INTRODUCTION TO

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
& AXIAL STRESS
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
• deals with the relations between external applied loads
and their internal effects on bodies. Moreover, the bodies
are no longer assumed to be ideally rigid; the
deformations however small, are the major interest. The
properties of the materials of which a structure or
machine is made affect both its choice and the
dimensions that will satisfy the requirements of strength
and rigidity. It includes the study of the strength
capabilities and characteristics of selected materials.
• The subject matter includes discussions of the
fundamental concepts of stresses and strains
experienced and/or developed by different
materials in their loaded state and subjected to
different conditions of constraint. Understanding
of how bodies/materials respond to applied load
is the main area of emphasis.
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
y
Mxy

Pxy

Pxx
X
Mxx
Pxz

Mxz
z
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Pxx (Axial Force) – The component measures the pulling
(or pushing) action over the section. A pull represents a
tensile force which tends to elongate the member
whereas a push is a compressive force which tends to
shorten it. It is often denoted by P.
Mxy

Pxy
Pxx
X
Mxx
Pxz

Mxz
z
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Pxy,Pxz (Shear Force) – These are components of the
total resistance to sliding the portion to one side of the
selection pass the other. The resultant shear force is
usually designated by V and its components by Vy and
Vz to identify their directions.
Mxy

Pxy
Pxx
X
Mxx
Pxz

Mxz
z
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Mxx (Torque) – This component measures
the resistance to twisting the member and
is commonly given the symbol T.
Mxy

Pxy
Pxx
X
Mxx
Pxz

Mxz
z
 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Mxy, Mxz (Bending Movements) – These
components measure the resistance to
bending the member about the Y or Z
axes and are often denoted by My or Mz.
Mxy

Pxy
Pxx
X
Mxx
Pxz

Mxz
z
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF
STRESS
STRESS – is defined as the strength of material
per unit area. It is the force on a member
divided by the area which carries the force. In
symbol;
σ = STRESS
P = FORCE
A = AREA
 KINDS OF STRESSES
• Axial Stress – the type of stress wherein
the force applied is perpendicular or
normal to the area. It can be tensile or
compressive stress.
• Shearing Stress – the type of stress
wherein the force applied is parallel to
the area
• Bearing Stress – is the constant
pressure between separate bodies. It
differs from the compressive stress as it
is an internal stress caused by the
compressive force.
• Torsional Stress – stress produced due
to torque
• Bending Stress – stress developed due
to bending of the member
 Units English Metric
σ, Stress psi (lbs/in2), ksi Pa (N/m2)
(kips/in2)
P, Force pounds, kips N, kN
A, Area sq. in. (m2) (mm2), m2

1 Mpa = 1x106 Pa = 1x106 N/ m2

1 kip = 1000 pounds (lbs)
1 ksi = 1000 psi
AXIAL STRESS

σ = STRESS
P = AXIAL FORCE
A = AREA
 PROBLEM 1
• Determine the axial stress on members
BD, CE & CD of the truss shown. Assume
cross-sectional area of each member,
A=900 mm².
B D 100kN F

3m

3m 3m 3m

A C E G
200kN 50kN

Av Ev
 FBD

B D 100kN F

3m

3m 3m 3m

A C E G
200kN 50kN

Av Ev
To get the force Av:
ME = 0
Av(6)-200(3)-100(1.5)+50(3)=0
Av(6)= 200(3)+100(1.5)-50(3)
Av= 100kN
B D 100kN F

3m

3m 3m 3m

A C E G
200kN 50kN

Av Ev
 B
BD To get BD,
CD Mc = 0
3m CE Av(3) - BD(3) = 0
A C 200kN

Av 100(3) - BD(3) = 0
BD = 100kN
B D 100kN F

3m

3m 3m 3m

A C 200kN
E G 50kN

Av Ev
To get the stress, use the formula:
 B D
BD To get CE,
CD MD = 0
3m CE
100(4.5) – 200(1.5) – CE (3) = 0
A C 200kN 450 – 300 = CE(3)
Av 150 = CE(3)

CE = 50kN
B D 100kN F

3m

3m 3m 3m

A C 200kN
E G 50kN

Av Ev
To get the stress, use the formula:
 B D
BD

CD
To get CD,
3m CE
MA = 0
A C 200kN
200(3) - BD(3) + CD (sin63.43)(3)=0
Av
-CD(sin63.43)(3) = 300
3m CD = 111.81 kN (T)
ϴ

1.5m

ϴ=inverse tan(3/1.5) CD = 111.8kN

ϴ= 63.43º
To get the stress, use the formula:
Ex. 2 An aluminium tube is rigidly fastened between a bronze rod and a
steel rod as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
Determine the stress in each material.
Aluminum
Bronze Steel
20kN 10kN

15kN 15kN
2
=700 2
=800
2
=1000

20 kN
 15 kN
20 kN
 15 kN 15 kN
20 kN
 PROBLEM 3
• A 12 in. square steel bearing
plate lies between an 8 in
diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing. Determine
the maximum value of the
axial load P if the stress in
wood is limited to 1800 psi
and that in concrete to 650
psi.
If Pc is P max, maximum stress at the
wood will exceed 1800 psi
 PROBLEM 5

A homogenous 150 kg bar AB carries a 2-KN force

as shown. The bar is supported by a pin at B and a
10mm diameter cable CD. Determine the stress in
the cable.
SOLUTION:
 PROBLEM 4
Determine the largest weight W which can be
supported by the two wires shown. The stresses in
wires AB and AC are not to exceed 100Mpa and
150Mpa. The cross-sectional areas of the two
wires are 400mm2 for wire AB and 200mm2 for
wire AC
SOLUTION:

[∑Y = 0] [∑H = 0]
AC sin 75 = W sin 60 AB cos 30 = AC cos 45 = (0.897) cos 45
AC = 0.897W AB = 0.732W
[P = AS]
For AC:
AC = (200)(150) = 30000N
0.897W = 30,000
W = 33,445N
For AB:
AB = 400(100) = 40,000
W = 54645N

The largest safe weight W = 33,445N