SEQUENCE

AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew SEQUENCE AND SERIES

Jenber

Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
By
types of
sequence
-Convergence Dagnachew Jenber
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
convergent series
-Non negative
term series MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
March 4, 2018
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

1 / 87
 Outline

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew 1 Sequence and Series

Jenber
-Definition and types of sequence
Sequence and -Convergence properties of sequence
Series
-Definition and
types of
-Definition of infinite series
sequence
-Convergence
-Convergence and divergence, properties of convergent
properties of
sequence series
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
-Non negative term series
and divergence,
properties of -Alternating series and alternating series test
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Absolute and conditional convergence
-Alternating
series and -Generalized convergence tests
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

2 / 87
 Sequence and Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Definition: A sequence is a function whose domain is the set
Sequence and
Series of all integers greater than or equal to a given integer.
-Definition and
types of
sequence
Specifically, we will regard the expression {an }∞ n=1 to be an
-Convergence
properties of
alterenative notation for the function
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence f (n) = an , n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
.
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

3 / 87
 Sequence and Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew
1
Jenber 1 The function f defined for each integer n ≥ 1 by f (n) = n
Sequence and is a sequence which is usually displayed as
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

4 / 87
 Sequence and Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew
1
Jenber 1 The function f defined for each integer n ≥ 1 by f (n) = n
Sequence and is a sequence which is usually displayed as
Series
-Definition and
types of 1 1 1
sequence 1, , , · · · , , · · ·
-Convergence
properties of 2 3 n
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

4 / 87
 Sequence and Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew
1
Jenber 1 The function f defined for each integer n ≥ 1 by f (n) = n
Sequence and is a sequence which is usually displayed as
Series
-Definition and
types of 1 1 1
sequence 1, , , · · · , , · · ·
-Convergence
properties of 2 3 n
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
1
and divergence,
properties of 2 Since 0! = 1, the function g defined by g (n) = n! for each
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
integer n ≥ 0 is the sequence
-Alternating
series and
alternating series 1 1 1
test 1, 1, , , · · · , , · · · ,
-Absolute and
conditional 2 6 n!
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

4 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Definition : A sequence {sn } is said to be convergent, and
By to converge to s, where s is a number, if
Dagnachew
Jenber
lim sn = s
n→∞
Sequence and that is, if corresponding to each positive number  there is an
Series
-Definition and integer N such that whenever n ≥ N, then |sn − s| < . If
types of
sequence
-Convergence
a sequence is not convergent, then the sequence is said to be
properties of
sequence divergent.
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

5 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Definition : A sequence {sn } is said to be convergent, and
By to converge to s, where s is a number, if
Dagnachew
Jenber
lim sn = s
n→∞
Sequence and that is, if corresponding to each positive number  there is an
Series
-Definition and integer N such that whenever n ≥ N, then |sn − s| < . If
types of
sequence
-Convergence
a sequence is not convergent, then the sequence is said to be
properties of
sequence divergent.
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
Definition: A sequence {sn } is said to diverge to +∞ if
properties of
convergent series corresponding to each positive number G there is an integer
-Non negative
term series N such that whenever n ≥ N, then sn > G and the limit
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
notation
test
-Absolute and lim sn = +∞
conditional n→∞
convergence
-Generalized
convergence is used eventhough this means that the limit does not exist.
tests
A similar definition is given for divergence of a sequence5 to
/ 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew 3n ∞
Jenber 1 The sequence defined by { n−1 }n=2 is convergent, and
converges to 3, since
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

6 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew 3n ∞
Jenber 1 The sequence defined by { n−1 }n=2 is convergent, and
converges to 3, since
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and 3n
types of lim =3
sequence
-Convergence
n→∞ n−1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

6 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew 3n ∞
Jenber 1 The sequence defined by { n−1 }n=2 is convergent, and
converges to 3, since
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and 3n
types of lim =3
sequence
-Convergence
n→∞ n−1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, 2 The sequence 1, −1, 1, −1, · · · , (−1)n , · · · is divergent and
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
is typical of sequences which are said to oscillate.
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

6 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew 3n ∞
Jenber 1 The sequence defined by { n−1 }n=2 is convergent, and
converges to 3, since
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and 3n
types of lim =3
sequence
-Convergence
n→∞ n−1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, 2 The sequence 1, −1, 1, −1, · · · , (−1)n , · · · is divergent and
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
is typical of sequences which are said to oscillate.
term series
-Alternating
series and
3 The sequence 1, 2, 4, · · · , 2n , · · · , diverges to +∞.
alternating series
test However,the sequence, 1, −2, 4, · · · , (−2)n , · · · diverges,
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
but neither to +∞ nor to −∞.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

6 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Theorem
Sequence and If {sn } and {tn } are convergent sequences and c is a number,
Series
-Definition and
then
types of
sequence
-Convergence
1 limn→∞ csn = c limn→∞ sn
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

7 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Theorem
Sequence and If {sn } and {tn } are convergent sequences and c is a number,
Series
-Definition and
then
types of
sequence
-Convergence
1 limn→∞ csn = c limn→∞ sn
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
2 limn→∞ (sn ± tn ) = limn→∞ sn ± limn→∞ tn
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

7 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Theorem
Sequence and If {sn } and {tn } are convergent sequences and c is a number,
Series
-Definition and
then
types of
sequence
-Convergence
1 limn→∞ csn = c limn→∞ sn
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
2 limn→∞ (sn ± tn ) = limn→∞ sn ± limn→∞ tn
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
3 limn→∞ (sn tn ) = limn→∞ sn limn→∞ tn
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

7 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Theorem
Sequence and If {sn } and {tn } are convergent sequences and c is a number,
Series
-Definition and
then
types of
sequence
-Convergence
1 limn→∞ csn = c limn→∞ sn
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
2 limn→∞ (sn ± tn ) = limn→∞ sn ± limn→∞ tn
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
3 limn→∞ (sn tn ) = limn→∞ sn limn→∞ tn
properties of
sn limn→∞ sn
convergent series
-Non negative
4 limn→∞ tn = limn→∞ tn provided that limn→∞ tn 6= 0
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

7 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Theorem
Dagnachew A sequence converges to a limit L if and only if the sequences
Jenber
of even-numbered terms and odd-numbered terms both
Sequence and
Series
converge to L.
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence Example
properties of
sequence

The sequence 12 , 31 , 212 , 312 , 213 , 313 , · · · converges to 0, since

-Definition of
infinite series 1
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of the even-numbered terms and the odd-numbered terms
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
both converge to 0.
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

8 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Theorem
Dagnachew A sequence converges to a limit L if and only if the sequences
Jenber
of even-numbered terms and odd-numbered terms both
Sequence and
Series
converge to L.
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence Example
properties of
sequence

The sequence 12 , 31 , 212 , 312 , 213 , 313 , · · · converges to 0, since

-Definition of
infinite series 1
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of the even-numbered terms and the odd-numbered terms
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
both converge to 0.
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
2 The sequence 1, 12 , 1, 13 , 1, 41 , · · · diverges, since the
test
-Absolute and
odd-numbered terms converge to 1 and the
conditional
convergence even-numbered terms converge to 0.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

