UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Experiment # 7
Resistive, Inductive & Capacitive Circuits
EE 320AL – Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

Submitted by:
Agustin, Clint James A.
Jamon, Constantine

Submitted to:
Engr. Judilyn R. Acas

Date
September 20, 2016
 ABSTRACT
AC (alternating current) signals have a time-varying magnitude. These signals can be
manipulated in these three basic components: resistive, inductive and capacitive. By using the
oscilloscope, we can determine the phase shift in degrees, current and voltageequations, voltage data
and picture of the output AC signals in each of these basic components, provided by the AC sources of
analog trainer and signal generator.

Our motive on this experiment is to represent the sinusoidal graph of the AC signal from each of
these components using an oscilloscope. From there, we can actually obtain the needed data(Vp, Vi, VR,
impedance, phase angle, phase shift and etc.), use them to analyze, and obtaining their V and I
relationships.

After our experiment we should:

a) Be able to obtain the response of resistive, inductive and capacitive circuits using AC source.
b) Be able to know the voltage and current relationship in resistive, inductive and capacitive circuits
using AC circuit analysis.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………4

II. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT…………………5

III. PROCEDURE……………………………………………6

IV. DATA AND RESULTS………………………………..7-8

V. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS…………………….9

VI. CONCLUSION…………………………………………..9
I. INTRODUCTION
In this lab we explored the behavior of standard circuit elements in cases where the input
voltage varies and the time structure of the voltage becomes important.

𝑑𝑖 1 𝑡
For the purely resistive circuit we used the equations:𝑉 = 𝐿 𝑑𝑡, and 𝐼 = 𝐿 ∫𝑡 𝑓 𝑉𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
0

A graph of purely resistive circuit in AC were expected to be like the picture below:

𝑉𝑝
For the purely inductive circuit we used the equations: 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡, and 𝐼(𝑡) = sin⁡(𝑡 − 90)
𝐿

A graph of purely inductive circuit in AC were expected to be like the picture below:

𝑑𝑣
For the purely capacitive circuit we used the equations:𝐼 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑡 , and 𝐼(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑉𝑝 sin⁡(𝑡 − 90)

A graph of purely capacitive circuit in AC were expected to be like the picture below:

In AC circuits, we found out that the behavior of circuit elements like inductors and capacitors is
in some ways similar to the behavior of resistors. With a resistor in a DC circuit, the resistance
isdetermined how much current will flow through it when a voltage is applied to it, according to
Ohm’s Law. There is a quantity called impedance associated with each circuit element that acts like
the resistance in Ohm’s Law. In fact, the peak voltage Vmax is related to the peak current, Imax by the
relationship Imax = Vmax/Z, where Z is the impedance.
 For a resistor, the impedance is just the same as the resistance. As we saw, the capacitor and
inductor have more complicated behavior which is related to their ability to store and release
electrical energy.

In a circuit with inductance but no resistance an infinite current does not flow and something
else is limiting the current. Obviously, the current is limited because it lags the supply voltage and this
does not increase infinitely, however it is useful to deal with a simple property which is similar to
resistance. This property is called the inductive reactance of the coil (XL) and we showed it by this
equation:
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳
where: f = frequency of the source (Hz)
L = inductance of the inductor (H)

Like inductive circuits it is clear that the current is limited by a property other than resistance.
This property is called capacitive reactance (XC). We will showed it by this equation:
𝟏
𝑿𝑪 =
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
where: f = frequency of the source (Hz)
C = inductance of the inductor (H)

Take note that the frequency f of these reactancesare based the AC signal source generator.

