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1). An air compressor takes air at 100 Kpa and discharges to 600 Kpa. If the volume flow of
discharge is 1.2 m3/sec, determine the capacity of air compressor.
SOLUTION:
P 1 V 1n = P 2 V 2n
n = 1 .4 (for standard ai r)
100(V1)1.4 = (600)(1.2)1.4
V1 = 4.315 m3/sec
2). The discharge pressure of an air compressor is 5 times the suction pressure. If volume flow at
suction is 0.1 m3/sec, what is the compressor power assuming n = 1.35 and suction pressure is
98 Kpa?
A. 21.67 KW C. 25.87 KW
B. 19.57 KW D. 10.45 KW
SOLUTION:
W=19.57 kw
3). A 10 Hp motor is use to drive an air compressor. The compressor efficiency is 75%. Determine
the compressor work.
A.7.6 KW B.5.6 KW
C.5.0 KW D. 6.5 KW
SOLUTION:
ec=Wc/Pm
Wc= 10HpxO.746x0.75
W = 5.59 KW
4). The initial condition of air in an air compressor is 98 Kpa and 27°C and discharg air at 400 Kpa.
The bore and stroke are 355 mm and 381 mm, respectively with percent clearance of 5% running
at 300 rpm. Find the volume of air at suction.
SOLUTION:
Nv = 1 + c – c[ (P2/P1) 1/n]
Nv = 1 + 0.05 - 0.05(400/98)1/1.4
Nv = 0.913
VD = π/4 D2 L N
VD = 0.1885 m3/sec
V1 = 0.1885(0.913)
V1 = 0.17215 m3/sec
V1 = 619.75 m3 /hr
5). An air compressor has a suction volume of 0.25 m3/sec at 97 Kpa and discharges to 650 Kpa.
How much power is saved by the compressor if there are two stages?
A. 8.27 KW C. 3.86 KW
B. 6.54 KW D. 10.0 KW
SOLUTION:
W = 61.28 KW
Px=(P1xP2)0.5
Px=(97x650)0.5
Px=251.1 Kpa
W = 53 KW
6). A 355 mm x 381 mm air compressor has a piston displacement of 0.1885 m3/sec,
SOLUTION:
VD = (π/4) D2 L N
0.1885=(π/4)0.3552 (0.381)N
N = 5 rev/see x 60sec/min
N = 300 rpm
7). The suction condition of an air compressor is 98 Kpa, 27°C and 0.2 m 3/sec. If surrounding air
is 100 Kpa and 20°C, determine the free air capacity in m3/sec.
A. 0.15 C. 0.25
B. 0.19 D. 0.23
SOLUTION:
Vo = 0.1914 m3/sec
8). Determine the percent clearance of an air compressor having 87% volumetric efficiency and
compressor air pressure to be thrice the suction pressure.
A. 5% C. 15%
B. 7% D. 11%
SOLUTION:
c = 10.91%
9). The compressor work of an air compressor is 100 KW. If the piston speed is 15 m 3/min,
determine the mean effective pressure.
SOLUTION:
W = Pm X VD
100 = Pm(15/60)
Pm = 400 Kpa
10). A double acting air compressor has 16 in. x 7 in., 600 rpm has what volume displacement?
SOLUTION:
Vo == 2[(π/4 )D2 L N]
Vo == 977.38 ft3/min
11). A two-stage air compressor has a suction pressure of 14 psi and discharge pressure of 130
psig. What is the intercooler pressure in Kpag.
SOLUTION:
Px = (P1x P2)0.5
Px = (14x144.7) 0.5
Px = 45 psi x 101.325/14.7
Px = 208.91 Kpag
12). A two stage air compressor has an intercooler Pressure of 3 kg/cm2. What is the discharge
pressure if suction pressure is 1 kg/cm2
A. 3 kg/cm2 C. 12 kg/cm2
B. 9 kg/cm2 D. 15 kg/cm2
SOLUTION:
Px = (P1x P2)0.5
3 = (1xP2) 0.5
P2 = 9 kg/cm2
13). The piston speed of an air compressor is 140 m/min and has a volume displacement of 0.2
m3/sec. Determine the diameter of compressor cylinder.