8 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Theorem
Jenber
(The Squeezing Theorem For Sequences)
Sequence and
Series
Let {an }, {bn }, and {cn } be sequences such that
-Definition and
types of
an ≤ bn ≤ cn (for all values of n beyound some index N)
sequence
-Convergence
If the sequences {an } and {cn } have common limit L as
properties of
sequence n → ∞, then {bn } also has limit L as n → ∞.
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
Example
-Non negative
n!
term series
-Alternating
Using Squeezing theorem evaluate the limit of an = nn as
series and
alternating series n → ∞.
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

9 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence
Solution:

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
limn→∞ n! ∞
By lim an = n
=
n→∞ limn→∞ n ∞
Dagnachew
Jenber Although this is an indeterminate form of type ∞ ∞ , L’hôpital’s
Sequence and rule is not helpful because we have no definition of x! for
Series
-Definition and
values of x that are not integers. However, let us write out
types of
sequence some of the initial terms and the general term in the sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence 1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3. · · · .n
-Definition of a1 = 1, a2 = , a3 = , · · · , an = ,···
infinite series
-Convergence
2.2 3.3.3 n.n.n. · · · .n
and divergence,
properties of we can rewrite the general term as
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

10 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence
Solution:

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
limn→∞ n! ∞
By lim an = n
=
n→∞ limn→∞ n ∞
Dagnachew
Jenber Although this is an indeterminate form of type ∞ ∞ , L’hôpital’s
Sequence and rule is not helpful because we have no definition of x! for
Series
-Definition and
values of x that are not integers. However, let us write out
types of
sequence some of the initial terms and the general term in the sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence 1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3. · · · .n
-Definition of a1 = 1, a2 = , a3 = , · · · , an = ,···
infinite series
-Convergence
2.2 3.3.3 n.n.n. · · · .n
and divergence,
properties of we can rewrite the general term as
convergent series  
-Non negative
term series 1 2.3. · · · .n
-Alternating an =
series and
alternating series
n n.n. · · · .n
test
-Absolute and
conditional from which it is evident that 0 ≤ an ≤ n1 . However, the two
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
outside expressions have alimit 0 as n → ∞: thus, the
tests
squeezing theorem for sequence implies that an → 0 as
10 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Theorem
By
If limn→∞ |an | = 0, then limn→∞ an = 0
Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Example
Series
-Definition and Consider the sequence, 1, − 12 , 212 , − 213 , · · · , (−1)n 21n , · · ·
types of
sequence
-Convergence
If we take the absolute value of each term, we obtain the
properties of
sequence sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

11 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Theorem
By
If limn→∞ |an | = 0, then limn→∞ an = 0
Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Example
Series
-Definition and Consider the sequence, 1, − 12 , 212 , − 213 , · · · , (−1)n 21n , · · ·
types of
sequence
-Convergence
If we take the absolute value of each term, we obtain the
properties of
sequence sequence
-Definition of
infinite series 1 1 1 1
-Convergence 1, , 2 , 3 , · · · , n , · · ·
and divergence,
properties of
2 2 2 2
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
which converges to 0. Thus from the above theorem we have
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

11 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Theorem
By
If limn→∞ |an | = 0, then limn→∞ an = 0
Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Example
Series
-Definition and Consider the sequence, 1, − 12 , 212 , − 213 , · · · , (−1)n 21n , · · ·
types of
sequence
-Convergence
If we take the absolute value of each term, we obtain the
properties of
sequence sequence
-Definition of
infinite series 1 1 1 1
-Convergence 1, , 2 , 3 , · · · , n , · · ·
and divergence,
properties of
2 2 2 2
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
which converges to 0. Thus from the above theorem we have
-Alternating
series and  
alternating series
n 1
test
-Absolute and
lim (−1) n = 0
conditional n→∞ 2
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

11 / 87
 Monotone Sequence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Definition: A sequence {an }∞

n=1 is called
Jenber
• Strictly increasing if
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

12 / 87
 Monotone Sequence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Definition: A sequence {an }∞

n=1 is called
Jenber
• Strictly increasing if a1 < a2 < · · · < an < an+1 < · · ·
Sequence and
Series • Increasing if
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

12 / 87
 Monotone Sequence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Definition: A sequence {an }∞

n=1 is called
Jenber
• Strictly increasing if a1 < a2 < · · · < an < an+1 < · · ·
Sequence and
Series • Increasing if a1 ≤ a2 ≤ · · · ≤ an ≤ an+1 ≤ · · ·
-Definition and
types of
sequence • Strictly decreasing if
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

12 / 87
 Monotone Sequence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Definition: A sequence {an }∞

n=1 is called
Jenber
• Strictly increasing if a1 < a2 < · · · < an < an+1 < · · ·
Sequence and
Series • Increasing if a1 ≤ a2 ≤ · · · ≤ an ≤ an+1 ≤ · · ·
-Definition and
types of
sequence • Strictly decreasing ifa1 > a2 > · · · > an > an+1 > · · ·
-Convergence
properties of
sequence • Decreasing if
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

12 / 87
 Monotone Sequence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Definition: A sequence {an }∞

n=1 is called
Jenber
• Strictly increasing if a1 < a2 < · · · < an < an+1 < · · ·
Sequence and
Series • Increasing if a1 ≤ a2 ≤ · · · ≤ an ≤ an+1 ≤ · · ·
-Definition and
types of
sequence • Strictly decreasing ifa1 > a2 > · · · > an > an+1 > · · ·
-Convergence
properties of
sequence • Decreasing if a1 ≥ a2 ≥ a3 ≥ · · · ≥ an ≥ an+1 ≥ · · ·
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
A sequence that is either strictly increasing or strictly
convergent series
-Non negative decreasing is called strictly monotone, and a sequence that
term series
-Alternating
series and
is either increasing or decreasing is called monotone.
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

12 / 87
 Monotone Sequence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By

Dagnachew
Jenber Sequence Description
1 2 3 n
Sequence and , , ,···
2 3 4
, n+1
,··· Strictly increasing
Series
1 1 1
-Definition and
types of
1, , ,···
2 3
, n
,··· Strictly decreasing
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, · · · , Increasing: not Strictly increasing
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
1, 1, 12 , 12 , 31 , 13 , · · · Decreasing: not strictly decreasing
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of 1, − 12 , 13 , − 14 , · · · , (−1)n+1 n1 , · · · Neither increasing nor decreasing
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test The first and second sequences are strictly monotone, and the
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
third and fourth sequences are monotone but not strictly mono-
-Generalized
convergence tone. The fifth sequence is not monotone.
tests

13 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES In order for a sequence to be strictly increasing, all pairs
By
of successive terms, an and an+1 , must satisfy, an < an+1
Dagnachew
Jenber
or, equivalently, an+1 − an > 0. More generally, monotone
sequences can be classified as follows:
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and Differnce between successive Terms Classification
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
an+1 − an > 0 Strictly increasing
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
an+1 − an ≥ 0 Increasing
-Convergence
and divergence, an+1 − an < 0 Strictly decreasing
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative an+1 − an ≤ 0 Decreasing
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
Example
conditional
convergence
-Generalized Show that 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is strictly increasing sequence.
convergence
tests

14 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By The pattern of the initial terms suggests that the sequence
Dagnachew is strictly increasing. To prove that this is so, let
Jenber

Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

15 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By The pattern of the initial terms suggests that the sequence
Dagnachew is strictly increasing. To prove that this is so, let
Jenber
n
an =
Sequence and n+1
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

15 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By The pattern of the initial terms suggests that the sequence
Dagnachew is strictly increasing. To prove that this is so, let
Jenber
n
an =
Sequence and n+1
Series
-Definition and
types of
we can obtain an+1 by replacing n by n + 1 in this formula.
sequence
-Convergence This yields
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

15 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By The pattern of the initial terms suggests that the sequence
Dagnachew is strictly increasing. To prove that this is so, let
Jenber
n
an =
Sequence and n+1
Series
-Definition and
types of
we can obtain an+1 by replacing n by n + 1 in this formula.
sequence
-Convergence This yields
properties of
sequence n+1 n+1
-Definition of an+1 = =
infinite series
-Convergence
(n + 1) + 1 n+2
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

15 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By The pattern of the initial terms suggests that the sequence
Dagnachew is strictly increasing. To prove that this is so, let
Jenber
n
an =
Sequence and n+1
Series
-Definition and
types of
we can obtain an+1 by replacing n by n + 1 in this formula.
sequence
-Convergence This yields
properties of
sequence n+1 n+1
-Definition of an+1 = =
infinite series
-Convergence
(n + 1) + 1 n+2
and divergence,
properties of Thus, for n ≥ 1.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series n+1 n n2 + 2n + 1 − n2 − 2n
-Alternating an+1 − an = − =
series and
alternating series n+2 n+1 (n + 1)(n + 2)
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

15 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By The pattern of the initial terms suggests that the sequence
Dagnachew is strictly increasing. To prove that this is so, let
Jenber
n
an =
Sequence and n+1
Series
-Definition and
types of
we can obtain an+1 by replacing n by n + 1 in this formula.
sequence
-Convergence This yields
properties of
sequence n+1 n+1
-Definition of an+1 = =
infinite series
-Convergence
(n + 1) + 1 n+2
and divergence,
properties of Thus, for n ≥ 1.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series n+1 n n2 + 2n + 1 − n2 − 2n
-Alternating an+1 − an = − =
series and
alternating series n+2 n+1 (n + 1)(n + 2)
test
-Absolute and
conditional 1
convergence
-Generalized
= >0
convergence (n + 1)(n + 2)
tests
which proves that the sequence is strictly increasing. 15 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
If an and an+1 are any successive terms in a strictly increasing
By

Dagnachew
sequence, then an < an+1 . If the terms in the sequence are all
Jenber positive, then we can divide both sides of this inequality by an
Sequence and to obtain 1 < aan+1
n
or, equivalently, aan+1
n
> 1. More generally,
Series
-Definition and
monotone sequences with positive terms can be classified as
types of
sequence follows:
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
Ratio of successive terms Conclusion
-Convergence
and divergence, an+1
properties of an
>1 Strictly increasing
convergent series
-Non negative an+1
term series an
≥1 Increasing
-Alternating
series and an+1
alternating series
an
<1 Strictly decreasing
test
-Absolute and an+1
conditional
convergence an
≤1 Decreasing
-Generalized
convergence
tests

16 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Show that 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is strictly increasing sequence
by examining the ratio of successive terms.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

17 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Show that 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is strictly increasing sequence
by examining the ratio of successive terms.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
Solution.
sequence n n+1
-Convergence Since an = n+1 and an+1 = n+2 . Thus
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

17 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Show that 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is strictly increasing sequence
by examining the ratio of successive terms.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
Solution.
sequence n n+1
-Convergence Since an = n+1 and an+1 = n+2 . Thus
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
an+1 (n + 1)/(n + 2) n+1 n+1 n2 + 2n + 1
-Convergence
and divergence, = = . = [∗]
properties of
convergent series
an n/(n + 1) n+2 n n2 + 2n
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

17 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Show that 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is strictly increasing sequence
by examining the ratio of successive terms.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
Solution.
sequence n n+1
-Convergence Since an = n+1 and an+1 = n+2 . Thus
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
an+1 (n + 1)/(n + 2) n+1 n+1 n2 + 2n + 1
-Convergence
and divergence, = = . = [∗]
properties of
convergent series
an n/(n + 1) n+2 n n2 + 2n
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
Since the numerator in [∗] exceeds the denominator, and it
alternating series
test follows that aan+1
n
> 1 for n ≥ 1.
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

17 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Show that 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is strictly increasing sequence
by examining the ratio of successive terms.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
Solution.
sequence n n+1
-Convergence Since an = n+1 and an+1 = n+2 . Thus
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
an+1 (n + 1)/(n + 2) n+1 n+1 n2 + 2n + 1
-Convergence
and divergence, = = . = [∗]
properties of
convergent series
an n/(n + 1) n+2 n n2 + 2n
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
Since the numerator in [∗] exceeds the denominator, and it
alternating series
test follows that aan+1
n
> 1 for n ≥ 1. This proves that the
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
sequence is strictly increasing.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

17 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Still there is a third technique for determining whether the
Dagnachew
Jenber sequence is strictly monotone, which is, if f (n) = an is the nth
Sequence and
term of a sequence, and if f is differentiable for x ≥ 1, then
Series
-Definition and
we have the following results:
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
Derivative of f (x) for x ≥ 1 Conclusion for the sequence with f (n) = an
-Definition of
infinite series f 0 (x) >0 Strictly increasing
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
f 0 (x) <0 Strictly decreasing
-Non negative
term series f 0 (x) ≥ 0 Increasing
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
f 0 (x) ≤ 0 Decreasing
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

18 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By
Previously we proved that the sequence 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is
Dagnachew
Jenber strictly increasing by considering the differnce and ratio of
Sequence and
successive terms. Alternatively, we can proceed as follows.
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

19 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By
Previously we proved that the sequence 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is
Dagnachew
Jenber strictly increasing by considering the differnce and ratio of
Sequence and
successive terms. Alternatively, we can proceed as follows.Let
Series
-Definition and x
types of f (x) =
sequence
-Convergence
x +1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series So that the nth term in the given sequence is an = f (n). The
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
function f is increasing for x ≥ 1 since
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

19 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By
Previously we proved that the sequence 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is
Dagnachew
Jenber strictly increasing by considering the differnce and ratio of
Sequence and
successive terms. Alternatively, we can proceed as follows.Let
Series
-Definition and x
types of f (x) =
sequence
-Convergence
x +1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series So that the nth term in the given sequence is an = f (n). The
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
function f is increasing for x ≥ 1 since
convergent series
-Non negative
term series (x + 1)(1) − (1)(x) 1
-Alternating f 0 (x) = 2
= >0
series and
alternating series (x + 1) (x + 1)2
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

19 / 87
 Testing For Monotonicity

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By
Previously we proved that the sequence 12 , 32 , 34 , · · · , n+1
n
, · · · is
Dagnachew
Jenber strictly increasing by considering the differnce and ratio of
Sequence and
successive terms. Alternatively, we can proceed as follows.Let
Series
-Definition and x
types of f (x) =
sequence
-Convergence
x +1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series So that the nth term in the given sequence is an = f (n). The
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
function f is increasing for x ≥ 1 since
convergent series
-Non negative
term series (x + 1)(1) − (1)(x) 1
-Alternating f 0 (x) = 2
= >0
series and
alternating series (x + 1) (x + 1)2
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence Thus an = f (n) < f (n + 1) = an+1 which proves that the given
-Generalized
convergence
tests
sequence is strictly increasing.
19 / 87
 Properties That Hold Eventually

