Académique Documents
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Nasa.gov
Possible approaches
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Eulerian description of finite control volumes
Imaginary packet of volumes through
which mass and momentum pass through
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Nasa.gov
Eulerian
Lagrangian
Rate at which birds pass a certain location on their migration route (birds per
hour) – Eulerian description – flowrate at a given location as a function of
time
Tagging certain birds with transmitters and following their motion along the
migration route - Lagrangi an description – “position” of a given particle as a
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function of time.
Control surface
Fluid in
Fluid out
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OR In other words….
Exchange of mass, momentum and
energy with adjacent regions through
control surface
L à 0
Recall Chapter 2, Used
Taylor series to
approximate
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Eulerian, Finite CV Lagrangian, Infinitesimal CV
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Eulerian, Finite CV
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Laws governing a system
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In this problem, system is not undergoing any change in space
and time
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dm sys
=0 Time rate of change of mass within the system
dt
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THE REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM
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At time t, SYS = CV
At time t+𝜹t, SYS = CV – I + II
II – outflow from the control volume from time t to t + 𝜹t
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I – inflow into the control volume from time t to t + 𝜹t
B = mb
b=1 B - Mass
b = u,v B - Momentum
b=T B - Energy
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AT TIME t,
Bsys (t ) = Bcv (t )
BII (t + δ t ) = (ρ 2 b2 A2 V2 δ t )
B (t + δ t )
B! out = Lim II = ρ 2 A2 V2 b2
δ t →0 δt
BI (t + δ t ) = (ρ1 b1 A1 V1 δ t )
B (t + δ t )
B! in = Lim I = ρ 1 A1 V1 b1
δ t →0 δt
DBsys ∂Bcv
= + B! out − B! in
Dt δt
DBsys ∂Bcv
= + ρ 2 A2 V2 b2 − ρ 1 A1 V1 b1
Dt δt 23
DBsys ∂Bcv
= + B! out − B! in
Dt δt
Reynolds Transport Theorem is valid under the following assumptions
• Fixed control volume with one inlet and one outlet
• Uniform properties (density, velocity, and the parameter b ) across
the inlet and outlet
• Velocity is normal to sections 1 and 2
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Control volume and system for flow through an arbitrary, fixed control
volume
Amount of the property B carried across the area element 𝜹A in the time
interval 𝜹t
δB = bρδV = bρ (V cosθ δt )δA
The rate at which B is carried out of the control volume across the small area
element 𝜹A
ρbδV ρbV cosθδt
δB! out = Lim = Lim δA = ρbV cosθδA
δt → 0 δt δt → 0 δt
By integrating over the entire outflow portion of the control surface CSout
B! out = ∫ dB! out = ∫ ρbV cosθ dA 26
csout csout
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By considering the inflow portion of the control surface, Csin
The inflow rate of B into the control volume
-90o < 𝜽< 90o for outflow regions, the normal component of V is
positive;
V .n̂ is POSITIVE
90o < 𝜽 < 270o for inflow regions, the normal component of V is
negative;
V .n̂ is NEGATIVE 29
⎛ ⎞
B! out − B! in = ∫ ρbV • n̂dA −⎜⎜⎝ − ∫ ρbV • n̂dA ⎟⎟⎠ = ∫ ρbV • n̂dA
csout c sin cs
DBsys ∂Bcv
= + B! out − B! in
Dt δt
DB sys ∂
Dt
=
δt ∫
cv
ρbdV +
∫
cs
ρbV • n̂dA
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DB sys ∂
Dt
=
δt ∫
cv
ρbdV +
∫
cs
ρbV • n̂dA
b=1 Mass
b = u,v Momentum
b=e Energy
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DPsys
=F F is net force F on system
Dt
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Linear momentum conservation
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I = Ia + Ib + Ic+……………
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Steady effects
DB sys ∂
Dt
=
δt ∫cv
ρbdV +
∫
cs
ρbV • n̂dA
DBsys
ˆ
= ∫ ρ bV • ndA
Dt cs
0= ˆ
∫ ρ bV • ndA F= ˆ
∫ ρ bV • ndA
cs cs
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ˆ
∫ ρbV • ndA =0
cs Inflow = outflow
DBsys ∂
= ρ bdV
Dt δ t cv∫
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Unsteady effects
DB sys ∂
Dt
=
δt ∫
cv
ρbdV +
∫
cs
ρbV • n̂dA
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Moving control volume
Determine force F that the water puts on the vane
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DBsys ∂
= ˆ
ρ bdV + ∫ ρ bW • ndA
Dt δ t cv∫ cs
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Selection of a CV
Determine pressure at 1
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Example of moving CV, Mass conservation
An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 km/h as shown in Fig.
