Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The driving force for diffusion is

You correctly answered: b. the kinetic energy of the molecules in motion.

2. In diffusion, molecules move

You correctly answered: a. from high concentration to low concentration.

3. Which of the following dialysis membranes has the largest pore size?
You correctly answered: d. 200 MWCO

4. Avogadro's number is a constant for the number of

You correctly answered: b. molecules.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: The molecular weight of urea is 60.07. Do you think urea will diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane?
Your answer : c. No, not at all.

Predict Question 2: Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids, and the average
molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole.

Which of the following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane?
Your answer : c. glucose only

Stop & Think Questions:

The reason sodium chloride didn't diffuse left to right is that
You correctly answered: c. the membrane pore size was too small.

Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average molecular weight of a single amino
acid is 135 g/mole. There is no reason to run these solutes at the 20 MWCO because
You correctly answered: d. glucose and albumin are both too large to pass.

The rate of diffusion for urea

You correctly answered: b. is slower than that for sodium because urea is a larger molecule.

Experiment Data:

Solute MWCO Solute Concentration Average Diffusion Rate

Na+ Cl- 20 9.00 0.0000
Urea 20 9.00 0.0000
Na+ Cl- 50 9.00 0.0150
Na+ Cl- 50 18.00 0.0300
Na+ Cl- 100 9.00 0.0150
Urea 100 9.00 0.0094
Glucose 200 9.00 0.0040
Albumin 200 9.00 0.0000

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the left beaker was to
You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of diffusion.

2. Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea.
You correctly answered: c. Urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium.

3. Which of the following solutes did not pass through any of the membranes?
You correctly answered: b. albumin

4. When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reached

You correctly answered: a. equilibrium.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion.
Your answer:
La superficie de la membrana: cuanto mayor es la superficie de la membrana, más moléculas pueden difundirse a través
de ella por unidad de tiempo. Un ejemplo de cómo un cambio de superficie afecta la difusión es la enfermedad pulmonar
llamada efisema. A medida que se destruye el tejido pulmonar disminuye la superficie disponible para la difusión del
oxígeno. En consecuencia, menos cantidad de oxígeno puede ingresar al organismo.
El grosor de la membrana: Cuanto más gruesa sea la membrana, más lenta será la velocidad a la cual ocurre la difusión.
En la mayoría de membranas biológicas, el espesor es esencialmente constante. Sin embargo, la distancia de difusión
entra en juego en determinadas condiciones pulmonares en las que el epitelio de intercambio del pulmón esta engrosado
por tejido cicatrizal. Esto retrasa la difusión de manera tal que el oxígeno que ingresa al organismo no resulta adecuado
para las necesidades metabólicas

2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
El peso molecular de un soluto se correlaciona estrechamente con su tamaño. Como es en este caso, la membrana
impedirá (parcial o completamente) el paso de los solutos cuando su tamaño molecular se aproxime y exceda el tamaño de
los poros de la membrana.

3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La respuesta a esta pregunta radica en el concepto de peso molecular; el de la glucosa es 180,15g/mol, de la albumina
67000g/mol. Cuanto mayor sea el peso molecular de un soluto, menor será su tasa de transporte a través de una
Membrana semipermeable. Las razones que lo explican se relacionan con la velocidad y el tamaño.
Las partículas de albumina al exceder o aproximarse al tamaño de los poros de la membrana, será casi imposible que se
dé la difusión.

4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea.
Your answer:
Cloruro de sodio (58,44g/mol), urea (60,06g/mol), glucosa (180,15g/mol), albúmina (67000g/mol).

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Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane because
You correctly answered: d. they are lipid insoluble or they are too large.

2. Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion?

You correctly answered: c. Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient.

3. Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include

You correctly answered: d. all of the above.

4. Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion?
You correctly answered: a. the amount of intracellular ATP

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers will have on the glucose transport
rate?
Your answer : b. The glucose transport rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What effect do you think adding Na+ Cl- will have on the glucose transport rate?
Your answer : c. There will be no change in the glucose transport rate.