A. 500 mm C. 467 mm
B. 358 mm D. 246 mm
SOLUTION:
VD = (π/4) D2 (LN)
140 = 2 (LN)
(LN) = 70 m/min
D=[0.2x(4/π) /70]0.5
D=0.46719 m
D= 467.19 mm
14). An air compressor piston displacement is 5000 cm3 when operates at 900 rpm and
volumetric efficiency of 75%. Determine the mass flow of air at standard density.
SOLUTION:
Nv = VA/VD
0.75 = VA/5000
VA =5000x0.75
VA =3 750 cm3
m = 4.05 kg/min
m = 243 kg/hr
15). A two-stage compressor air at 100 Kpa and 22°C discharges to 690 Kpa. If intercooler intake
is 105°C, determine the value of n.
A.1.400 C. 1.345
B. 1.358 D. 1.288
SOLUTION:
Px = (P1xP2 )0.5
Px = (100x690) 0.5
Px = 262.68 Kpa
n - 1= 0.2564n
n = 1.345
16). The piston displacement of a double acting compressor running at 300 rpm is 0.4 m3/sec. If
bore and stroke are unity, determine the length of stroke.
A. 350 mm C. 371 mm
B. 380 mm D. 400 mm
SOLUTION:
L = D (for unity)
D = 0.37067 m
L=D
L = 370.67 mm
17). An air compressor takes air at 97 Kpa at the rate of 0.5 m3/sec and discharge at 500 Kpa. If
power input to the compressor is 120 KW, determine the heat loss in the compressor.
A. 26.85 KW C. 30.45 KW
B. 18.55 KW D. 22.36 KW
SOLUTION:
W = 101.45 KW
18). A single acting air compressor has a volumetric efficiency of 87%, operates at 50 rpm. It
takes in air at 100 Kpa and 30°C and discharges it at 600 Kpa. The air handled is 6 m 3/min
measured at discharge condition. If compression is isentropic, find mean effective pressure in
Kpa
A. 182 C. 198
B. 973 D. 204
SOLUTION:
V1 = 21.58 m3/min
VD = 21.58/0.87
VD = 24.8 m3/min
W = 5049 KJ/min
W =Pm xVD
5,049= Pm X 24.8
Pm = 203.6 Kpa
19). A single acting reciprocating air compressor has a clearance volume of 10%. Air is received
at 90 Kpa and 29.3°C and is discharged at 600 Kpa. The compression and expansion are
polytropic with n = 1.28. The pressure drop is 5 Kpa at suction port and 10 Kpa at the discharge
port. The compressor piston displacement is 500 cm3 when operating at 900 rpm. Determine
the mass of compressed air in kg/hr
A. 16.76 C. 98.33
B. 20.45 D. 28.23
SOLUTION:
VD = (π/4) D2 L) N
VD = (500)(900)
VD = 450,000 cm3/min
VD = 0.45 m3/min
P1 = 90 - 5
P1 = 85 kpa
P2=600+10
P2 = 610 kpa
Nv = 1 + c - c(P2/P1) 1/n
Nv = 1 + 0.10 - 0.10(610/85)1/1.28
Nv = 0.633684
V1 = 0.45(0.633684)
V1 = 0.285 m3/min
m = PV/RT
m = 85(0.285)/(0.287)(29.3 + 273)
m = 0.2792 kg/min
m = 16.76 kg/hr
20). A single acting air compressor operates at 150 rpm with an initial condition of air at 97.9
Kpa and 27°C and discharges the air at 379 Kpa to a cylindrical tank. The bore and stroke are
355 mm and 381 mm, respectively, with 5% clearance. If the surrounding air is at 100 Kpa and
20°C while the compression and expansion process are PV 1.3 = C, determine free air capacity,
m3/sec
A. 0.0818 C. 1.23
B. 2.13 D. 4.23
SOLUTION:
VD = (π/4) D2 L N
VD = 0.094278 m3/sec
Nv = 1 + c - c(P2/P1) 1/n
Nv = 0.908
V1 = 0.908(0.094278)
V1 = 0.085604 m3/sec
PFVF / TF = P1V1/T1
VF = 0.081851 m3/sec
PUMPS
1). A double suction centrifugal pumps delivers 70 ft3/sec of water at a head of 12 m and running
at 1250 rpm. What is the specific speed of the pump?
