Technische Universität Chemnitz

Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

5. EXPERIMENT RESULTS

Before conducting the experiment, a systematic procedure is followed to prepare the proposed
circuit in real time. Chapter 3 dealt with the desired analysis of various components needed for the
proposed circuit. Based on these results all the necessary components which are required for the
hardware design is listed and are ordered from the available vendors. Also, the eagle layout of the
proposed circuit has been prepared and ordered with the appropriate component footprints. Once
the PCB footprint and components are ready, corresponding components has been placed and
soldered on the PCB. In the next step the prepared hardware circuit is verified against the soldering
errors and finally the experiment is conducted. Figure shows the steps involved in preparing the
hardware.
Preparing Creating Mounting of Verify the Conduct
list of Eagle components on circuit
experiment
components Design PCB connections

Figure 52: Design steps for preparing hardware

5.1 EXPERIMENT WITH LTC3109

5.1.1 EXPERIMENT RESULTS OF UNIPOLAR

Important steps in making the hardware is to prepare the PCB layout of the proposed circuit design.
Figure shows the Eagle Schematic and figure shows the corresponding eagle PCB design footprint.
For the capacitors and resistors 0603 standard package is used and for the transformer and
LTC3109 the footprints are taken from [15].

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Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

Figure 53: Eagle schematic circuit of unipolar LTC3109[11]

Figure 54: PCB Board design of unipolar LTC3109[11]

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

5.1.2 HARDWARE SETUP AND EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

Corresponding components which are selected based on the analysis has been placed on their
respective pads and are soldered and verified for proper connections. Figure 55 shows the final
hardware after soldering. Below procedures are followed for testing the circuit.

Step 1: DC source positive terminal is connected to the input positive pin (Green wire in figure 55)
and negative is connected to the next pin (black wire in figure 55).

Step 2: By verifying all the configurations, when VINA SWA and VINB SWB are connected
then the start-up voltage is minimum. So that configuration is selected and connections are made.

Step 3: For selectable output the suitable connections made by varying VS1 and VS2 pins as
already discussed in table 3.

Step 4: set the resistance value to 50 KΩ and Cout= 10µF, Cstore= 470 µF.

Step 5: Power on the power supply and vary the input from 25 mV to 100 mV (as per our design).
Verify the start-up voltage for all the configurations.

Step 6: Change the ROUT value to 10 Ω and repeat the same procedure for all the configurations
to check the start-up voltage and efficiency.

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

5.1.3 RESULTS AND FINDINGS OF UNIPOLAR

After following steps form step 1 to step 6 explained in the previous section, the results are
tabulated in the below table 8.

Table 8: Experiment output for ROUT = 50 KΩ

Vin(mV) 2,50E-02 3,00E-02 4,00E-02 5,00E-02 6,00E-02 7,00E-02 8,00E-02 9,00E-02 1,00E-01

Iin(mA) 6,41E-03 8,56E-03 1,29E-02 1,63E-02 2,07E-02 2,52E-02 2,93E-02 3,34E-02 3,73E-02

Pin(mW) 1,60E-04 2,57E-04 5,16E-04 8,16E-04 1,24E-03 1,76E-03 2,35E-03 3,00E-03 3,73E-03

Vout(V) 3,70E-01 9,40E-01 2,35E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00

Iout(µA) 1,17E-05 2,26E-05 4,61E-05 3,57E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05

Pout(µW) 4,33E-06 2,12E-05 1,08E-04 8,46E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05

effi(%) 2,701 8,273 21,011 10,375 6,618 4,668 3,505 2,738 2,204

Table 9: Experiment output for ROUT = 10 Ω

Vin(mV) 2,50E-02 3,00E-02 4,00E-02 5,00E-02 6,00E-02 7,00E-02 8,00E-02 9,00E-02 1,00E-01

Iin(mA) 6,41E-03 8,56E-03 1,29E-02 1,63E-02 2,07E-02 2,52E-02 2,93E-02 3,34E-02 3,73E-02
Pin(mW) 1,60E-04 2,57E-04 5,16E-04 8,16E-04 1,24E-03 1,76E-03 2,35E-03 3,00E-03 3,73E-03

Vout(V) 3,70E-01 9,40E-01 2,35E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00 2,37E+00
Iout(µA) 1,17E-05 2,26E-05 4,61E-05 3,57E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05 3,47E-05

Pout(µW) 4,33E-06 2,12E-05 1,08E-04 8,46E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05 8,22E-05
eff(%) 2,701 8,273 21,011 10,375 6,618 4,668 3,505 2,738 2,204

