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On the effects of hydrogen addition in premixed

formaldehyde flames

Minye Luo, Dong Liu*

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094,
People's Republic of China

article info abstract

Article history: The influences of hydrogen addition on laminar premixed fuel-rich formaldehyde flames
Received 20 April 2016 at the atmospheric pressure are studied by the detailed kinetic analysis. The chemical
Received in revised form effects of hydrogen addition on flame structures, mole fractions of major species and free
4 July 2016 radicals are distinguished clearly from the dilution and thermal effects. The results show
Accepted 6 July 2016 that the H2 chemical effects can promote the oxidation of formaldehyde and make the
Available online xxx mole fraction profile of formaldehyde move toward the upstream side. The increase of H
radical concentration is mainly due to the chemical effects of hydrogen addition. The re-
Keywords: action OH þ H2 ¼ H þ H2O plays a major role in the productions of H and OH radicals. The
Formaldehyde flames productions of O, HCO and HO2 radicals are enhanced by the H2 chemical effects. However,
Hydrogen addition the hydrogen dilution and thermal effects on decreasing these radicals' concentrations are
Chemical effects more dominant. The mole fractions of CO and CO2 decrease with H2 addition. The H2
Kinetic analysis chemical effects facilitate the formation of CO, but suppress the production of CO2.
© 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

previous studies, they developed a decomposition mechanism

Introduction
Formaldehyde is a significant intermediate species in the
combustion of hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels. Better un-
derstanding of the oxidation kinetics of formaldehyde can
contribute to the hierarchical kinetic mechanisms of hydro-
carbon and oxygenated fuels. Several fundamental combus-
tion studies on formaldehyde under different conditions have
been performed in static reactors [1], flow reactors [2e4] and
shock tubes [5e7] in recent years. Glarborg et al. [8] experi-
mentally studied the oxidation of formaldehyde from fuel-lean
to fuel-rich conditions in a flow reactor, and they proposed
a detailed mechanism for the oxidation of formaldehyde.
Friedrichs et al. [9] investigated the thermal decomposition of
formaldehyde behind shock waves. Based on the results of
with six reactions which was validated by numerous experi-
mental observations in literature. Vandooren et al. [10]
measured the mole fractions of flame species via molecular
beam sampling coupled with mass spectrometric analysis in a
low pressure lean formaldehyde flame. Since formaldehyde
emissions are harmful to human health and are not negligible
in engines, Zhang et al. [11] intensively evaluated the formal-
dehyde emissions of methanol-gasoline blended fuels in spark
ignition engines. Donkerbroek et al. [12] measured the form-
aldehyde concentrations during n-heptane combustion in
diesel engines. The better understanding of the formation and
consumption reaction pathways of formaldehyde which con-
tributes to minimize its emissions is required. The kinetic
model for the combustion of CO, CH2O and CH3OH modified by
Li et al. [13] agreed well with the experimental measurements

* Corresponding author. Fax: þ86 25 84314960.

