it is necessary feet. So 5,000’ * (0.5 psi/1,000’) = 2.5 psi 10 psi atmospheric pressure drop, a device
to change their environment while keeping change. 2.5 psi/50 psi * 100% = 5% FS with standard 18 AWG wire leads will have a
the applied pressure constant. altitude error. This error is due to the response time of less than one minute. This
decreased pressure of the atmosphere on the is significantly faster than the atmospheric
What is the effect of increasing atmospheric
liquid. If a gage part were used, the decrease pressure changes unless the sensor is rapidly
pressure on each of the device types? The
in pressure on the liquid would be compen- changing altitudes. This response time does
gage device is the only one which changes in
sated by a decrease in pressure on the side of not affect the sensor’s output response time
response to an atmospheric pressure change
the diaphragm exposed to the atmosphere to changes in working fluid pressure.
since it is the only one with a diaphragm
and the error would be zero.
© Copyright Sensata Technologies 2007
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS TECHNICAL NOTE 2
SPECIFYING A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER –
HOW TO SELECT PRESSURE RANGE AND DEVICE TYPE
Sealed Gage Device A sealed gage part behaves the same as an Rule 2: If the pressure being measured
absolute; its output is affected by changes in changes when atmospheric pressure changes
Some users of sealed sensors find it more atmospheric pressure. They differ in output and that should result in a change in device
convenient for the transducer to output a by a 14.7 psi offset as shown in Figure 3. output, use a sealed (absolute or sealed gage)
value of 0 psi at atmospheric pressure (14.7 device.
psia) rather than at 0 psia. For these cases an
absolute transducer is calibrated to output
Selection Summary Rule 3: If the pressure being measured does
The following three rules can be used to de- not change when atmospheric pressure
0 psi at a standard sea level pressure of 14.7
cide whether a sealed or gage device should changes, use a sealed device (absolute or
psia. To make it clear that an absolute refer-
be used: sealed gage).
ence pressure is being used but with a gage
The flow chart in Figure 4 can be used to
scale calibration, the industry uses the term Rule 1: If the pressure being measured
decide whether a gage, sealed gage or
“sealed gage” which is denoted by psis. changes when atmospheric pressure changes
absolute part should be used in an spplication.
AND that is considered an error AND that
error is too high, use a gage device
Absolute (psia) scale
0 14.7 114.7 Is the effect of
atmospheric pressure on No Gage
sensor output within Sensor
application spec?
0 100 Yes
Gage (psig) and sealed gage (psis) scale
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