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

Vin Vs Vout for Unipolar 2.3 V

2.50E+00

2.00E+00

1.50E+00
Vout(V)

Rout =10 Ω
1.00E+00

5.00E-01

0.00E+00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Vin(mV) 2.50E 3.00E 4.00E 5.00E 6.00E 7.00E 8.00E 9.00E 1.00E
Vout(V) 3.70E 9.40E 2.35E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E
Vout(V) 3.60E 9.40E 2.35E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E 2.37E

Vin(mV)

Figure 55: Graph of input vs output for unipolar [11]

Figure 55 shows the variation of output voltage with respect to input voltage. From the figure it is
clear that the start- up voltage for both the variations of output resistance is 40 mV which is
acceptable. As it is not giving any variation of output when the output resistance is changed the
graph variations for Rout 50 KΩ are shown in the below figures.

Figure 56 shows the output power levels of the 2.3 V of the unipolar configuration. After reaching
the maximum voltage of output the consumption of the power remained constant.

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

Vin Vs Pout(µW) for Unipolar 2.3 V

1.20E-04
1.00E-04
8.00E-05
Pout(µW)

6.00E-05
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 2.00E-02 4.00E-02 6.00E-02 8.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.20E-01
Vin(mV)

Figure 56: Graph of input vs Pout for unipolar [11]

Vin Vs Iout for Unipolar 2.3 V

5.00E-05
4.50E-05
4.00E-05
3.50E-05
Iout(µW)

3.00E-05
2.50E-05
2.00E-05
1.50E-05
1.00E-05
5.00E-06
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 2.00E-02 4.00E-02 6.00E-02 8.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.20E-01
Vin(mV)
Figure 57: Graph of input vs Iout for unipolar [11]

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

Figure 57 shows the output current vs input voltage. The output current is settled after reaching the
maximum output voltage of 2.3 V.
Figure 58 shows the efficiency graph. If we observe the graph it is clear that at lower input voltages
the efficiency is increasing and at higher input voltages the efficiency decreases. The highest
efficiency obtained is 21% at 40 mV of input voltage.

Vin Vs Efficiency for Unipolar 2.3 V

25.000

20.000
Efficiency(%)

15.000

10.000

5.000

0.000
0.00E+00 2.00E-02 4.00E-02 6.00E-02 8.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.20E-01

Vin(mV)

Figure 58: Graph of input vs Efficiency for unipolar [11]

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

5.1.2 EXPERIMENT RESULTS OF BIPOLAR

The layout for bipolar circuit is shown in fig: [50] The output is tested under different modes of
operation as discussed in table 3. The minimum start-up voltage is 40 mV. For different
combinations of VINA, VINB, SWA, SWB are tested and the results are shown in below tables.
When VINA TO SWA and VINB to SWB are connected the output, voltage is at 40 mV and the
efficiency is also high at that value, on the other side when VINA and VINB are open then the
output voltage is at 45 mV.

Figure 49: Schematic circuit of Bipolar LTC3109[11]

Figure 50: Layout circuit of Bipolar LTC3109[11]

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

5.1.3 DUAL INPUT

The layout and schematic are shown in below fig: [51] [52]. As the name says dual input, the circuit
works for two input sources but the output is only one. The circuit is tested in different modes of
operations like when 1) SWA, SWB  Open, Vin=VinB  GND; No output
2)SWB,SWB  Short, VinA=VinB  GND; No output
3)SWB  VinB, SWA  VinA, No output from one source
4)SWA, SWB  short, VinA, VinB  open;output starts at 64mV &
55mV
5)SWA, SWB , VinA, VinB ---> short; output starts at 50 mV from each
source

Figure 52: Layout circuit of Dual input LTC3109[11]

Table 21: Output values for LTC3109 Dual Input [11]

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

5.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF BQ25504

BQ25504 is working as per the datasheet that after cold start voltage ≥ 330 mV of input is applied
the output is present at Vbat.

Figure 53: Schematic circuit BQ25504[10]

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 Technische Universität Chemnitz
Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun

Figure 54: layout circuit ofBQ25504[12]

The minimum start-up voltage after applying cold start voltage is 80 mV. The output is oscillating.
Connecting a battery at Vbat might stabilize the output voltage. Input current is limited to 100 mA.
The efficiency is high at lower input voltages. The operating voltage is from 80 mV to 150 mV.

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