Index

A Combustion visualization, 214

Accessory friction, 308 Complete expansion, 40
Adiabatic flame temperature, 100 Compression ratio
Air/fuel ratio definition, 10
definition, 76 effects on performance, 124, 373, 383

AL
oxygen sensor, 353 fuel-air cycle, 108, 128
stoichiometric, 76 gas cycle, 35, 38, 40
Alcohol, 265, 279 Compressor map, 155

RI
Alternative fuels, 274 Compressors, 150
Antoine’s equation, 75 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 175
Aromatics, 265 Controls, electronics, 366

TE
Atmosphere, standard, 68, 158, 402 Cooling system, 5, 22, 319
Atomization, 163, 173 MA Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, 212
Auto-ignition, 7, 197, 215 Crevice volume, 246
Available energy, 99,104, 372 Crude oils, 262--266
Cumulative energy release fraction, 43
B Cycle-to-cycle variations, 198
Balance, 19 Cylinder area, 50
D

Bearings, 295 Cylinder pressure measurement, 354

Benz, K., 5 Cylinder volume, 17
TE

Biodiesel, 285
Blowby, 49, 340 D
GH

Blowdown, 54, 138 Daimler, G., 5

Brake mean effective pressure (bmep), 12 Delivery ratio, 190
Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), 14 Deposits, 246
Diesel cycle, 7, 36
RI

C Diesel engines
Carbon monoxide, 85, 243, 358 combustion, 215
PY

Carburetor, 163 HC emissions, 248

Carnot, S., 32 numerical models, 225
Catalytic converter particulate matter (PM) emissions, 249
CO

efficiency, 256 performance, 8, 378

reactions, 255 Diesel fuel, 83, 282
Cetane index, 283 Diesel, R., 5
Cetane number, 219, 280, 284 Diffusion coefficient, 390
Charging efficiency, 185 Dilution tunnel, 364
Chemical equilibrium, 84 Direct injection, 7
Choked flow, 133,155,165 Discharge coefficient
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 75 carburetors, 165
Clerk, D., 4 poppet valves, 134
Combustion analysis, 354 ports, 188
Combustion diagnostics, 214 Displacement volume, 10
Combustion duration, 43, 207 Distillation, 266

Internal Combustion Engines:Applied Thermosciences, Third Edition. Colin R. Ferguson and Allan T. Kirkpatrick.
○c 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

455
456 Index

Drag coefficient, 383 Flammability limit, 275

Droplet size, 174 Flow area, 134
Dual cycle, 38, 128 Flow bench, 135, 187
Dynamometer, 10, 347 Flow coefficient, 135
Flowmeters, 350
E Four stroke cycle
Efficiency definition, 6
compressor, 154 exhaust stroke, 55
mechanical, 11, 372 intake stroke, 57
scavenging, 191 P-V diagram, 56
thermal, 15, 113, 127, 322, 383 Friction
volumetric, 12, 372 fmep definition, 291
Electric motors, 27 journal bearings, 295
Emission regulation, 251 modeling, 294
Emissions testing, 369 motoring, 292
Energy balance, 320 oil film, 305
Energy release piston and ring, 298
combustion measurements, 200, 356 valve train, 306
compression ignition engines, 222 Fuel-air ratio, 76, 165, 244, 372
gas cycles, 45 Fuel cells, 27
modeling, 41, 45, 205, 334, 356 Fuel injection, 166, 353
spark ignition engines, 204 Fuels
timing, 53 additives, 273
Engine size, 16, 379 properties, 99, 273, 284, 397
Engine speed, 16, 124, 376
Ensemble average, 181 G
Enthalpy Gas constants, 67, 388
formation, 74 Gasoline, 83, 269, 271
vaporization, 73--75 Gas turbine, 28
Entropy, 69, 99, 269 Gibbs free energy, 70, 85
Equilibrium
composition, 89 H
constants, 79, 90 HCCI engine, 226
Equivalence ratio Heat of combustion, 15, 33, 99
CFR engine, 124 Heat transfer
definition, 77 conduction, 327
fuel-air cycle, 110--127 convection, 327
mass fraction burned, 206 modeling, 49, 326
measurement, 364 measurements, 326
Ethanol, 279 radiation, 339
Exhaust Helmholtz free energy, 86
analyzers, 364 Helmholtz resonator, 149
heat transfer, 338 Hybrid electric vehicle, 27
ideal 4 stroke, 55, 113 Hydrocarbons
manifold, 189 emissions, 245
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 206, 254, 354 fuel components, 263
measurement, 359
F Hydrogen, 281
Federal driving schedule, 369
Finite energy release, 41 I
Fischer-Tropsch reactions, 285 Ideal gas, 66, 397
Flame ionization detector (FID), 360 Ignition, 7, 198, 215
Flame propagation, 201 Ignition delay
Flame quenching, 246 compression ignition, 220
 Index 457