E-mail address: dongliu@njust.edu.cn (D. Liu).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.046
0360-3199/© 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Luo M, Liu D, On the effects of hydrogen addition in premixed formaldehyde flames, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.046
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in the lean flat CH2O flame. In 2012, Dias et al. [14] extended a
kinetic model of formaldehyde and validated it against several
flames of hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels.
Hydrogen which is generally adopted as a clean fuel or fuel
additive has some good characteristics such as high flame
speed, wide flammability range, high calorific value and low
emissions etc [15]. Many studies have proposed that hydrogen
can be added to hydrocarbon fuels to promote the combustion
efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions [16e25]. Verhelst
et al. [16] proved that hydrogen which was used as a blending
fuel to other fuels could improve the engine efficiency and
emission performances. Akansu et al. [17] found that CO and
CO2 emissions of natural gas-hydrogen mixtures reduced with
increasing hydrogen in internal combustion engines. Ma et al.
[18,19] conducted an experimental study on the effects of
hydrogen addition on spark ignition natural gas engine's
thermal efficiency and emissions. Park et al. [20] studied the
influences of hydrogen addition on soot formation and
oxidation in premixed C2H2 flames. The results showed that
hydrogen slowed the formation of benzene. Due to the
promising application of hydrogen, some studies on ignition
[21], laminar flame speed [22,23], flame instability [24] and
flame structure [25] of hydrogen/methane blended fuels were
also conducted. Researchers numerically investigated the in-
fluences of hydrogen additions on blended fuels in recent
years [26e34]. Luo et al. [26] found that the addition of H2 could
reduce the mole fractions of C2H2 and C3H3 in premixed pri-
mary reference fuels flames. Liu [29] analyzed the chemical
effects of hydrogen addition on premixed laminar low-
pressure dimethyl ether flames. Yan et al. [31] simulated the
combustion characteristics of H2 addition on catalytic micro-
combustion of CH4-air. The results showed that H2 could
shorten the methane ignition time and lower ignition tem-
perature. Wang et al. [33] conducted the rate of production
analysis and analyzed the influences of H2 addition on specific
species in methane flames.
Formaldehyde is a well-known air pollutant and immedi-
ate species in alcohol and hydrocarbon combustion. Hydrogen
which can be used as a fuel additive performs well on
improving engines efficiency and emissions performance.
Since monomer formaldehyde is difficult to be obtained and
measured experimentally, the study on formaldehyde/
hydrogen flames has the important value on methods to
control formaldehyde emissions in hydrocarbon and
oxygenated fuel flames. Whereas, when hydrogen is added,
the mole fraction of fuel changes, and the combustion fea-
tures could be changed as well including the concentrations of
major and intermediate species and radicals. We don't know
these changes are either because of the reduction of reactants'
concentrations, or due to H2 additions. To our best knowledge,
there is very little work on studying formaldehyde/hydrogen
flames and distinguishing the different effects of hydrogen
addition on major species and free radicals of formaldehyde
flames. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analyze the in-
fluences of different levels of hydrogen addition on premixed
laminar fuel-rich formaldehyde flames at atmospheric pres-
sure. The chemical effects of hydrogen addition on formal-
dehyde flames are distinguished and separated from its
dilution and thermal effects.
Kinetic modeling and analysis method
The detailed mechanism we adopted for the CH2O oxidation
and combustion is AramcoMech 1.3 which was developed by
Metcalfe et al. [35]. This mechanism builds on recent work
published from NUI Galways [36e39], and has been validated
against a large array of experimental measurements including
data from shock tubes, flames, jet-stirred and flow reactors.
The mechanism consists of 124 species and 766 reactions.
Moreover, the detailed H2 combustion mechanism is included.
The modified ChemkinII/Premix code [40] is adopted to
simulate accurately the freely propagated premixed laminar
fuel-rich CH2O/H2/Air flames. To keep the adiabatic equilib-
rium, the computing domain ranges from 2.0 cm at the up-
stream to 10.0 cm at the downstream. The initial temperature
and pressure at the upstream are set to 300 K and 1.0 atm. For
better comparisons, the equivalence ratios for all flames keep
the same. Table 1 displays the other detailed flame conditions.
The added hydrogen fraction (RH2) is set as the mole fraction
of H2 in CH2O/H2 fuel blends.
Usually, the chemical, dilution and thermal effects of an
additive occur simultaneously and are intimately coupled. It is
impossible to completely isolate the chemical effects of the
additive from other effects experimentally. In order to sepa-
rate and analyze these effects of hydrogen addition [41] on
CH2O/H2 flames, the following numerical method developed
by Liu et al. [29,32,42] is adopted here. The added H2 is
assumed as normal H2 and fictitious inert H2 (written as F-H2)
to distinguish the chemical effects of H2 addition. F-H2 can be
achieved by modified the original mechanism. Normal reac-
tive H2 can participate in all relevant chemical reactions in
flames as usual. The transport, thermochemical data and the
third-body collision efficiency of fictitious H2 are same with
the normal H2, but F-H2 can't involve in any related chemical