Stop & Think Questions:

What happened to the glucose transport rate when the glucose concentration was increased from 2 mM to
8 mM?
You correctly answered: a. The glucose transport rate increased.

Describe the conditions that resulted in the fastest rate of glucose transport.
You correctly answered: d. 700 glucose carrier proteins and 8 mM glucose

Why do you think equilibrium wasn't reached?

You correctly answered: b. The membrane proteins were saturated.

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute Start Conc. L Start Conc. R Carriers Rate

1 Glucose 2.00 0.00 500 0.0008
2 Glucose 8.00 0.00 500 0.0023
3 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010
4 Glucose 8.00 0.00 700 0.0031
5 Glucose 10.00 0.00 100 0.0017#
6 Na+ Cl- 0.00 2.00 700 0.0042
6 Glucose 2.00 0.00 700 0.0010

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. What variable(s) increased the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose?

You correctly answered: d. both a and b

2. For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is the same as
You correctly answered: b. making the concentration gradient steeper

3. When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are
You correctly answered: a. saturated.

4. Na+ Cl- had no effect on glucose transport because

You correctly answered: b. sodium is not required for glucose transport in the simulation.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it is different from
simple diffusion.
Your answer:
Por difusión simple se intercambian sustancias disueltas de muy bajo peso molecular, cuanto menor tamaño molecular y
mayor carácter hidrófobo, mejor difunde una sustancia a través de la membrana. Va a favor de la gradiente de
concentraciones.

Mientras que por difusión facilitada, las sustancias que atraviesan la membrana requieren la mediación de proteínas que
las reconocen específicamente y permiten su paso sin que lleguen a tomar contacto directo con los lípidos hidrofóbicos.
Este tipo de transporte al igual que la difusión facilitada, va a favor de la gradiente de concentraciones.

2. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose
transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La difusión facilitada es saturable, pues los transportadores en la membrana van ocupándose progresivamente hasta que
no queda ninguno libre y no pueden transportarse más moleculas.
En este tipo de difusión el flujo de llega a una velocidad máxima cuando todos los transportadores están ocupados. Y es
por esto que al haber una mayor cantidad de transportadores, la difusion se da con mayor velocidad.

3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked
the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Porque la difusión del NaCl se da a través de la difusión simple y no necesita proteínas transportadoras de membrana. En
cambio la glucosa, su difusión, se da a través de difusión facilitada y requiere de proteínas transportadores de membrana.
Es por eso que al agregarle NaCl, no se altera en nada la velocidad de transporte de glucosa. Los resultados demuestran
que la predicción hecha fue correcta.

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Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following is true of osmosis?

You correctly answered: c. It is a type of diffusion.

2. Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells?

You correctly answered: d. The cells shrink.

3. The variable that affects osmotic pressure is

You correctly answered: a. the concentration of nondiffusing solutes.

4. The net movement of water would be into the cell in a

You correctly answered: b. hypotonic solution.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration will have?
Your answer : b. decreased pressure

Predict Question 2: What do you think will be the pressure result of the current experimental conditions?
Your answer : b. pressure above the right beaker

Stop & Think Questions:

Why do you think there is no pressure change?
You correctly answered: b. Sodium is able to diffuse through the pores.

Why do you think there was no pressure change?

You correctly answered: c. There is no net movement of water because the solute concentrations are the same.

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute MWCO Start Conc. L Pres. L Start Conc. R Pres. R Rate
1 Na+ Cl- 20 5.00 170 0.00 0 0.0000
2 Na+ Cl- 20 10.00 340 0.00 0 0.0000
3 Na+ Cl- 50 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.0167
4 Glucose 100 8.00 136 0.00 0 0.0000
5 Glucose 100 8.00 0 8.00 0 0.0000
6 Glucose 200 8.00 0 0.00 0 0.0036
7 Albumin 200 9.00 153 0.00 0 0.0000
Glucose 200 0.00 153 10.00 0 0.0044

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. If you double the concentration of a nondiffusible solute that is on one side of a membrane, the osmotic pressure will
You correctly answered: c. double.