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Definition : If discarding finitely many terms from the begin-
Sequence and
Series ning of a sequence produces a sequence with a certain prop-
-Definition and
types of erty, then the original sequence is said to have that property
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
eventually.
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series Example
-Convergence  ∞
and divergence,
10n
properties of
convergent series Show that n! is eventually strictly decreasing.
-Non negative
term series n=1
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

20 / 87
 Properties That Hold Eventually

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Solution.
10n 10n+1
Jenber We have an = n! and an+1 = (n+1)! . So
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

21 / 87
 Properties That Hold Eventually

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Solution.
10n 10n+1
Jenber We have an = n! and an+1 = (n+1)! . So
Sequence and
Series
an+1 10n+1 /(n + 1)!
-Definition and
types of =
sequence
-Convergence
an 10n /n!
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

21 / 87
 Properties That Hold Eventually

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Solution.
10n 10n+1
Jenber We have an = n! and an+1 = (n+1)! . So
Sequence and
Series
an+1 10n+1 /(n + 1)!
-Definition and
types of =
sequence
-Convergence
an 10n /n!
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series 10n+1 n! 10n! 10
-Convergence = = = [∗]
and divergence,
properties of 10n (n + 1)! (n + 1)n! n+1
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

21 / 87
 Properties That Hold Eventually

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Solution.
10n 10n+1
Jenber We have an = n! and an+1 = (n+1)! . So
Sequence and
Series
an+1 10n+1 /(n + 1)!
-Definition and
types of =
sequence
-Convergence
an 10n /n!
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series 10n+1 n! 10n! 10
-Convergence = = = [∗]
and divergence,
properties of 10n (n + 1)! (n + 1)n! n+1
convergent series

From [∗], aan+1

-Non negative
term series
n
< 1 for all n ≥ 10, so the sequence is
-Alternating
series and
alternating series eventually strictly decreasing.
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

21 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Theorem
Sequence and
If k is a number and {un } is a sequence such that both
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
u1 ≤ u2 ≤ u3 ≤ ... ≤ un ≤ ... and un ≤ k
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
then the sequence {un } is convergent and limn→∞ un ≤ k
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of The theorem above is sometimes stated: If a sequence is
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
monotonically increasing and is bounded above, then the
-Alternating
series and
sequence is convergent.
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

22 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew It follows that if a sequence is monotonically decreasing and

Jenber
bounded below, then the sequence is convergent.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

23 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew It follows that if a sequence is monotonically decreasing and

Jenber
bounded below, then the sequence is convergent. For if
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
b1 ≥ b2 ≥ b3 ≥ · · · ≥ bn ≥ · · · ≥ λ,
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
then −b1 ≤ −b2 ≤ −b3 ≤ · · · ≤ −bn ≤ · · · ≤ −λ, so that
-Definition of
infinite series
limn→∞ (−bn ) exists. But
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series − lim (−bn ) = −(−1) lim bn = lim bn
-Non negative n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
.
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

23 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Show that the sequence {sn } defined by
1
Sequence and
s0 = 0!
Series
1 1
-Definition and
types of
s1 = 0! + 1!
sequence
1 1 1
-Convergence
properties of s2 = 0! + 1! + 2!
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series ···
-Convergence
and divergence,
1 1 1 1
properties of
convergent series sn = 0! + 1! + 2! + ··· + n!
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating ···
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
is a convergent sequence.
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

24 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Solution.
Dagnachew
Jenber
Since each term is the preceeding term increased by a
Sequence and
Series positive number, we have
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

25 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Solution.
Dagnachew
Jenber
Since each term is the preceeding term increased by a
Sequence and
Series positive number, we have s0 < s1 < · · · < sn < · · · . Note that
1 1
-Definition and
types of k! = 1.2.3. · · · .k ≥ 2k−1 and thus k! ≤ 2k−1 . Consequently
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

25 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Solution.
Dagnachew
Jenber
Since each term is the preceeding term increased by a
Sequence and
Series positive number, we have s0 < s1 < · · · < sn < · · · . Note that
1 1
-Definition and
types of k! = 1.2.3. · · · .k ≥ 2k−1 and thus k! ≤ 2k−1 . Consequently
sequence
-Convergence
properties of  
sequence 1 1 1 1
-Definition of
infinite series
sn ≤ 1 + 1 + + 2 + · · · + n−1 = 2 + 1 − n−1 < 3.
-Convergence 2 2 2 2
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

25 / 87
 Convergence and Divergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Solution.
Dagnachew
Jenber
Since each term is the preceeding term increased by a
Sequence and
Series positive number, we have s0 < s1 < · · · < sn < · · · . Note that
1 1
-Definition and
types of k! = 1.2.3. · · · .k ≥ 2k−1 and thus k! ≤ 2k−1 . Consequently
sequence
-Convergence
properties of  
sequence 1 1 1 1
-Definition of
infinite series
sn ≤ 1 + 1 + + 2 + · · · + n−1 = 2 + 1 − n−1 < 3.
-Convergence 2 2 2 2
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative Thus we have a monotonically increasing sequence bounded
term series
-Alternating
series and
above. Hence, by the theorem above, limn→∞ sn exists;
alternating series
test i.e.,the sequence is convergent.
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

25 / 87
 Series Of Numbers

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Definition: If {un } is a sequence of numbers, then
By

Dagnachew u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un + ...

Jenber

Sequence and is called a series (or an infinite series) and is also represented
Series
-Definition and by
types of ∞ ∞
sequence X X
-Convergence
properties of un or uk
sequence
-Definition of n=1 k=1
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, It is sometimes convenient to have the first term of a series
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
associated with zero and to write
term series
-Alternating
series and
∞
X ∞
X
alternating series
test un or uk
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
n=0 k=0
-Generalized
convergence
tests

26 / 87
 Sequence Of Partial Sums

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Definition: Given a series
Dagnachew
Jenber
u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un + · · · (1)
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
form the sequence {sn } (called the sequence of partial sums)
sequence
-Convergence
by writing:
properties of
sequence s1 = u1
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
s2 = u1 + u2
and divergence,
properties of s3 = u1 + u2 + u3
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
···
sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un = nk=1 uk
-Alternating
P
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
···
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

27 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew If this sequence {sn } is convergent, then we say the series (1)
Jenber
is convergent.
Sequence and
Series
Also, if this sequence {sn } converges to l, we set
-Definition and
types of
sequence
∞
X
-Convergence
properties of l = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un + ... = un
sequence
-Definition of n=1
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of and say that the sum of the series is l. If a series is not
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
convergent, we say the series is divergent, and attach no
-Alternating
series and number to the series.
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

28 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Example
Dagnachew
Jenber
Determine whether the series