Table 1 e Flame conditions for CH2O/H2 flames at 1.0 atm with equivalence ratios of 1.5(Unit for reactions is mole fractions).
No. RH2 ð%Þ CH2O H2 F-H2 O2 F-O2 Ar
1 0 0.18 / / 0.12 / 0.7
2 5 0.17272729 0.00909091 / 0.11818180 / 0.7
3 5 0.17272729 / 0.00909091 0.11515153 0.00303027 0.7
4 10 0.16530615 0.01836735 / 0.1163265 / 0.7
5 10 0.16530615 / 0.01836735 0.1102041 0.0061224 0.7
6 20 0.15 0.0375 / 0.1125 / 0.7
7 20 0.15 / 0.0375 0.1 0.0125 0.7

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 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e9 3

Fig. 1 e Temperature profiles of CH2O/H2 flames with Fig. 2 e Mole fractions of CH2O with different levels of
different hydrogen additions. hydrogen addition.

reactions. Additionally, in order to bring equivalence ratios of

F-H2 additions into correspondence with those of normal H2
additions, some part of O2 should be separated from the total
O2 that is defined as the fictitious O2 (written as F-O2). F-O2 has
exactly the same transport, thermochemical data and third-
body collision efficiency as normal O2, and can't take part in
related chemical reactions.
Results and discussion
Flame temperatures
of H2 addition on the CH2O oxidation are weaker than the
hydrogen chemical effects.
The main consumption reaction pathway analyses of
CH2O with 0% H2, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additives are shown in
Fig. 3. The sufficient fuel conversion is required to insure that
the major pathways for the consumption of primary prod-
ucts can be observed. The pathways for flames of CH2O with
0% H2, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additives are set at the distance
of 0.403 mm corresponding to a temperature of 1402 K and
76.7% conversion of CH2O, the distance of 0.4 mm corre-
sponding to a temperature of 1431 K and 74.5% conversion of

Fig. 1 depicts the temperature profiles of CH2O/H2 flames with

5%, 10%, 20% H2 and 5%, 10%, 20% F-H2 additions. It is found
that the flame temperatures decrease slightly with the normal
H2 addition. Meanwhile, with the addition of fictitious
hydrogen, the flame temperatures drop largely. The discrep-
ancy between the profiles of 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions
reveals that the chemical effects of hydrogen addition pro-
mote the increase of flame temperatures. Additionally, the
dilution and thermal effects of hydrogen addition make the
temperatures descend significantly from the discrepancy be-
tween profiles of 0% H2 and 20% F-H2 additive. The difference
between temperatures of 0% H2 and 20% H2 additions is due to
the combined effects of H2. It can be seen that the H2 dilution
and thermal effects play the dominant role in the variations of
flame temperatures.

Major species and radicals

The mole fraction profiles of CH2O with different levels of H2

addition are given in Fig. 2. As the fuel component changes,
the initial mole fractions of CH2O decrease with the increase
of H2 addition. It is obviously that the oxidation of CH2O is
promoted and the profiles of CH2O move toward the upstream
side due to the chemical effects of hydrogen addition. How-
ever, the replacement of formaldehyde by fictitious H2 delays
the consumption of CH2O and makes the profiles shift to the
downstream side. Moreover, the dilution and thermal effects
Fig. 3 e CH2O consumption pathway analyses with 0% H2,
20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions. Percentages given in
parentheses are corresponding to the results of 20% H2,
and percentages given in angle brackets are corresponding
to the results of 40% F-H2. Dashed arrows show the main
participating species.

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CH2O, and the distance of 0.448 mm corresponding to a