2. Which membrane did not allow Na+ Cl- to pass through?

You correctly answered: a. 20 MWCO

3. When a solute is able to diffuse through a membrane

You correctly answered: b. equilibrium is reached.

4. Water diffuses
You correctly answered: c. toward solutes.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl- concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well
did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:

El comportamiento de la presión osmótica varía de acuerdo a la concentración del medio, si el medio posee pocos solutos
entonces su presión osmótica será pequeña y ésta se incrementará conforme aumente la concentración de solutos.

Al momento que el agua quiera pasar por la membrana hacia el recipiente de Na+ Cl- se genera una presión en este,
gracias a esta acción habrá un desplazamiento por parte del Na+ Cl-. Y si se le aumenta el soluto, se genera una mayor
presión que la que había cuando no habia un incremento de soluto.

2. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different.
Your answer:
Tanto la difusión como la ósmosis involucran una sustancia que se mueve de un área de mayor concentración a otra de
menor concentración, lo que ocurre a través de una membrana semipermeable.
La difusión simple no solo ayuda al traspaso de agua, tambien lo hace con gases disueltos o moléculas liposolubles a
través de la bicapa de fosfolípidos de una membrana.
Por otro lado, la ósmosis es la difusión solo de agua a través de una membrana con permeabilidad diferencial, es decir una
membrana que es más permeable al agua que a los solutos disueltos.

3. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, “Water chases milliosmoles.”
Your answer:
El enunciado anterior nos habla a cerca de las unidades de la osmolaridad.
La osmolaridad es la concentración molecular de todas las partículas osmóticamente activas contenidas en una solución.
La osmolaridad se expresa en osmoles (o en miliosmoles) por litro de solvente.

4. The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO
membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
En la osmosis el movimiento neto de agua siempre se da hacia la región de mayor concentracion de solutos, o sea de
menor concentración de agua.
En este caso, al haber una mayor concentracion de glucosa en el beaker de la derecha, al entrar el agua proveniente del
otro beaker se generara una mayor presión osmótica.

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Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 4: Simulating Filtration Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Filtration is a process that

You correctly answered: c. is passive.

2. Filtration is dependent upon a

You correctly answered: b. hydrostatic pressure gradient.

3. The filtrate
You correctly answered: d. All of these answers are correct.

4. An important place that filtration takes place in the body is in

You correctly answered: d. the kidneys.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect will increasing the pore size of the filter have on the filtration rate?
Your answer : c. The filtration rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen if you increase the pressure above the beaker (the driving pressure)?
Your answer : c. The filtration rate will increase, and the concentration of the solutes in the filtrate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

The reason none of the solutes were present in the filtrate was that
You correctly answered: b. the solutes were all too large to pass through.

What does an increase in the driving pressure correspond to in the body?

You correctly answered: d. an increase in blood pressure

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute MWCO Pressure Filter Rate Residue Start Conc. Filter Conc.
1 Na+ Cl- 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.00
1 Urea 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.00
1 Glucose 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.00
1 Powdered Charcoal 20 50 1.00 present 5.00 0.00
2 Na+ Cl- 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 4.81
2 Urea 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 0.00
2 Glucose 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 0.00
2 Powdered Charcoal 50 50 2.50 present 5.00 0.00
3 Na+ Cl- 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 4.81
3 Urea 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 4.74
3 Glucose 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 4.34
3 Powdered Charcoal 200 50 10.00 present 5.00 0.00
4 Na+ Cl- 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 4.81
4 Urea 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 4.74
4 Glucose 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 4.34
4 Powdered Charcoal 200 100 20.00 present 5.00 0.00

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. After filtration, substances that pass through the filter are called the filtrate, which includes
You correctly answered: d. all of the above.

2. The top beaker in the simulation corresponds to

You correctly answered: a. the blood capillary.

3. Why was there not 100% recovery of the Na+ Cl- solute with any of the membranes?
You correctly answered: c. Some of the solute remained on the membrane filter.