SOLUTION:
Ns = N(Q)0.5/H 3/ 4
Ns = 374
Q = 15710.10 gal/min
h = 12x3.281
h = 39.37 ft
Ns =1250(15710.10)0.5/(39.37)3/4
Ns = 9968.4 rpm
2). The pump centerline of a centrifugal pump is located 2.5 m above from the high tide level.
The sea. water varies two meters from high tide to low tide level. If friction loss at the suction is
0.8 m, determine the total suction head.
A. 5.30 m C. 6.30 m
B. 2.30 m D. 8.23 m
SOLUTION:
hs = 2.5 + 2 + 0.8
hs = 5.3 m
3). A centrifugal pump requires 40 ft head to deliver water from low level to higher level. If pump
speed is 1600 rpm, determine the impeller diameter of the centrifugal pump.
A. 185 mm C. 154 mm
B. 160 mm D. 176 mm
SOLUTION:
v = (2gh )0.5
v = (2(9.81(40x3.28)0.5
v = 15.466 m/sec
v=πDN
15.466 = πD(1600/60)
D = 0.18461 m
D = 184.61 mmØ
4). The suction pressure of a pump reads 2 in. of mercury vacuum and discharge pressure reads
130 psi is use to deliver 100 gpm of water with specific volume of 0.0163 ft3/lb. Determine the
pump work.
A. 4.6 KW C. 7.4 KW
B. 5.7 KW D. 8.4 KW
SOLUTION:
P1 = 2 in Hg x 101.325/29.92
P1 = 6.773 Kpa
P2 = 896.071 Kpa
dw = 1/υ
dw = 1/.0163
dw = 9.645 KN/m3
h=(P2 - P1)/ dw
h = 93.075 m
Q = 100 gal/min x 3.785 Ii/ gal x 1 m3/1 OOOli x 1/60
Q = 0.006308 m3/sec
P = wQ h
P = 9.645(0.006308)(93.075)
P = 5.69 KW
5). A pump is to deliver 150 gpm of water at ahead of 120 m. If pump efficiency is 70%, what is
the horsepower rating of motor required to drive the pump?
A. 40.44 Hp C. 38.44 Hp
B. 25.66 Hp D. 21.33 Hp
SOLUTION:
Wp = w Q h
W p = 11 .139 KW
BP = 11.139/0.7
BP = 15.913 KW
BP = 21.33 hp
6). A motor is used to drive a pump having an efficiency of 85% and 70% respectively What is the
combined efficiency of pump and motor?
A. 59.50% C. 62.50%
B. 61.50% D. 65.50%
SOLUTION:
ecombined=ep(em)
ecombined = 0.85(0.7)
ecombined = 59.50%
7). In a boiler feed pump, the enthalpy at the entrance is 765 KJ/kg. If pump has a head of 900 m,
what is the exit enthalpy of the pump.
SOLUTION:
h2 = 773.83 KJ/kg
8). A submersible pump delivers 350 gpm of water to a height of 5 ft from the ground. The
pump were installed 120 ft below the ground level and a draw down of 8 ft during the
operation. If water level is 25 ft above the pump, determine the pump power.