temperature of 1338 K and 78.8% conversion of CH2O. Under
these conditions, it can be noted clearly that CH2O oxidation
proceeds mainly via H-abstraction to form HCO. The
remnant of formaldehyde is consumed by reacting with OH
radical to produce HCO. Subsequently, the great majority of
HCO converts to CO and a fringe of HCO is oxidized to CO2
directly. Ultimately, CO converts to CO2 mainly by reacting
with OH radical. However, the chemical effects of hydrogen
addition which can be seen from Fig. 2 are not obvious from
reaction pathway analyses in Fig. 3.
The rate of consumption of CH2O with 0%, 20% H2 and 20%
F-H2 additions are shown in Fig. 4. The main reactions
responsible for the consumptions of CH2O include
CH2O þ H ¼ HCO þ H2, CH2O þ OH ¼ HCO þ H2O and
CH2O þ O ¼ HCO þ OH. Obviously, the consumption rates of
formaldehyde are mainly limited by the concentrations of H
and OH radicals. The rates of these reactions with normal
hydrogen addition decrease less than those with F-H2 addi-
tion. The hydrogen chemical effects promote all reaction
rates. Moreover, the profiles of these reactions move toward
the downstream side when CH2O is substituted by fictitious H2
due to the dilution and thermal effects of H2 addition.
From the consumption reactions of CH2O in Fig. 4, it can be
found that H, OH and O radicals play an important role in the
oxidation of CH2O. The mole fraction profiles of free radicals
(H, O, OH, HCO and HO2) with different levels of hydrogen
addition are plotted in the following pictures.
The mole fraction profiles and rate of production of H
radical with different levels of hydrogen addition are dis-
played in Fig. 5. It can be seen in Fig. 5(a) that the H radical
mole fractions increase when real H2 is added, as the
hydrogen chemical effects promote the formation of H
radical. However, the reduction of H concentrations is
observed with the fictitious hydrogen addition due to the
hydrogen dilution and thermal effects. Fig. 5(b) presents the
rate of production of H radical with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 Fig. 5 e (a) Mole fractions of H free radical with different
additive. The dominant reactions responsible for formations levels of hydrogen addition, (b) Rate of production of H free
of H radical are HCO þ M ¼ H þ CO þ M, OH þ H2 ¼ H þ H2O radical with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions.
and O þ H2 ¼ H þ OH. The primary reactions for H radical

consumptions are CH2O þ H ¼ HCO þ H2, HO2 þ H ¼ OH þ

OH and H þ O2 ¼ O þ OH. Special attention is paid to
OH þ H2 ¼ H þ H2O. The rate of it increases when other
reactions’ rates decrease with 20% normal H2 addition. This
characteristic of OH þ H2 ¼ H þ H2O may explain the vari-
ations of H radical mole fractions in Fig. 5(a). The H2 chem-
ical effects accelerate the H radical production rate. The
rates of formation and consumption of H radical decrease
and the reaction profiles shift to the downstream side with
20% F-H2 addition due to the hydrogen dilution and thermal
effects.
Fig. 6(a) exhibits the mole fractions of O radical in CH2O/H2
flames with different levels of hydrogen addition. The peak
mole fractions of O radical decrease slightly with the addition
of H2. Similarly, the addition of fictitious H2 makes the O
radical mole fractions descend larger due to the dilution and
thermal effects of H2 addition. The chemical effects of
Fig. 4 e Rate of production of CH2O with 0%, 20% H2 and hydrogen addition facilitate the formation of O radical, but are
20% F-H2 additions. not dominant.

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Fig. 6 e (a) Mole fractions of O radical with different levels

of hydrogen addition, (b) Rate of production of O radical Fig. 7 e (a) Mole fractions of OH radical with different levels
with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions. of hydrogen addition, (b) Rate of production of OH radical
with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions.