Sequence and
Series
1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · · + (−1)n + · · ·
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
converges or diverges. If it converges, find the sum.
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
Solution.
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series It is tempting to conclude that the sum of the series is zero
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
by arguing that the positive and negative terms cancel one
series and
alternating series another. However, this is not correct; the problem is that
test
-Absolute and
conditional
algebraic operations that hold for finite sums do not carry
convergence
-Generalized
over to infinite series in all cases.
convergence
tests

29 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber
s1 = 1
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber
s1 = 1
Sequence and s2 = 1 − 1 = 0
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber
s1 = 1
Sequence and s2 = 1 − 1 = 0
Series
-Definition and
types of
s3 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 1
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber
s1 = 1
Sequence and s2 = 1 − 1 = 0
Series
-Definition and
types of
s3 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 1
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
s4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber
s1 = 1
Sequence and s2 = 1 − 1 = 0
Series
-Definition and
types of
s3 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 1
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
s4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and so forth. Thus, the sequence of partial sums is
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, · · ·
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
The partial sums are
Dagnachew
Jenber
s1 = 1
Sequence and s2 = 1 − 1 = 0
Series
-Definition and
types of
s3 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 1
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
s4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 0
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and so forth. Thus, the sequence of partial sums is
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, · · ·
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
Since this is a divergent sequence, the given series diverges
-Absolute and
conditional and consequently has no sum.
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

30 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By

Dagnachew
Determine whether the series
Jenber
∞
X 1 1 1 1 1
Sequence and = + + + + ···
Series k(k + 1) 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
-Definition and k=1
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of converges or diverges. If it converges, find the sum.
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence Solution.
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
The nth partial sum of the series is
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

31 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By

Dagnachew
Determine whether the series
Jenber
∞
X 1 1 1 1 1
Sequence and = + + + + ···
Series k(k + 1) 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
-Definition and k=1
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of converges or diverges. If it converges, find the sum.
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence Solution.
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
The nth partial sum of the series is
term series
-Alternating
series and n
alternating series
X 1 1 1 1 1 1
test sn = = + + + + ··· +
-Absolute and
conditional k(k + 1) 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 n(n + 1)
convergence k=1
-Generalized
convergence
tests

31 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By To calculate limn→∞ sn , we will rewrite sn in closed form.

Dagnachew
Jenber
This can be accomplished by using the method of partial
fractions to obtain(verify)
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

32 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By To calculate limn→∞ sn , we will rewrite sn in closed form.

Dagnachew
Jenber
This can be accomplished by using the method of partial
fractions to obtain(verify)
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and 1 1 1
types of
sequence
= −
-Convergence k(k + 1) k k +1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

32 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By To calculate limn→∞ sn , we will rewrite sn in closed form.

Dagnachew
Jenber
This can be accomplished by using the method of partial
fractions to obtain(verify)
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and 1 1 1
types of
sequence
= −
-Convergence k(k + 1) k k +1
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series from which we obtain the telescopic sum
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of n  
convergent series X 1 1
-Non negative
term series sn = −
-Alternating k k +1
series and k=1
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

32 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By        
Dagnachew 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Jenber = 1− + − + − + ··· + −
2 2 3 3 4 n n+1
Sequence and
Series
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-Definition and
types of = 1+ − + + − + +···+ − + −
sequence
-Convergence
2 2 3 3 n n n+1
properties of
sequence 1
-Definition of
infinite series =1−
-Convergence n+1
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series So
-Non negative
term series
∞  
-Alternating
series and
X 1 1
alternating series = lim sn = lim 1 − =1
test
-Absolute and
k(k + 1) n→∞ n→∞ n+1
conditional k=1
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

33 / 87
 Geometric Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Definition. (Geometric Series)
Dagnachew
Jenber
In many series, each term is obtained by multiplying the
Sequence and preceeding term by some fixed constant.
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence Thus, if the initial term of the series is a and each term is
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
obtained by multiplying the precedeeing term by r , then the
-Definition of
infinite series
series has the form
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
∞
X
convergent series
-Non negative ar k = a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + · · · + ar k + · · · (a 6= 0)
term series
-Alternating k=0
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and such series are called geometric series, and the number r is
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
called the ratio for the series.
convergence
tests

34 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Geometric Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Theorem
Dagnachew
Jenber
A geometric series
Sequence and ∞
X
Series
-Definition and
ar k = a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + · · · + ar k + · · · (a 6= 0)
types of
sequence k=0
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
converges if |r | < 1 and diverges if |r | ≥ 1.
infinite series
-Convergence If the series converges then, the sum is
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
∞
-Non negative X a
term series
-Alternating ar k =
series and 1−r
alternating series
test
k=0
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

35 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Geometric Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber The series
Sequence and ∞
Series
X 5 5 5 5 5
-Definition and k
= 5 + + 2 + 3 + ··· + k + ···
types of 4 4 4 4 4
sequence k=0
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
is a geometric series with a = 5 and r = 14 . Since |r | = 1
4 < 1,
-Convergence
and divergence,
the series converges and the sum is
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
a 5 20
-Alternating = 1
=
series and
alternating series
1−r 1− 4
3
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

36 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Geometric Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew Find the rational number represented by the repeating decimal

Jenber
0.784784784 · · · .
Sequence and
Series Solution:
-Definition and
types of
sequence We can write
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
0.784784784 · · · = 0.784 + 0.000784 + 0.000000784 + · · ·
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series so the given decimal is the sum of a geometric series with
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
a = 0.784 and r = 0.001. Thus
series and
alternating series
test a 0.784 0.784 784
-Absolute and 0.784784784 · · · = = = = .
conditional
convergence 1−r 1 − 0.001 0.999 999
-Generalized
convergence
tests

37 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Geometric Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Example
Sequence and
Series
In each part, determine whether the series converges, and if so
-Definition and
types of
find its sum
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence P∞ 2k 1−k .
-Definition of
infinite series
1 k=1 3 5
-Convergence
and divergence, P∞ k.
k=0 x
properties of
convergent series 2
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

38 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Of Geometric Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By 1 This is a geometric series in a concealed form, since we
Dagnachew can write it as
Jenber
∞ ∞ ∞  k−1
X X 9k X 9
Sequence and 32k 51−k = = 9
Series 51−k 5
-Definition and k=1 k=1 k=1
types of
sequence
9
-Convergence
properties of
Since r = > 1, the series diverges.
5
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
2 The expanded form of the series is
-Convergence
and divergence, ∞
X
xk = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xk + · · ·
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
k=0
series and
alternating series
test The series is a geometric series with a = 1 and r = x, so
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
it converges if |x| < 1 and diverges
P∞ kotherwise. When the
1
-Generalized
convergence
series converges its sum is, k=0 x = 1−x .
tests

39 / 87
 Algebraic Properties Of Infinite Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Theorem
By
P P P
1 If
Dagnachew
Jenber P uk and vk are convergent, then (uk + vk ) and
(uk − vk ) are convergent and the sums of these series
Sequence and
Series
are related by
-Definition and
types of ∞ ∞ ∞
sequence X X X
-Convergence
properties of (uk + vk ) = uk + vk
sequence
-Definition of k=1 k=1 k=1
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, ∞ ∞ ∞
properties of X X X
convergent series
-Non negative
(uk − vk ) = uk − vk
term series
-Alternating k=1 k=1 k=1
series and
alternating series P
test 2 If
Pc is a non-zero constant, then the series uk and
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence cuk both converge or both diverge.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