4. An increase in blood pressure would probably initially __________ filtration in the kidneys.
You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your
statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al haber un aumento en el diámetro de los poros, el soluto podrá pasar fácilmente por la membrana y esto conlleva a que
el desplazamiento sea una mayor velocidad y un menor tiempo

2. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why.
Your answer:
El soluto que no se filtró con ninguna membrana es el carbón vegetal en polvo.
Se podría decir que no se dio la filtración porque el tamaño de las partículas excedían al tamaño de los poros de la
membrana.

3. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
El aumento de presión conlleva a un aumento significativo del caudal o velocidad de filtración, este es un indicio de la
formación de una torta granulada. Esta torta está compuesta de las partículas que se acumulan sobre el filtro, de esta
manera se formara como una barrera el cual no dejara pasar a las demás partículas y por ende no habrá variación en la
concentracion del filtrado.

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Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 5: Simulating Active Transport Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The movement of sodium and potassium maintained by the Na+ -K+ pump
You correctly answered: e. requires energy and is against a concentration gradient.

2. The sodium-potassium pump is classified as a(n)

You correctly answered: a. antiporter.

3. The sodium-potassium pump moves _____ sodium ions and _____ potassium ions simultaneously.
You correctly answered: b. 3, 2

4. Solutes that require active transport for movement might be too large to pass or might be
You correctly answered: a. lipid insoluble.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What do you think will result from these experimental conditions?
Your answer : c. No Na+ will be transported.

Predict Question 2: Do you think the addition of glucose carriers will affect the transport of sodium or potassium?
Your answer : d. No, it will not affect the transport of either ion.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why did the sodium transport stop before the transport was completed?
You correctly answered: c. The ATP was depleted.

Why was the equilibrium for the solutes reached earlier?

You correctly answered: c. There were more pumps for transport.

Experiment Data:

Run Number Solute ATP Start Conc. L Start Conc. Pumps Carriers Rate
R
1 Na+ Cl- 1.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.0270
1 K+ Cl- 1.00 0.00 6.00 500 --- 0.0180
2 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.0000
2 K+ Cl- 3.00 0.00 6.00 500 --- 0.0000
3 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.0000
4 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 800 --- 0.0083
4 K+ Cl- 3.00 0.00 6.00 800 --- 0.0056
5 Na+ Cl- 3.00 9.00 0.00 500 --- 0.0083
5 K+ Cl- 3.00 0.00 6.00 800 --- 0.0056
5 Glucose --- 0.00 10.00 --- 400 0.0046#

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. What happened when you increased the amount of ATP dispensed with the same concentration of sodium and
potassium on either side of the membrane?
You correctly answered: b. More ions were transported.

2. At what concentration of ATP were the sodium and potassium maximally transported?
You correctly answered: d. 3 mM ATP

3. What was the effect of adding more Na+ -K+ pumps to the simulated cell?
You correctly answered: a. Transport of the ions was faster.

4. Describe the effect of adding glucose carriers to the sodium and potassium transport.
You correctly answered: c. There was no change in the transport rate because glucose is transported independently.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell,
instead of other concentration ratios.
Your answer:
Estas concentraciones son las indicadas porque permite mantener la estequiometria de tres cationes de sodio
expulsándolos fuera de la célula por dos cationes de potasio al interior de ella. De esta forma se genera una separación de
cargas y una diferencia de potencial, tambien se mantiene baja la concentracion intracelular de Na y alta la concentracion
intracelular de K.

2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
La hidrolisis del ATP da el impulso de la fuerza para que se inicie la bomba Na-K, por el hecho que haya cierta
concentración no se puede decir con seguridad que se dé la bomba Na-K; ya que si no hay suficiente ATP no se llevara a
cabo el proceso.

3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
El transporte de Na y K no se vio afectado por las proteínas transportadoras por el hecho de que estos iones pasan a
través de la bomba Na-K ATPasa y en contra de la gradiente. En cambio la glucosa lo hace por difusión facilitada(a favor
de la gradiente), y solo usa proteínas transportadoras.

4. Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your
answer.
Your answer:
Como se pudo observar en el experimento, al momento de realizarse el transporte de glucosa no se necesitó ATP ya que
pasa a través de la membrana por difusion facilitada y no se necesitaron bombas pero si proteínas transportadoras.

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