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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODE CONVERSION,

COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE MSS-04


MOSCOW, NOV. 23-25, 2004

TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A FLUID AGITATED


BY MULTIPLE JETS

A. Tamburrino, J. Rojas

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile

E-mail : atamburr@ing.uchile.cl

Abstract. Results of an experimental study about the structure of


a flow induced by jets in a tank filled with water are presented in this
paper. Some experiments with shear stress induced by wind on the free
surface were also performed. Assuming a constant eddy viscosity, an
analytical relationship for the turbulence kinetic energy was obtained.

1. Introduction and Objectives

Agitated tanks have extensively been used to study turbulence


decay [1, 2, 3]. It has been established that the kinetic turbulent energy
(k) in the bulk of the fluid decays as z - r , where z is the distance from
the source of turbulence. The value of r depends on the author, but
several studies indicate a value around 2. Water agitation is usually
achieved by means of oscillating grids [1, 2], but use of jets located in
the bottom of the tank have also been reported [3]. Generally, the
studies are centered in the turbulence decay and no reference is made to
the mean flow field. The authors of this paper are not aware of studies
regarding the temporal mean velocity structure in the tank or velocity
measurements in agitated tanks under wind.
The objective of this paper is to present results of a study on the
flow structure in an agitated tank, including some preliminary findings
obtained when shear stress induced by wind acts on the free surface.

2. Experimental set-up, methodology and flow conditions

The experimental facilities are sketched in Fig. 1. One of them is


a perspex tank, 70 cm high and 95×95 cm2 cross section. The second
facility is a tank (50 cm high, 50 cm wide, 2 m long) placed in a wind
tunnel (40 cm high). In both of them, water was injected and evacuated
by 2.9 mm nozzles located in the bottom, regularly spaced 5 cm each
other. Water circulated in a closed circuit due to the action of a pump.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODE CONVERSION,
COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE MSS-04
MOSCOW, NOV. 23-25, 2004

Fig 1.- EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES

A 3D acoustic Doppler velocimeter (micro-ADV, made by


Sontek) was used to measure the velocities in the bulk of the fluid. A
hot wire probe was employed to compute the wind velocities.
The experiments in the first facility were carried out for three
flow depth (H): 22, 33 and 44 cm, and three jet velocities (Uj): 0,7, 1,2
and 1,7 m/s. The experiments in the tank coupled to the wind tunnel
were performed for three wind conditions: no wind, and mean wind
velocities (UV) equal to 4,8 and 11,8 m/s. A fully developed boundary
layer in the tunnel exists upwind the water tank. From the wind velocity
profiles, the frictional velocity on the free surface was computed
( )
u* = τ SL ρ , resulting 1,1 and 3 cm/s for the lowest and highest
wind velocities, respectively. τSL is the shear stress acting on the free
surface and ρ is the water density. τ SL = ρ a u*2a , where ρa is the air
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODE CONVERSION,
COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE MSS-04
MOSCOW, NOV. 23-25, 2004

density and u*a is the shear velocity computed from the wind velocity
profiles considering a logarithmic profile.

3. Experimental Results

Mean velocities revealed a toroidal flow pattern, as shown in Fig.


2, having an upward motion in the center of the tank and downwards
close to the walls. Analysis of the turbulent velocity intensities revealed
the existence of a region with isotropic turbulence. In that region, the
turbulent kinetic energy behaves as k U 2j = 2.535(z l c ) , where lc is a
−2

characteristic length given by l c = π D 2 , (D is the jet diameter). Fig.


3 shows the turbulence decay in terms of the characteristic velocity
u k = 2k 3 . The isotropic region begins at a distance z0 from the
bottom, and it is related to the flow conditions by z 0 s = 0.634 Re 0.154 ,
where s is the separation between jets, and Re = U j l c ν (ν is the
kinematic viscosity). The relationship for z0 seems to be valid in both
two experimental facilities. For the flow with no shear induced by wind
on the water surface, the turbulent kinetic energy at z0 is given by
k 0 U 2j = 0.056 Re −0.636 . If a wind shear is applied on the water
surface, the value of k0 is greater than the case without shear, but a
relationship relating k0 with u* and Uj, has not been established yet.
When shear acts on the free surface, kinetic turbulent energy is
generated there, and k increases towards the free surface. The results for
the case Uj = 70 cm/s and H = 49,5 cm is presented in Fig.4. In the
figure, a dimensionless distance η = (z - z0)/(H - z0) was used.