The rate of production of O radical with 0%, 20% H2 and 20%
F-H2 additions are illustrated in Fig. 6(b). The main reaction
responsible for O radical formation is H þ O2 ¼ O þ OH. The
dominant reactions for O radical consumptions are
O þ H2 ¼ H þ OH and CH2O þ O ¼ HCO þ OH. When 20%
normal H2 is added, a slightly rise of the reaction rate of
O þ H2 ¼ H þ OH is observed. While other reaction rates of O
radical decrease with 20% H2 addition. This phenomenon may
account for O radical mole fractions decrease in Fig. 6(a).
When formaldehyde is substituted by F-H2, the hydrogen
dilution and thermal effects decrease the formation and
consumption rates of O radical and make the reaction profiles
shift to the downstream side.
The mole fraction profiles and the rate of production of OH
radical in CH2O/H2 flames with different levels of hydrogen
addition are shown in Fig. 7. It is noted that the mole fractions
of OH radical decrease as H2 or F-H2 is incrementally blended.
This behavior is more distinct in the F-H2 doped flames. The
dilution and thermal effects of hydrogen addition decrease
the OH mole fractions. On the contrary, the H2 chemical
effects promote the formation of OH. The combined effects
make the OH radical mole fractions reduced.
Fig. 7(b) illustrates the rate of production of OH radical with
0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additive. The primary reactions
responsible for OH radical formations are HO2 þ H ¼ OH þ OH,
H þ O2 ¼ O þ OH and O þ H2 ¼ H þ OH. The main reactions for
OH radical consumptions are CH2O þ OH ¼ HCO þ H2O,
OH þ H2 ¼ H þ H2O and CO þ OH ¼ CO2 þ H. Especially, there is
an evident increase of rate of OH þ H2 ¼ H þ H2O with 20% H2
addition. That accelerates the consumption of OH radical.
Meanwhile, the 20% H2 additive makes other reactions rates of
OH radical dropped slightly. It may explain the decline of mole
fractions of OH radical with 20% H2 addition. The rates of all
reactions decrease and the profiles shift to the downstream
side with 20% F-H2 addition due to the dilution and thermal
effects of H2.
Fig. 8(a) gives the mole fraction profiles of HCO radical with
0%, 5%, 10%, 20% H2 and 5%, 10%, 20% F-H2 additions. It is

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Fig. 8 e (a) Mole fractions of HCO radical with different Fig. 9 e (a) Mole fractions of HO2 radical with different
levels of hydrogen addition, (b) Rate of production of HCO levels of hydrogen addition, (b) Rate of production of HO2
radical with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions. radical with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions.

noted that the addition of normal hydrogen makes the mole
fractions of HCO diminish and the profiles move toward the
upstream side. When F-H2 substitutes normal H2 correspond-
ingly, the peak value of HCO mole fraction reduces sharply and
the profiles shift to the downstream side due to the dilution and
thermal effects of hydrogen addition. The difference between
the HCO mole fraction profiles of 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 addi-
tions reveals that the H2 chemical effects facilitate the forma-
tion of HCO. Furthermore, the dilution and thermal effects of
hydrogen addition are more significant than the chemical
effects of H2 addition. The overall mole fractions of HCO
decrease. Fig. 8(b) presents the rate of production of HCO
radical with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions. The main re-
actions responsible for HCO formations are
CH2O þ H ¼ HCO þ H2, CH2O þ OH ¼ HCO þ H2O. The dominant
reactions for HCO consumptions are HCO þ O2 ¼ CO þ HO2,
HCO þ M ¼ H þ CO þ M and HCO þ H ¼ CO þ H2. With the
addition of 20% H2, the profiles of HCO þ O2 ¼ CO þ HO2 and
CH2O þ OH ¼ HCO þ H2O shift to the upstream side, and the
rate of HCO þ H ¼ CO þ H2 increases slightly and impels the
decomposition of HCO.
The mole fraction profiles of HO2 with different levels of
hydrogen addition are plotted in Fig. 9(a). HO2 concentrations
decrease with the replacement of formaldehyde by hydrogen.
The influences of fictitious H2 on HO2 are similar with those of
H2 addition. The chemical effects of H2 addition promote the
formation of HO2 radical. The hydrogen dilution and thermal
effects which reduce the concentrations of HO2 are more
dominant than the H2 chemical effects. Fig. 9(b) presents the
rate of production of HO2 with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 ad-
ditions. The primary reaction responsible for HO2 formation is
HCO þ O2 ¼ CO þ HO2. The major reactions for HO2 con-
sumptions are HO2 þ HO2 ¼ H2O2 þ O2, HO2 þ H ¼ OH þ OH and
H2 þ O2 ¼ H þ HO2. It can be seen clearly that the rate of
HO2 þ H ¼ OH þ OH increases with 20% H2 addition. It accel-
erates the consumption of HO2 while other reaction rates of
HO2 decrease. Moreover, the profiles of these reaction rates of
HO2 descend largely and move toward the downstream side