In this lab, some of the results were based on ratios of measured voltages. In this experiment, all
voltage measurements with the oscilloscope are peak-to-peak values, and can be left in units of cm of
vertical deflection on the oscilloscope. Since amplitudes, rms values and peak-to-peak values are all
proportional to one another, the same vector addition rules apply to all. However, if we want to
compare voltages on two oscilloscope channels in terms of vertical deflection, their vertical deflection
scales must be the same. Note that phase difference measurements can also be made by looking at
the difference in the times where the two signals cross the axis. The time difference !t = t2-t1 can be
related to the phase difference between the two signals (𝜃2 − 𝜃1 ) by dividing by the period (T) [which
gives the difference in terms of a fraction of one oscillation and multiplying by 2π:
𝑡𝑑
𝜃2 − 𝜃1 = 2𝜋 −
𝑇

II. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 Analog trainer
 Signal Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Capacitor: 0.5 µF
 Inductor: 2.5 mH
 Resistors: 2 –1K, ½ W, and 1 – 100 Ω, ½ W
III. PROCEDURE
PART I: RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

1. We assembled the circuit according to the figure 1 (below). We didn’t bother much about
following the oscilloscope setting since our oscilloscope is digital and we can set it to own
preferences.

2. After tweaking the oscilloscope settings, we measure the phase difference between the two
voltages. Vi and VR2. We also draw the waveforms

3. We calculated the theoretical phase angle 𝜃 between the voltage and the current. We compared it
to the value obtained from the oscilloscope.
4. We then write the trigonometric equations of Vi and VR2 in terms of the sine function.

PART II: CAPACITIVE CIRCUITS

1. We constructed the circuit in figure 2 (below). Setting our oscilloscope according to the given
setting from the lab manual is unnecessary because our oscilloscope is digital.

2. We set up the signal generator and we crank it to 100 Hz and its amplitude to 6 Vpp. We measured
the phase difference 𝜃 of the two waveforms, Vi and VR2. We also draw the waveforms.
3. We calculated the capacitive reactance, impedance and the phase angle of the given circuit. We
compared it to the calculated phase angle value.
4. We then write the trigonometric equations of Vi and VR2 in terms of the sine function.

PART II: INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS

1. We wired the circuit in figure 3 (below). We used our own oscilloscope preference.
 2. We set up the signal generator and we crank it to 50 Hz and its amplitude to 6 Vpp. We measured
the phase difference between the two voltages, Vi and VR2. We draw these waveforms.
3. We make a theoretical calculation of the inductive reactance, impedance and the phase angle 𝜃 of
the given circuit. We compared the phase angle 𝜃 to the ones from oscilloscope.
4. We then write the trigonometric equations of Vi and VR2 in terms of the sine function.

IV. DATA AND RESULTS

From part 1:
In terms of Sine:
Vi = 1.8Sin (2π/7.6x10-3)t VR = 0.9 Sin(2π/3.6x10-3)t
From part 2:
Vi = 4V VR = 0.1V θ = 108 degrees
Xc = 3183 Z = 0.35 θ = 88.20 degrees
In terms of Sine:
Vi = 1.5 Sin(2π/3x10-3)t VR = 2Sin (2π/4x10-3)t
From Part 3:
XL = 785.39 Z = 791.73 θ = 82.7 degrees
In terms of Sine:
Vi = 2Sin(2π/2x10-6)t VR = 1Sin(2π/2x10-6)t
Table 1:
Table 2:

Table 3:
V. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Now we know that AC circuits have 3 components namely resistive, inductive,
and capacitive. And when the waveforms of the voltages show up, we can distinguish
which ones are there. That’s where the oscilloscope comes in to help, the phase angle in
the waveforms can be obtained by getting the angles per division and to get that, you
divide 360 by the number of divisions in 1 cycle. The next step is to get the phase
difference then when you’re done just multiply the phase difference divisions and the
angle per divisions. We adjust the settings to conveniently calculate the Vpp and Vp, we
can also use the oscilloscope to get these values, the values of the voltages in each step
can be in terms of sine by using the given formulas and also getting time. We also
obtained the current relationships in each step. So these methods are useful in
analyzing AC voltage.
VI. CONCLUSION
After performing the experiment we could say that AC voltage really follows a
sequence depending on the circuit. Because of the inductors and capacitors we were
able to accurately manipulate the circuit to get our desired values. So we can conclude
that in sin waves, voltages can show repeating values and as well in other forms such as
square and triangle waveforms. Using the oscilloscope, we were able to show the
graphs with respect to time and see the relations of current, voltage, and resistance
under influence of AC voltage. AC voltage once again, can be repeating depending on
the given settings.