40 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Theorem
P
Sequence and If the series uk converges, then limk → ∞uk = 0.
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence Test-1. (The Divergence Test)
-Convergence
properties of
sequence P
-Definition of
infinite series
1 If limn→∞ uk 6= 0, then the series uk diverges.
-Convergence P
and divergence,
properties of
2 If limn→∞ uk = 0, then the series uk may either
convergent series
-Non negative converge or diverge.
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

41 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Example
Dagnachew
Jenber
 
Sequence and π
Series 1 + 0 − 1 + 1 + 0 − 1 + 1 + 0 − 1 + · · · + sin n + ···
-Definition and
types of
2
sequence
-Convergence  
properties of
sequence
-Definition of diverges, since limn→ ∞ sin n π2 does not exist, whereas
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series 1 2 3 n
-Non negative
term series
+ + + ··· + + ···
-Alternating 2 3 4 n+1
series and
alternating series
n
test
-Absolute and
diverges, since limn→∞ n+1 = 1 6= 0.
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

42 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Test-2.
Sequence and
P
Series If un is a series of positive terms and N is a positive
-Definition and
types of integer such that
sequence
-Convergence
properties of un+1
sequence
-Definition of
≥ 1 whenever n ≥ N,
infinite series un
-Convergence
and divergence, P
properties of
convergent series then un diverges.
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

43 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Example
Dagnachew Show that
Jenber

1 2 6 n!
Sequence and
Series
+ + + ··· + n + ···
-Definition and
10 100 1000 10
types of
sequence
-Convergence diverges
properties of
sequence
-Definition of n!
infinite series Solution. Upon letting un = 10n , we have
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series un+1 (n + 1)! 10n n+1
-Non negative
term series = n+1
. =
-Alternating un 10 n! 10
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and , which is greater than 1 whenever n > 10. Thus the series
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
diverges by Test-2.
convergence
tests

44 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Test-3.(Integral Test)
Sequence and Let f be a continuous positive decreasing function defined
Series
-Definition and
for x ≥ n0 (n0 an integer) and let an = f (n). Then for
types of
sequence
-Convergence ∞ Z ∞
properties of
X
sequence
-Definition of
ak and f (x)dx
infinite series
k=n0 n0
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative the series converges if and only if the improper integral
term series
-Alternating
series and
exists.
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

45 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Example
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
Use the integral test to determine whether the following series
types of
sequence converge or diverge.
-Convergence
properties of P∞ 1
sequence 1 k=1 k
-Definition of
infinite series P∞ 1
-Convergence
and divergence,
2 k=1 k 2
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

46 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Solution.
Dagnachew
Jenber 1 If we replace k by x in the general term k1 , we obtain the
Sequence and
function f (x) = x1 , which is decreasing and continuous
Series for x ≥ 1 (as required to apply the integral test). Since
-Definition and
types of
sequence Z +∞ Z
-Convergence 1 1
properties of
sequence dx = lim 1t dx
-Definition of
infinite series
1 x t→+∞ x
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
= lim [ln(t) − ln(1)] = +∞
t→+∞
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
the integral diverges and consequently so does the
alternating series
test series.
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

47 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew 2 If we replace k by x in the general term k12 , which is

Jenber
decreasing and continuous for x ≥ 1. Since
Sequence and
Series Z +∞ Z t
1 1
-Definition and
types of
2
dx = lim dx
sequence
1 x t→+infty 1 x 2
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
1 t
-Definition of
 
infinite series
-Convergence = lim − =1
and divergence,
properties of
t→+∞ x 1
convergent series
-Non negative
term series the integral converges and consequently the series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
converges by the integral test.
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

48 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Corollary (to Test-3.) (The p-series Test)
Series
-Definition and
types of ∞
sequence X 1 1 1
-Convergence
properties of p
= 1 + p + p + ···
sequence k 2 3
-Definition of k=1
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, converges if p > 1 and diverges 0 < p ≤ 1.
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

49 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and Example

Series
-Definition and
types of
The series
sequence 1 1 1
-Convergence
properties of
1+ √
3
+√
3
+ ··· + √
3
+ ···
sequence 2 3 k
-Definition of
infinite series 1
-Convergence diverges since it is a p−series with p = 3 < 1.
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

50 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Test-4. (The Ratio Test)
Jenber P
Let un be a series of positive terms such that
Sequence and
Series
un+1
-Definition and
types of p = lim exists
sequence n→∞ un
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of Then
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, 1 If p < 1 the series converges.
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative 2 If p > 1, or p = ∞, the series diverges.
term series
-Alternating
series and 3 If p = 1 there is no conclusion.
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

51 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Example
By

Dagnachew Show that

Jenber

1003 1004 100n

Sequence and
Series
100 + 5000 + + + ··· + + ···
-Definition and
3! 4! n!
types of
sequence
-Convergence is converges
properties of
sequence
-Definition of 100n 100n+1
infinite series Solution. Since un = n! and un+1 = (n+1)! , we see that
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
un+1 100
-Non negative
term series =
-Alternating
series and
un n+1
alternating series
test
100
-Absolute and
conditional
Consequently limn→∞ n+1 = 0 < 1, and thus the series
convergence
-Generalized converges.
convergence
tests

52 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Example
Dagnachew
Jenber Establish the divergence of the series
Sequence and
Series 1 8 1 2n
-Definition and 2+ + + + ··· + 3 + ···
types of
sequence
2 27 4 n
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series Solution. We compute
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of 3
2n+1 n3

convergent series un+1 n
-Non negative
term series lim = lim = lim 2 =2>1
-Alternating n→∞ un n→∞ (n + 1)3 2n n→∞ n+1
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
, and thus see that the series is divergent.
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

53 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Example
By
Is the following series convergent or divergent?
Dagnachew
Jenber
1 2 3 n
Sequence and
+ + + ··· + + ···
Series
3 5 7 2n + 1
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of Solution. The ratio test yields
sequence
-Definition of un+1
infinite series lim =1
-Convergence
and divergence,
n→∞ un
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
and from this(p = 1) there is no conclusion as to the
term series
-Alternating convergence or divergence of the series. Notice, however,
series and
alternating series
test that
-Absolute and n 1
conditional
convergence
lim un = lim =
-Generalized
n→∞ n→∞ 2n + 1 2
convergence
tests which is not 0, and thus (by test 1) the series is divergent.
54 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Example
Dagnachew
Jenber
Use the ratio test to determine whether the following series
Sequence and converge or diverge.
Series P∞ 1
-Definition and
types of
1 k=1 k!
sequence
-Convergence
P∞ k
properties of 2 k=1 2k
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
P∞ kK
-Convergence 3 k=1 k!
and divergence,
properties of P∞
convergent series (2k)!
-Non negative 4 k=1
term series 4k
-Alternating P∞
series and 1
alternating series 5 k=1 2k−1
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

55 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Corrollary (to Test-4)
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and If for each integer n, un 6= 0 and if
types of
sequence
-Convergence un+1
properties of
sequence lim | |<1
-Definition of n→∞ un
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of then limn→∞ un = 0.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