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Fig. 10 e (a) Mole fractions of CO with different levels of
hydrogen addition, (b) Rate of production of CO with 0%,
20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions.
with 20% F-H2 addition due to the dilution and thermal effects
of hydrogen addition.
CO and CO2 are the major species of formaldehyde flames
which can be seen from Fig. 3. The mole fraction profiles and the
rate production of CO with different levels of hydrogen addition
are demonstrated in Fig. 10. When the real hydrogen is added,
the peak mole fractions of CO diminish due to the combined
effects. Meanwhile, with the replacement of formaldehyde by F-
H2, the CO mole fractions decrease sharply and the profiles shift
to the downstream side due to the hydrogen dilution and ther-
mal effects. The chemical effects of hydrogen promote the for-
mation of CO but are not dominant. Fig. 10(b) exhibits the rate of
production of CO with 0%, 20% H2 and 20% F-H2 additions.
Obviously, the main reactions for CO formations are
HCO þ M ¼ H þ CO þ M, HCO þ O2 ¼ CO þ HO2, HCO þ H ¼ CO þ H2
and HCO þ OH ¼ CO þ H2O. The dominant reaction responsible
for consumption of CO is CO þ OH ¼ CO2 þ H. The consumption
reaction rate of CO lags behind its production rate, which is
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7
Fig. 11 e Mole fractions of CO2 with different levels of
hydrogen addition.
responsible for the descents of peak value of CO mole fractions
in Fig. 10(a). The rate of HCO þ H ¼ CO þ H2 increases slightly
with 20% H2 addition while other reaction rates reduce more
significantly. It may explain the discrepancy of mole fraction
profiles of CO between 0% H2 and 20% H2 additions in Fig. 10(a).
Fig. 11 gives the mole fraction profiles of CO2 with 0%, 5%,
10%, 20% H2 and 5%, 10%, 20% F-H2 additions. It can be seen
that the addition of real hydrogen can reduce the concentra-
tions of CO2, and the influences of F-H2 addition on CO2 are
similar with those of H2 addition. Comparison of the differ-
ences among CO2 mole fraction profiles with 0%, 20% H2 and
20% F-H2 additions reveals that the dilution and thermal ef-
fects of hydrogen addition can reduce the CO2 mole fractions,
whereas the chemical effects which have the same influence
on CO2 are dominant.
Conclusion
The influences of hydrogen addition on laminar premixed
fuel-rich formaldehyde flames at atmospheric pressure are
studied by the detailed kinetic analysis. The chemical effects
of hydrogen addition on flame structures, mole fraction pro-
files of major species and free radicals are distinguished
clearly from the dilution and thermal effects. The main con-
sequences are listed as follows:
(a) The chemical effects of hydrogen promote the oxidation
of formaldehyde and make the mole fraction profiles of
formaldehyde move toward the upstream side.
(b) The mole fractions of H radical increase due to the
chemical effects of hydrogen addition. Whereas, the OH
mole fractions reduce with the normal hydrogen addi-
tion. It is possible that the reaction OH þ H2¼H þ H2O
account for the variations of H and OH radicals.
(c) The chemical effects of hydrogen addition facilitate the
production of O, OH, HCO and HO2 radicals.
8 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 6 ) 1 e9
Nevertheless, the hydrogen dilution and thermal effects
on suppressing the formation of these radicals are more
dominant than the chemical effects. Consequently, the
mole fractions of these radicals decrease with normal
hydrogen addition.
(d) Although, the mole fractions of CO and CO2 decrease
with the increasingly added hydrogen. The chemical
effects of hydrogen addition accelerate the generation
of CO, but suppress the formation of CO2.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Natural
Science Foundation of China (BK20140034, BK20130758), the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51576100,
51306091) and the Jiangsu Provincial Project of “Six Talent
Summit” (2014-XNY-002).
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Please cite this article in press as: Luo M, Liu D, On the effects of hydrogen addition in premixed formaldehyde flames, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.046