UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS

ESPE

EXTENSIÓN LATACUNGA

LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

LEVELS:IV

PRE-INTERMEDIATE B1
EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK

GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

APRIL 2018
UNIT 7. SWITCHED ON
GRAMMAR: THE –ING FORM and TO + INFINITIVE

Verbs followed by a to-infinitive

afford Demand like pretend

agree Fail love promise

 arrange Forget manage refuse

ask Hate mean (= intend) remember

begin Help need start

choose Hope offer try

continue Intend plan want

decide Learn prefer

followed immediately by a to-infinitive:

I can’t afford to go on holiday.
It began to rain.
She hopes to go to university next year.
My mother never learnt to swim.
Did you remember to ring Nigel?

Verbs followed by -ing

-ing but not to-infinitive

Some verbs are normally followed by the -ing form, not the to-infinitive:

admit deny finish mind

avoid dislike give up miss

(can’t) help enjoy imagine practise

(can’t) stand fancy involve put off

consider feel like keep (on) risk

I always enjoy cooking.

Not: I always enjoy to cook.
We haven’t finished eating yet.
Not: We haven’t finished to eat.
She keeps changing her mind about the wedding.
New subject before -ing

Some of these verbs (e.g. can’t stand, dislike, imagine, involve, mind, miss, put
off and risk) can be used with a new subject before the -ing form. If the new subject is a
pronoun, it is in the object form (me, him, her, us, them):

We just couldn’t imagine Gerry singing in public.

Do you mind me being here while you’re working?

I don’t want to risk him losing his job.

 Verbs followed by -ing

Verbs followed by a to-infinitive or -ing

Hate, like, love, prefer

Hate, like, love and prefer can be followed either by -ing or a to-infinitive. The
difference in meaning is often small. The -ing form emphasises the verb itself.
The to-infinitive puts the emphasis more on the preference for, or the results
of, the action.
Compare

-ing form to-infinitive

I love cooking Indian I like to drink juice in the morning, and tea
food. (emphasis on the process itself at lunchtime. (emphasis more on the
and enjoyment of it) preference or habit)

She hates cleaning her I hate to be the only person to

room. (emphasis on the process disagree. (Emphasis more on the result: I
itself and no enjoyment of it) would prefer not to be in that situation.)

We prefer to drive during the day whenever

Most people prefer watching a film
we can. (Emphasis more on the result and on
at the cinema rather than on
the habit or preference. The speaker doesn’t
TV. (emphasis on the process itself
necessarily enjoy the process of driving at
and enjoyment of it)
any time of day.)

VOCABULARY: MAKE AND DO

GRAMMAR: COUNTABLE AND NONCOUNTABLE NOUNS

GRAMMAR: QUATIFIERS (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

EXPRESSIONS COUNTABLE NON + - ?

COUNTABLE
SOME SI SI SI NO SI
ANY SI SI NO SI SI
MUCH NO SI SI SI SI
MANY SI NO SI SI SI
A LOT OF SI SI SI SI SI
LOTS OF SI NO SI NO SI
A LITTLE NO SI SI NO SI
SEVERAL SI NO SI SI SI
NONE SI SI SI SI SI
VOCABULARY: LOOK and SEE COLLOCATIONS

UNIT 8. REAL or FAKE

GRAMMAR: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
VOCABULARY: SAY and TELL COLLOCATIONS
UNIT 9. MAKING ENDS MEET
GRAMMAR: IF + PAST SIMPLE
VOCABULARY: MONEY VERBS
GRAMMAR: SO and SUCH
VOCABULARY: MONEY NOUNS
GRAMMAR: SOME – ANY – NO + ONE – BODY – THING
UNIT 10. A GLOBAL MARKET?
GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE VOICE
 PS + BE + Vpp + BY + AS + CIRC.

P.S. = Patient Subject

BE =
Vpp. = Past participle form
BY = Preposition that shows WHO does the action
A.S. = Agent Subject
CIRC = Circumstantial

BE verbal forms for the passive voice

PRESENT am, is, are

PAST was, were
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (am, is, are) being
PAST PROGRESSIVE (was, were) being
IMMEDIATE FUTURE (am, is, are) going to be
MEDIATE FUTURE will be
PRESENT PERFECT (have, has) been
PAST PERFECT had been
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: (have, has) been being
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSSIVE: had been being

D.O.
Active voice: The girl does the homework at home
A.S. Tr. V. P.S. Circ.

Passive Voice: The homework is made by the girl at home.

P.S. BE Vpp. Prep A.S. Circ.

Active Voice: He worked a table in the workshop.

Passive Voice: A table was worked by him in the workshop.

Active Voice: She is going to study English next year.

Passive Voice: English is going to be studied by her next year.

Active Voice: My friend will buy a car next month.

Passive Voice: A car will be bought by my friend next month.

NOTE: A verb can be transitive or intransitive.

- Transitive verb when there is a DO in the sentence.
 Peter writes a letter in the office.

- Intransitive verb when there isn’t a DO in the sentence.

Peter writes in the office.

CONCLUSSION - An active sentence is possible to change into passive sentence only when the verb is
transitive.

VOCABULARY: ADJECTIVES

VOCABULARY: DESCRIBING CLOTHES

UNIT 11. NICE TO MEET YOU
GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH
UNIT 12. ENTERTAIN ME
GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS REVIEW
VOCABULARY: INTERNET