56 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Example
Dagnachew
Jenber
Show that
n100
lim =0
Sequence and n→∞ (1.0001)n
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
Solution.
sequence
-Definition of 100
(n + 1)100 (1.0001)n

infinite series n+1 1
-Convergence
lim . = lim
n→∞ (1.0001)n+1 n100
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
n→∞ n 1.0001
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
1
alternating series = <1
test
-Absolute and
1.0001
conditional
convergence , therefore the stated result follows from the corollary.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

57 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Test-5. (The Root Test)
Dagnachew
Jenber P
Let un be a series of positive terms such that
Sequence and
Series √ 1
-Definition and p = lim n
un = lim (un ) n exists
types of n→∞ n→∞
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence Then
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence 1 If p < 1 the series converges.
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series 2 If p > 1, or p = +∞, the series diverges.
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating 3 If p = 1 the series may converge or diverge, sothat
series and
alternating series
test
another test must be tried.
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

58 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Example
Sequence and
Series Use the root test to determine the whether the following series
-Definition and
types of converge or diverge
sequence  k
-Convergence
properties of P∞ 4k−5
sequence 1 k=2 2k+1
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, P∞ 1
properties of
convergent series
2 k=1 (ln(k+1))k
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

59 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Solution.
Jenber
1 The series diverges, since
Sequence and
Series
4k − 5
-Definition and
types of p = lim (uk )k = lim =2>1
sequence k→∞ k→∞ 2k + 1
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
2 The series converges, since
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of 1
convergent series p = lim (uk )k = lim =0<1
-Non negative
term series
k→∞ k→∞ ln(k + 1)
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

60 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By Test-6.(The Comparison Test)

Dagnachew P P
Jenber Let un and vn be two series of positive terms. If there
Sequence and is a positive number c such that
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence un ≤ cvn
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
-Definition of for all sufficiently large values of n and:
infinite series P
-Convergence
and divergence, 1 If the ”bigger series” vn converges, then the ”smaller
properties of P
convergent series
-Non negative
series” un also converges, but
term series P
-Alternating 2 If the ”smaller series” un diverges, then the ”bigger
series and P
alternating series
test series” vn also diverges.
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

61 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Informal principle 1.
Jenber
Constant terms in the denominator of uk can usually be
Sequence and
Series
deleted without affecting the convergence or divergence of
-Definition and
types of
the series.
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence Informal principle 2.
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
If a polynomial in k appears as a factor in the numerator or
properties of
convergent series denominator of uk , all but the leading term in the
-Non negative
term series polynomial can usually be discarded without affecting the
-Alternating
series and
alternating series convergence or divergence of the series.
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

62 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Example
Sequence and
Series Use the comparison test to determine whether the following
-Definition and
types of
sequence
series converge or diverge
-Convergence P∞ 1
properties of 1 √
sequence k=1 k− 12
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence P∞ 1
and divergence,
properties of
2 k=1 2k 2 +k
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

63 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By 1 According to principle 1, we should be able to drop the
Dagnachew constant in the denominator without affecting the
Jenber
convergence or divergence. Thus, the given series is
Sequence and likely to behave like
Series
-Definition and ∞
types of
X 1
sequence
-Convergence
√ [∗]
properties of
sequence k=1
k
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
which is a divergent p-series(p= 12 ). Thus we will guess
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
that the given series diverges and try to prove this by
-Non negative
term series finding a divergent series that is ”smaller” than the
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
given series. However, series [∗] does work the trick
test
-Absolute and
since
conditional 1 1
convergence
-Generalized
√ 1
> √ for k = 1, 2, · · ·
convergence
tests
k−2 k
Thus, we have proved that the given series diverges.64 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew Solution.
Jenber
2 According to principle 2, we should be able to discard
Sequence and
Series all but the leading term in the polynomial without
-Definition and
types of
sequence
affecting the convergence or divergence. Thus, the given
-Convergence
properties of
series is likely to behave like
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series 1 1
-Convergence < 2 for k = 1, 2, · · ·
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
2k 2+k 2k
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
Thus, we have proved that the given series converges.
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

65 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Test-7. (The Limit Comparison Test)
Sequence and P P
Series Let un and vn be series of positive terms.
-Definition and

vn converges and limn→∞ uvnn exists, then

types of P P
sequence 1 If un
-Convergence
properties of
sequence converges.
-Definition of P un
2 If vn diverges
Pand limn→∞ vn is +∞ or exists and is
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
not zero, then un diverges.
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

66 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber Example
Sequence and Use the limit comparison test to determine whether the
Series
-Definition and following series converge or diverge
types of P∞
sequence
√1
-Convergence 1 k=1
properties of k−1
sequence
-Definition of P∞ 1
infinite series 2 k=1 2k 2 +k
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
P∞ 3k 3 −2k 2 +4
-Non negative 3 k=1 k 7 −k 3 +2
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

67 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Solution.
By
1. Principle 1 suggests that the series is likely to behave
Dagnachew
Jenber like the divergent p-series. To prove that the given
Sequence and
series diverges, we will apply the limit comparison test
Series
with
-Definition and
types of 1 1
sequence ak = √ bk = √
-Convergence
properties of k −1 k
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series We obtain
-Convergence
and divergence, √
properties of
convergent series ak k
-Non negative p = lim = lim √ =1
term series k→+∞ bk k→+∞ k −1
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
Since p is finite(or exists) and non-zero, it follows from
conditional
convergence the limit comparison test that the given series diverges.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

68 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By

Dagnachew
2. Principle 2 suggests that the series is likely to behave
Jenber like the convergent p-series. To prove that the given
Sequence and series converges, we will apply the limit comparison test
Series
-Definition and
with
types of 1 1
sequence ak = 2 bk = 2
-Convergence
properties of 2k + k 2k
sequence
-Definition of
infinite series
We obtain
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
ak 2k 2
-Non negative p = lim = lim =1
term series k→+∞ bk k→+∞ 2k 2 + k
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test Since, p is finite(or exists), it follows from the limit
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence comparison test that the given series converges.
-Generalized
convergence
tests

69 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
Solution.
By 3. From principle 2, the series is likely to behave like
Dagnachew ∞ ∞
Jenber
X 3k 3 X 3
= [∗]
Sequence and k7 k4
k=1 k=1
Series
-Definition and
types of
sequence
which converges since it is a constant times a convergent
-Convergence
properties of
p-series. Thus, the given series is likely to converge. To
sequence
-Definition of prove this, we will apply the limit comparison test to
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
series [∗] and the given series. We obtain
properties of  3
convergent series
3k − 2k 2 + 4
 
-Non negative 3
term series p = lim 7 3
-Alternating
series and
k→+∞ k −k +2 k4
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional 3k 7 − 2k 6 + 4k 4
convergence = lim =1
-Generalized
convergence
k→+∞ 3k 7 − 3k 3 + 6
tests

70 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
Since, p is finite(or exists), it follows from the limit
types of
sequence comparison test that the given series converges, since [∗]
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
converges.
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

71 / 87
 Convergence/Divergence Tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Corollary (to Test-7.)
Sequence and
Series P P
-Definition and Let un and vn be two series of positive terms such that
types of
sequence
-Convergence vn
properties of
sequence lim exists and is 6= 0
-Definition of n→∞ un
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of then either both series converge or else both series diverge.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