4. Model

Let consider a steady, uniform 2D flow, in which turbulence is


generated at y = 0 and a shear stress τSL (in the x direction) is acting on
the free surface located at y = H0. Assuming a constant eddy viscosity,
the k-ε model [4] provides the following equation for the turbulent
2
ν d 2k  dU  cµ 2
kinetic energy: 0 = T + ν T   − k . The x component
σ k dy 2
 dy  ν T
of momentum gives dU dy = τ SL ( ρ (ν + ν k )) , and the boundary
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODE CONVERSION,
COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE MSS-04
MOSCOW, NOV. 23-25, 2004

conditions are k = k0 at y = 0 and k = u*2 c µ at y = H0. Defining the


(
dimensionless variables: k + = k k 0 , η = y H 0 , A = u*4 H 02 ) (ν k ) ,
2
T 0

( )
B = k 0 H 02 ν T2 , α = σkA and β = cµσkB , and considering ν << νT, the
d 2k +
equation for k is reduced to: = βk + 2 − α . This equation can be
dy 2

Fig. 2.- MEAN VELOCITY FLOW PATTERN

Fig. 3. TURBULENCE DECAY IN THE BULK OF THE FLUID.


NO SHEAR ON THE FREE SURFACE.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODE CONVERSION,
COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE MSS-04
MOSCOW, NOV. 23-25, 2004

d 2ζ 1
transformed into the canonical form = 6ζ 2 − g 2 by means of
dχ 2
2
the change of variables k+ = pζ , η = qx , with p 2 = 12α ( g 2 β ) and
q 4 = 3g 2 (αβ ) , whose solution is the Weierstrass elliptic function:

ζ = P (χ ) = ( χ − χ 1 ) + ∑ c j (χ − χ 1 )
−2 2 j −2
. The coefficients cj are:
j=2
j −2
c 2 = g 2 20 , c3 = g 3 28 , cj = 3
(2 j +1)( j −3 ) ∑c
m=2
m c j −m , j ≥4.

Fig. 4. TURBULENCE DISTRIBUTION FOR A SHEARED


FREE SURFACE

Fig. 5.- TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION.


MODEL AND MEASUREMENTS
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MODE CONVERSION,
COHERENT STRUCTURES AND TURBULENCE MSS-04
MOSCOW, NOV. 23-25, 2004

It has to be noticed that if there is not shear on the free surface,


then g2 = 0 and the solution is given in terms of the Jacobi elliptic
function, obtaining k+ ~ η -2 if the series is truncated at the first term, as
found in the experiments. The terms χ1 and g3 depend on the boundary
conditions. The solution of equation for k+, for an arbitrary value of the
eddy viscosity is shown as a solid curve in Fig. 5. Symbols correspond
to data from experiments with u* = 1,1 cm/s and Uj = 0,7 m/s.

5. Conclusions

The characteristics of a flow generated by jets located in the


bottom of a tank filled with water were studied and some of the results
obtained are: 1) A mean flow is induced in the tank, with a toroidal
shape, having an upward motion in the center of the tank an downwards
close to the walls. 2) An isotropic turbulence region exists in the bulk
of the fluid, in which turbulence decays as k ~ z –2 when there is not
shear stress applied on the water surface. If the surface is under shear,
turbulence increases close to the free surface. 3) An analytical solution
based on the k-ε model and assuming a constant eddy viscosity was
obtained. This solution behaves according to the measured data, for
both cases without and with shear acting on the water surface. 4) The
analytical solution involves two parameters (A and B) that should be
adjusted to the measured data in order to determine the eddy viscosity.

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by


Fondecyt -Chile, by means of the grant No. 1020822.

References

[1]. S.M. Thompson and J.S. Turner. J. Fluid Mech., 1975, Vol.
67, Part 2, pp.349-368.
[2].E.J. Hopfinger and J.A. Tolly. J. Fluid Mech., 1976, Vol. 78,
Part 1, pp.155-175.
[3]. M. Grisenti and J. George. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer
in a jet-agitated vessel. In Air-Water Mass Transfer, ASCE, 1991, p.94.
[4]. W. Rodi. Turbulence Models and Their Applications in
Hydraulics. IAHR Monographs, 1980.

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