A. 7.13 KW C. 7.24 KW
B. 4.86 KW D. 864 KW
SOLUTION:
h = 32.916 m
Q = 0.02246 m3/sec
Wp = dw Q h
Wp = 9.81(0.02246)(32.916)
Wp = 7.25 KW
9). Determine the number of stages needed for a centrifugal pump if it is used to deliver 400
gal/min of water and pump power of 15 Hp. Each impeller develops a head of 38 ft.
A. 6 C. 8
B.4 D.7
SOLUTION:
Wp = dw Q h
15 x 0.746 = 9.81 (400 gal/min x 0.00785m3/gal x 1/60)h
h = 45.20 m x 3.281ft/m
h = 148.317 ft
10). A boiler feed pump receives 50 Ii/see of water with specific volume of 0.00112 m3/kg at
ahead of 750 m. What is the power output of driving motor if pump efficiency is 65%?
A. 505.32 KW C. 785.56 KW
B. 643.54 KW D. 356.45 KW
SOLUTION:
Wp = dw Q h
Wp = (1/0.00112 x 0.00981)(0.050)(750)
Wp = 328.46 KW
BP = 328.46/0.65
BP = 505.32 KW
11). What power can a boiler feed pump can deliver a mass of 35 kg/s water at a head of 500 m?
A. 356.56 KW C. 456.64 KW
B. 354.54 KW D. 171.67 KW
SOLUTION:
P = m x h x 0.00981
P = 35 X 500 x 0.00981
P = 171.675 KW
12). A pump running at 100 rpm delivers water against a head of 30 m. If pump speed will
increased to 120 rpm, what is the increase in head?
A.43.2 m C. 34.6 m
B. 13.2 m D. 56.3 m
SOLUTION:
h2 / h1=N2 2 / N12
h2 / 30=120 2 / 1002
h2 = 43.2 m
Increased = 43.2 - 30
Increased = 13.2 m
13). A pump is used to deliver 50 Ii/see of sea water at a speed of 120 rpm. If speed will increased
to 135 rpm, determine the increase in pump capacity.
SOLUTION:
Q2/Q1 = N2/N1
Q2 = 135(50)/120
Q2 = 56.25 L/sec
Increased = 56.25 - 50
14). A 15 KW motor running at 350 rpm is used to drive a pump. If speed will changed to 370
rpm, what is the increase in power?
A. 2.72 KW C. 56.45 KW
B. 17.72 KW D. 5.67 KW
SOLUTION:
P2 /P1=N2 3 / N13
P2 = (370)3( 15)/(350)3
P2 = 17.72 KW
Increased = 17.72 - 15
Increased = 2.72 KW
15). A certain pump is used to deliver 150 gpm of water having a density of 61.2 Ib/ft3. The
suction and discharge gage reads 4 in Hg vacuum and 25 psi, respectively. The discharge gage is
2 ft above the suction gage. What is the brake power of the motor if pump efficiancy is 75%?
A. 3.24 Hp C. 5.45 Hp
B. 2.67 Hp D. 6.89 Hp
SOLUTION:
BP = Qdw h/ ep
h= Pd- Ps + z
Ps = - 4 in Hg x 14.7/29.92
Ps = -1.965 psi
Pd = 25 psi
h = 65.45 ft
BP = Qdwh/ep
BP =(61.2)(150/7.481)(65.45)/33,000(0.75)
BP = 3.24 Hp
16). The discharge pipe of a pump is 400 mm in diameter delivers 0.5 m3/s of water to a building
which maintains a pressure of 100 Kpa at a height of 30 m. above the reservoir. If equivalent
friction head is 2 m, what power must be furnished by the pump?
B. 480 KW D. 240 KW
SOLUTION:
Q = AxV
h=(v2/2g) +P/ w + h +z
h = 43m
Wp = w Q h
Wp = 9.81 (0.50){43)
Wp = 210.92 KW
17). A centrifugal pump is designed for 1800 rpm and head of 61 m. Determine the speed if
impeller diameter is reduced from 305 mm to 254 mm.