72 / 87
 Alternating Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By
Up to now we have focused exclusively on series with non-
Dagnachew
negative terms. In this section we will discuss series that that
Jenber
contain both positive and negative terms.
Sequence and Definition.
Series
-Definition and Series whose terms alternate between positive and negative,
types of
sequence
-Convergence
called alternating series, are of special importance. Some ex-
properties of
sequence amples are
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence ∞
and divergence,
X 1 1 1
properties of
convergent series (−1)k+1 = 1 − + − ···
-Non negative k 2 3
term series k=1
-Alternating
series and
alternating series ∞
test X 1 1 1
-Absolute and
conditional (−1)k = −1 + − + · · ·
convergence k 2 3
-Generalized k=1
convergence
tests

73 / 87
 Alternating Series

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By In generall, an alternating series has one of the following two

Dagnachew
Jenber
forms
∞
Sequence and X
Series (−1)k+1 ak = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · · [∗]
-Definition and
types of
sequence
k=1
-Convergence
properties of
sequence ∞
X
-Definition of
infinite series (−1)k ak = −a1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − · · · [∗∗]
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
k=1
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
where the ak ’s are assumed to be positive in both cases.
-Alternating
series and The following test is the key result on convergence of
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
alternating series.
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

74 / 87
 Alternating Series Test

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Test-8.(Alternating Series Test)
Series
-Definition and
types of
An alternating series of either form [∗] or form [∗∗]
sequence
-Convergence
converges if the following two conditions are satisfied.
properties of
sequence
-Definition of
1 a1 > a2 > a3 > · · · > ak > · · · .
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
2 limk→∞ ak = 0.
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

75 / 87
 Alternating Series Test

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Example
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
Use the alternating series test to show that the following series
types of
sequence converge
-Convergence
properties of P∞ k+1 1
1 k=1 (−1)
sequence
-Definition of k
infinite series P∞ k+1 k+3
-Convergence
and divergence,
2 k=1 (−1) k(k+1)
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

76 / 87
 Alternating Series Test
Solution.

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
1. The two conditions in the alternating series test are
Sequence and
Series satisified since
-Definition and
types of
sequence 1 1
-Convergence ak = > = ak+1 and
properties of
sequence
k k +1
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence 1
and divergence, lim ak = lim =0
properties of
convergent series k→∞ k→+∞ k
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

77 / 87
 Alternating Series Test
Solution.

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES
2. The two conditions in the alternating series test are
By

Dagnachew
satisified since
Jenber
ak+1 k +4 k(k + 1)
Sequence and = .
Series ak (k + 1)(k + 2) k + 3
-Definition and
types of
sequence
-Convergence k 2 + 4k k 2 + 4k
properties of = = <1
sequence
-Definition of
k 2 + 5k + 6 (k 2 + 4k) + (k + 6)
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative ⇒ ak > ak+1
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
and
test k +3
-Absolute and lim ak = lim =0
conditional
convergence k→+∞ k→+∞ k(k + 1)
-Generalized
convergence
tests

78 / 87
 Alternating Series Test

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Remark 1.
Jenber
The series in part 1 of the last example is called the
Sequence and
Series
aternating harmonic series. Observe that this series
-Definition and
types of
converges, whereas the harmonic series diverges
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence Remark 2.
-Definition of
infinite series
-Convergence If an alternating series violates condtion 2 of the alternating
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series series test, then the series must diverge by the divergence
-Non negative
term series test. However, if condtion 2 is satisfied, but condtion 1 is
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
not, the series can either converge or diverge.
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

79 / 87
 Absolute And Conditional Convergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Definition.
Sequence and P
Series 1 A series
P un is said to be absolutely convergent if the
-Definition and
types of
sequence
series |un | is convergent.
-Convergence P
properties of
sequence
2 A series un is said to be conditionally convergent
P if
-Definition of
infinite series the series itself is convergent, but the series |un | is
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
divergent.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

80 / 87
 Absolute And Conditional Convergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and Example

Series
-Definition and
types of
Determine whether the following series converge absolutely
sequence
1 1 1 1 1
-Convergence
properties of
1 1− 2 − 22
+ 23
+ 24
− 25
− ···
sequence
-Definition of
1 1 1 1
infinite series
-Convergence
2 1− 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ···
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

81 / 87
 Absolute And Conditional Convergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Solution.
Sequence and
Series
1. The series of absolute values is the convergent
-Definition and
types of
geometric series
sequence
-Convergence
properties of 1 1 1 1
sequence
-Definition of 1+ + 2 + 3 + 4 + ···
infinite series 2 2 2 2
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
convergent series so the given series converges.
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

82 / 87
 Absolute And Conditional Convergence

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Solution.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and
2. The series of absolute values is the divergent harmonic
types of
sequence series
-Convergence 1 1 1 1
properties of
sequence 1 + + + + + ···
-Definition of 2 2 3 4
infinite series
-Convergence
and divergence, so the given series diverges absolutely.
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

83 / 87
 Generalized convergence tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber P
Sometimes it is easier to establish
P the convergence of |un |
Sequence and
Series
than it is the convergence of un itself. Hence the following
-Definition and
types of
test may be useful.
sequence
-Convergence
properties of
sequence
Test-9.
-Definition of
P P
infinite series If |un | is convergent, then un is convergent ; that is, if a
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
series is absolutely convergent, then the series is convergent.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

84 / 87
 Generalized convergence tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber

Sequence and
Example
Series
-Definition and
types of
Show that the following series converge
sequence
1 1 1 1 1
-Convergence
properties of
1 1− 2 − 22
+ 23
+ 24
− 25
− ···
sequence
-Definition of P∞
infinite series cos(k)
2 k=1
-Convergence
and divergence,
k2
properties of
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

85 / 87
 Generalized convergence tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES

By

Dagnachew
Jenber
Solution.
Sequence and
Series
-Definition and 1. Observe that this is not an alternating series because the
types of
sequence
-Convergence
signs alternate in pairs after the first term. Thus, we have
properties of
sequence no convergence test that can be applied directly. How-
-Definition of
infinite series ever, we showed in the previous example that the series
-Convergence
and divergence,
properties of
converges absolutely, so Test-9 implies that it converges.
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
-Alternating
series and
alternating series
test
-Absolute and
conditional
convergence
-Generalized
convergence
tests

86 / 87
 Generalized convergence tests

SEQUENCE
AND SERIES Solution.
By
2. With the help of a calculating utility, you will be able
Dagnachew
Jenber to verify that the signs of the terms in this series vary
Sequence and
irregularly. Thus, we will test for absolute convergence.
Series The series of absolute values is
-Definition and
types of
sequence ∞  
-Convergence
X  cos(k) 
properties of  
sequence
-Definition of
 k2 
infinite series k=1
-Convergence
and divergence,  
properties of  cos(k) 
convergent series
-Non negative
term series
However,  k 2  ≤ k12

-Alternating P 1
series and
alternating series But k2
is a convergent p-series(p=2), so the series of
test
-Absolute and
conditional
absolute values converges by the comparison test. Thus, the
convergence
-Generalized given series converges absolutely and hence converges.
convergence
tests

87 / 87