Equivalent SDOF Systems to

Simulate MDOF System Behavior

Erol Kalkan

PEER-
PEER-GMSM, Berkeley Aug-
Aug-21 2006

How to find equivalent SDOF

systems via Pushover analysis:

MDOF system seismic behavior can be approximated with
certain accuracy by equivalent SDOF systems whose
properties are computed by conducting pushover analyses.

Base Shear

∆
Capacity Curve
Plastic Hinge Development

A sequence of a typical pushover analysis

PEER GMSM 2

1
 Pushover Curve

is a plot of base shear versus roof
displacement

shows nonlinear behavior of the building

is usually idealized by bilinear curve

is strongly dependent on the shape of
loading vector

Note that global yield point not the same as
first local yield point

PEER GMSM 3

Typical Pushover (Capacity) Curve

Global Yielding Point

PEER GMSM 4

2
Equivalent inelastic single-degree-
of-freedom (SDF) system
Force-displacement relation of SDF system is determined
from pushover curve (base shear-roof displacement)

Assumptions

The response of the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDF) structure

can be related to the response of an equivalent SDF system,
implying that the response is controlled by a single mode and
this mode shape remains unchanged even after yielding
occurs

The invariant lateral force distribution can represent and

bound the distribution of inertia forces during an earthquake

Modal responses are assumed to be uncoupled similar to

elastic case.

PEER GMSM 5

Understanding Modal Patterns

The dynamic load can be expressed in terms of a spatial
distribution (independent of time) & a time-varying function:
.. .
m u&&+
mu u& ++ f s (u ) = p f f (t )
+ ccu
p f = ∑ p n = ∑ Γn mΦn
For a given response spectrum, resulting forces at level ‘i’ for
mode ‘j’
Fij = Γ j mi Φij S a ( j )

Select which modes are being considered:

> for low to mid-rise: 1st 2 modes
> for taller structures: 1st 3 or 4 modes

PEER GMSM 6

3
 Height-wise load distributions (sn = mφn)

6 3.00 1.136 6 0.63

5 3.51 5
0.67 5-0.25

4 2.94 -0.41 4 -0.82 4

3 2.28 -1.08 3 3-0.31

2 1.55 -1.25 2 2 0.52

1 0.96 -0.96 1 1 0.72

0 0.00 0.000 0 0.00

s1 = mφ1 s2 = mφ2 s3 = mφ3

Invariant modal load vectors for 6-story building

PEER GMSM 7

Converting Capacity Curves to

Capacity Spectrum in ADRS format
The smooth capacity curve is idealized by bi-linear curve by
the assumption that area (energy) underneath both curves
becomes the same.

MDOF system Level Backbone curve of ESDOF system

PEER GMSM 8

4
Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Determine mode shapes φn and frequencies.

2. Perform pushover analysis using mφn as force pattern

3. Idealize pushover curve and determine properties of

equivalent inelastic SDF system: Fsn(y)/Ln and Dn(y)

4. Calculate D(t), Dno (initial assumption in pushover).

5. The same procedure is applied for the other modes.

Note: The procedure is not always converge.

PEER GMSM 9

Performance Assessment based

on ESDOF systems
ESDOF systems are the fundamentals of current
performance evaluation methods including:

ATC-40 Capacity Spectrum Method (Relies on first mode

response only)

FEMA-440 (Modified version of Displacement Coefficient Method)

MPA or Modified MPA (Multi-Modal Pushover Method)

In all these methods, the primary objective is the accurate prediction of

the target displacement to be used in the pushover analysis. On the
other hand there common limitation is the use of invariant load vectors.
vectors
These methods in general effective in predicting the seismic response if
the structure is mostly behave in first mode. If there is significant higher
mode contributions,
contributions they tend to underestimate the enhanced demands
at mid and upper story levels.

PEER GMSM 10

5
Case Study: 6-Story Building
 Ground motion record used is the Kobe JMA record which has
distinct forward directivity pulse in the velocity time series.

Step-1: Determine mode shapes φn and frequencies.

6 6 6

5 5 5

4 4 4
Storey Level

Storey Level

Storey Level
3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

1st Mode 2nd Mode 3rd Mode

0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Elastic Modes
6-Story Building Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3
Modal Periods (sec), Tn 1.39 0.51 0.31
Modal Participation Factors, Γn 2.58 0.96 0.46
PEER GMSM Mass Participation Factors, αn 0.85 0.12 0.03 11

Step 2. Perform pushover analysis using mφn as force pattern

6 3.00 1.136 6 0.63

5 3.51 5
0.67 5-0.25

4 2.94 -0.41 4 -0.82 4

3 2.28 -1.08 3 3-0.31

2 1.55 -1.25 2 2 0.52

1 0.96 -0.96 1 1 0.72

0 0.00 0.000 0 0.00

PEER GMSM 12

6
Step-3: Idealize pushover curve and determine properties of
equivalent inelastic SDF system: Fsn(y)/Ln and Dn(y)

150 160
140
130 140
120
110
120

Fsn/Ln = Sa
100
100
Base Shear

90
80 80
70
60 60
50
40
40
30
20
20
10 0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 0 5 10 15 20
Roof Displacement (inch), urn Dn = Sd

MDOF System Capacity Curve ESDOF System Capacity Spectrum

By computing the yield displacement and yield force and also post yield
stiffness ratio, one can conduct inelastic SDOF analysis using the acceleration
time-series to find the target spectral displacement (D0n).

Step-4:

PEER GMSM 13

ESDOF and MDOF Peak Displacement

Values and Resultant Response Profiles

ESDOF system Don values: 12.6, 5.0, 1.6 inches for first, second and
third modes.

Corresponding MDOF target displacement values (urno) are obtained as:
16.8, 2.5, 0.8 inches for first, second and third modes pushover
analyses.
6 MPA 6 6
NTH

5 5 5

4 4 4
Story Level

3 3 3

2 2 2
Target Drift

1 1 1

0 0 0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 2 4 6 8 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
Interstory Drift Ratio Ductility Roof Drift Ratio

PEER GMSM 14