SOLUTION:
h2 = (254)2 (61)/(305)2
h2 = 42.30 m
h2 /h1=N22/N12
42.3/61 = (N2)2/1800
N2 = 1499 rpm
18). Water from a reservoir A 10 m elevation is drawn by a motor driven pump to an upper
reservoir B at 72 m elevation. Suction and discharge head loss are 0.15 m; respectively. For
discharge rate of 15 L/sec, find the power input to the motor if overall efficiency is 65%.
A. 12.65 KW
B. 23.54 KW
C. 14.17KW
D. 45.35 KW
SOLUTION:
Z=72m-10 m
Z=62 m
Wp = wQ h
h = (72-10)+0.15
h = 62.15 m
Wp = 9.81(0.015){62.15)
Wp = 9.145 KW
19). The elevation of suction reservoir is 5 m above the pump centerline and delivers to 85 m
elevation tank which maintain 150 Kpa. If 1.5 m3/sec of water is used to deliver a total head of
3m, determine the power needed by the pump.
A. 1446 KW C. 4675 KW
B. 2567 KW D. 3456 KW
SOLUTION:
h = (85 - 5) + 3 + 150/9.81
h = 98.29 m
P = wQ h
P = 9.81 (1.5){98.29)
P = 1446.34 KW
20). Water from a reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 900 mm in diameter and a
pressure of one kg/cm2 is maintained at the pipe discharge where the pipe is 85 m from the
pump centerline. The pump have a positive suction head of 5 m. Pumping rate of the pump at
1000 rpm is 1.5 m3/sec. Friction losses is equivalent to 3 m of head loss. What amount of
energy must be furnished by the pump in KW?
A. 1372kw C. 1234kw
B. 1523kw D. 1723kw
SOLUTION:
Pd = 1 kg/cm2
Z1= 85m
Z2=5m
Vd = Q/A
Vd = 1.5/(π /4)(0.9)2
Vd = 2.358 m/sec
Pd = 1 kg/cm2 x 101.325/1.033
Pd = 98.088 Kpa
Ps = 0 (open to atmosphere)
h = 93.28 m
Water Power = w Q h
A. 42.06 C. 31.89
B. 60.20 D. 25.15
2). Air is drawn into a gas turbine working on the constant pressure cycle at 1 bar 21⁰C and
compressed to 5.7 bar. The temperature at the end of heat supply is 680⁰C. Taking expansion
and compression to be adiabatic where Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg, Cp = 1.055kJ/kg-k, calculate the heat
energy supplied per kg at constant pressure.
Solution:
Heat Energy Supplied: T2 /(21+273) = (5.7/1)1.4-1/1.4
QA = mCp(T3 – T2)
T2 = 483.41 K
Solving for T2 :
T2 / T1 = (P2 / P1)k-1/k T3 = 680 +273 =953 K
QA = 1.005 (953 – 483.41)
Thus; QA = 471.94 kJ/kg
3). There are required 2200 kW net from a gas turbine unit for pumping of crude oil. Air enters
the compressor section at 100kpa, 280 K, the pressure ratio rp = 10. The turbine section receives
the hot gases at 1 100 k. Assume the closed Brayton cycle and determine the required air flow.
A. 7.91% C. 8.11%
B. 7.16% D. 8.91%
4). The intake of the compressor of an air–standard Brayton cycle is 35 000 ft3/min at 14 psia and
95⁰F. The compression ratio is 4 and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1500⁰F. The exit
pressure of the turbine is 14 psia. Determine the mean effective pressure.
5). Calculate the work done per kg of gas expanding from 6.33 kg abs to 1.05 kg/cm2 abs. in a gas
turbine of 82% internal efficiency. Initial temperature, 750 ⁰C; k = 1.34,M=29.
6). Kerosene is the fuel of a gas turbine plant : fuel – air ratio, mf = 0.012, T3 = 972K, pressure
ratio, rp=4.5, exhaust to atmosphere. Find the available energy in kJ per kg air flow. Assume
k=1.34 and Cp=1.13.