spark ignition, 207 Mixture mass fraction, 67

Indicated mean effective pressure (imep) Molecular mass, 67, 78
definition, 12 Mole fraction, 67, 389
finite energy release model, 47 Motoring mean effective pressure (mmep), 292
fuel-air-cycle, 109, 113, 127
Miller cycle, 41 N
Otto cycle, 35 Naphthenes, 264
Indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), 14 Natural gas, 277
Indirect injection (IDI), 7, 376, 382 Nitrogen oxides
Intake manifold, 147,150 chemical reactions, 85, 235
Intake stroke, 57 measurement, 361, 382
Internal energy, 67 rate constants, 236
Isentropic processes, 33, 36, 101, 133 Nitromethane, 83
Non-methane organic gases (NMOG), 245
K Nusselt number, 331, 338
Knock
measurements, 206, 368 O
modeling, 210 Octane
combustion, 87
L number, 5, 212, 280
Lagrange optimization, 85 properties, 101
Laminar flame speed, 201 requirement, 270
Laser Dopper Velocimetry (LDV), 174 Oil, 262, 312
Lean NOx trap, 257 Oil film, 289, 305
Lenior, J., 4 Olefins, 264
Limited pressure cycle, 38, 125 Otto cycle, 6, 33
Low temperature combustion, 225 Otto, N., 4
Lubrication, 312 Oxygen sensor, 362

M P
Mach index, 140 Paraffins, 263
Mach number, 131 Particle image velocimetry (PIV), 175
Mass blowby, 49 Particulates, 249, 363
Mass fraction burned, 43, 119 Part-load performance, 376
Maximum work, 103 PCCI combustion, 227
MBT timing, 381 Penetration layer, 328
Mean effective pressure Performance maps, 376
accessory, 291 Petrov’s equation, 297
brake, 12, 158 Physical constants, 402
definitions, 11 Piston
friction, 12, 291, 311 acceleration, 19
indicated, 12, 47, 109, 113, 127 force balance, 300
motoring, 292, 380 friction, 298
pumping, 59, 113, 310 side thrust, 300
Methane, 83, 101 skirt, 298
Methane number, 275 temperature, 329
Methanol, 83, 101, 279 velocity, 18
Microscales wrist pin offset, 300
integral, 182 Piston rings, 298
Kolmogorov, 182 Piston speed
Taylor, 182 effect on turbulence, 181
Midgley, T., 274 geometric similarity, 16
Mie scattering, 214 instantaneous, 18
Miller cycle, 39 mean, 10, 376
458 Index

Poppet valve, 20, 132, 307 Specific heat

Power air, 387
brake, 10, 372 ideal gas mixtures, 68--71
friction, 11 motor fuels, 268
indicated, 10 Speed of sound, 133, 388
road load, 383 Spray penetration, 173
Prechamber, 179 Squish, 180
Pressure transducers, 354 Stagnation pressure, 132
Propane, 276 Steam engine, 2, 29
Pumping work, 310 Stoichiometry, 76
Purity, 185 Stribeck variable, 289
Stroke, 9
Q Sulphur, 273
Quality, 76, 411 Superchargers, 20, 150
Quenching, 246 Swirl, 175

R T
Radial engine, 17 Temperature
Rapid compression machine, 209 cylinder head, 324
Rayleigh scattering, 215 piston, 324, 330
RCCI combustion, 228 Thermal conductivity, 387
Reformulated gasoline (RFG), 272 Thermal efficiency
Residual fraction Diesel cycle, 36
fuel-air cycle, 113, 116 finite energy release, 46, 120
gas cycle, 81 first law, 15
measurement, 365 limited pressure, 38, 127
two stroke, 190 Miller cycle, 41
valve timing, 147 Otto cycle, 35
Reversion, 341 second law, 107
Reynolds equation, 304 Timing
Reynolds number, 173, 180, 331 CFR engine, 124
Ricardo, H., 5 effect on NOx, 243, 254
Rings, 298 spark, 43, 199, 381
Roots blower, 150 valve, 143
Torque, 10
S Total hydrocarbons (THC), 245
Sampling valve, 366 Trapped air-fuel ratio, 189
Saturation vapor pressure, 72 Trapping efficiency, 190, 373
Scavenging Tumble, 175
analysis, 191 Tuning, 148
configurations, 186 Turbocharger, 20, 150
definition, 8 Turbulence, 5, 180, 254
efficiency, 190 Turbulence models, 184
ratio, 190 Turbulent flame regimes, 202
Second law, 103, 107 Two-stroke engines, 8, 185, 315
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 257
Short circuiting, 9, 190 U
Smoke limit, 249 Ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD), 283
Soot, 249 Unit conversions, 401
Spark ignition
cycles, 6 V
emissions, 246 Valve
performance, 123 choked flow, 133
Specific fuel consumption, 14, 374 curtain area, 134
 Index 459

discharge coefficient, 134 fuel-air cycle, 116

overlap, 43 gas cycle, 58
poppet, 20, 136 speed effect, 12, 146, 149
timing, 143 valve effect, 140, 144
Valve train, 306
Viscosity W
air, 387 Water-gas reaction, 79
combustion gas, 331, 328 Weber number, 173
diesel fuel, 284 Wiebe function, 43
oil, 314 Woschni correlation, 333
Volatility, 270
Volume, 10, 17, 334,379 Z
Volumetric efficiency Zeldovich mechanism, 235
definition, 12