The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.8 m^2. and the entering
air density is 0.736 kg/m^3. A stationary observer determines that
relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from
the engine with a speed of 1050 km/h and the exhaust gas density is
0.515 m^3. Estimate the mass flowrate of fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
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More examples
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For a control volume enclosing the tank and the portion of the pipe
below the tank,
d
[ ρ dv] + mout − min = 0
dt ∫
dh
ρπ R 2 + ( ρ AV )out − ( ρ AV )in = 0
dt
dh 4 π 2
= [998( )(0.12 )(2.5 − 1.9)] = 0.0153m / s
dt 998(π )(0.752 ) 4
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Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight
portion of 10 cm. inside diameter pipe, where the uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each cross section are given.
The average air velocity at section 1 and 2 are 67 m/s and 305 m/s.
Assume uniform velocity distributions at sections 1 and 2. Find
frictional force exerted by the pipe wall on the airflow between
sections 1 and 2.
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w
w
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m1 is –ve, w1 is –ve
m2 is +ve, w2 is -ve
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W is relative to CV.
Surface of CV at nozzle moves with sprinkler velocity
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Surface of CV at base is stationary with respect to inlet flow
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A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of V1,
strikes a vane and is turned through an angle q . Determine the
anchoring force needed to hold the vane stationary, if gravity and
viscous effects are negligible.
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Weight of water
= 𝞺gA1L
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D ⎛• •
⎞
∫ eρ dV = ⎜ Q net ,in + W net ,in ⎟
D t sys ⎝ ⎠ sys
V2
e=u+ + gz
2
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⎛• •
⎞ ⎛• •
⎞
⎜ Q net ,in + W net ,in ⎟ = ⎜ Q net ,in + W net ,in ⎟
⎝ ⎠ sys ⎝ ⎠coincident _ CV
D ∂
ˆ
∫ eρ dV = ∂ t cv∫ eρ dV + cs∫ eρV • ndA RTT
D t sys
∂ ⎛• •
⎞
∫ ˆ
eρ dV + ∫ eρV • ndA = ⎜ Q net ,in + W net ,in ⎟
∂ t cv cs ⎝ ⎠CV
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Similarly for CV
• • •
W shaft,net,in = Σ W shaft,in − ΣW shaft,out For many shafts
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Work transfer across CS associated with normal stresses
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•
ˆ = − ∫ pV • ndA
W normal _ stress = ∫ σ V • ndA ˆ
cs cs
Since Power = F*V
∂ • •
ˆ
eρ dV + ∫ eρV • ndA ˆ
= Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in − ∫ pV • ndA
∂ t cv∫ cs cs
∫ eρ dV + ∫ (u + + ˆ
+ gz ) ρV • ndA = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in
∂ t cv cs
ρ 2
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∂ p V2 • •
∫ eρ dV + ∫ (u + + ˆ
+ gz ) ρV • ndA = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in
∂ t cv cs
ρ 2
0 for steady
p V2 p V2 • p V2 •
∫ (u + ρ + ˆ
+ gz ) ρV • ndA = ∑ (u + + + gz ) m − ∑ (u + + + gz ) m
cs
2 flow _ out ρ 2 flow _in ρ 2
p V2 p V2 • p V2 •
∫ (u + ρ + ˆ
+ gz ) ρV • ndA = (u + + + gz )out mout − (u + + + gz )in min
cs
2 ρ 2 ρ 2
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One dimensional energy equation for steady flow
• ⎡ ⎛ p⎞ ⎛ p ⎞ V 2 − Vin 2 ⎤ • •
m ⎢uout − uin + ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ + out + g ( zout − zin ) ⎥ = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in
⎣ ⎝ ρ ⎠out ⎝ ρ ⎠in 2 ⎦
Enthalpy h
p
h=u+
ρ
• ⎡ V 2 − Vin 2 ⎤ • •
m ⎢ hout − hin + out + g ( zout − zin ) ⎥ = Q net ,in + W shaft ,net ,in
⎣ 2 ⎦
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A steam turbine generator unit used to produce electricity
is shown. Assume the steam enters a turbine with a velocity
of 30 m/s and enthalpy, , of 3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the
turbine as a mixture of vapor and liquid having a velocity of
60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. The flow through the
turbine is adiabatic, and changes in elevation are negligible.
Determine the work output involved per unit mass of
steam through-flow
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