A. 352.64kJ/kg C. 252.64kJ/kg
B. 452.64kJ/kg D. 552.64kJ/kg
7). A gas turbine power plant operating on the Brayton cycle delivers 15 MW to a standby electric
generator. What is the mass flow rate and the volume flow rate of air if the minimum and
maximum pressure are 100 kPa and 500kPa respectively and temperatures of 20⁰C and 1000⁰C.
Solution:
PV = mRT Wt = m Cp (T3 – T4)
15000 = m (1)(1273 – 803.75)
Solving for m: m = 31.97 kg/s
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k
Then;
(100+273)/T4 = (500/100)1.4-1/1.4
100V = 31.97 (0.287)(20+273)
T4 = 803.75°K
V = 26.88 m3/s
8). In an air – standard Brayton cycle the inlet temperature and pressure are 20⁰C and 101.325
kPa. The turbine inlet conditions are 1200kPa and 900⁰C. Determine the air flow rate if the
turbine produces 12 MW.
Then;
Solving for T4:
12000 =m(1)(1173 – 578.89)
m = 20.20 kg/s
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k
9). The net power output of an air-standard Brayton cycle is 200 KW. Air enters the compressor
at 32⁰C and leaves the high-temperatures heat exchanger at 800⁰C. What is the mass flow rate
of air if it leaves the turbine at 350⁰C ?
Solution :
Wn = Wt - Wc
Wc = m Cp (T2 – T1)
=220.3 m
T1 = 32 + 273
= m (1)(1073 – 623)
T4 = 350+1073 = 623K
Then;
T2 = 525.30K
10). In an air-standard Brayton cycle air enters the compressor at 101.325 kPa and 27⁰C.
Determine the network if the maximum temperature is 1000⁰C and the pressure ratio is 9.
B. 421.56kJ/kg D. 301.74kJ/kg
T2 = 562.03 K Wn = 262.03+593.05
Wn =331.47 kJ/kg
T3/T4= (P3/P4)k-1/k
11). In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kpa, 227C and 43 m/s. the
products of combustion leave the combustor at 511kPa, 1004C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters
with heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. For fuel-air ration of 0.0229, what is the combustor efficiency
of the unit in percent?
A. 64% C. 78%
B. 92% D. 102%
Solution:
= 0.0229 (43,000)
Then
ec = 785.88 / 984.7
ec = 0.7981 = 79.81 %
12). Products of combustion with k of 1.35, 556 K, molecular weight M = 29, are moving within
an exhaust pipe at 174 m/s; 1.12 kg/cm2 abs. static pressure. Find the total pressure and
temperature.
Ptotal = P(1+((k-1)/2)M2)(k-1) /k
= 29.26 kg.m/kg.K
M = V/√(kgRT)
= 0.375
Then;
= 1.13kg/cm2
T total = T [ 1 + (k – 1 / 2) ] M2
Thus;
T total = 569.68 K
13). An ideal gas turbine operates with a pressure ratio of 10 and the energy input in the high
temperature heat exchanger is 300 kW. Calculate the air flow rate for a temperature limts of
30OC and 12000C .
QA = mCp ( T3 – T2 )
Solving for T2 :
T2 = 585 K
Then;
Thus;
m = 0.34 kg/s
14). The compressor inlet air air temperature an a gas turbine plant is 990C. Calculate the
compressor air exit temperature if it requires 400 kJ/kg of work.
A. 4990C C. 550C
B. 4000C D. 599C
Solution:
WC = m Cp (T2 – T1)
Thus;
T2 = 4990C
15). What is the efficiency of the compressor in a gas turbine plant if the compressor power is
300 Kw. Power input is 400 kW.
A. 75% C. 85%
B. 80% D. 70%
Solution:
ec = 300/400
thus;
ec = 0.75 or 75%
16). A gas turbine working on air standard Brayton cycle has air enter into the compressor at
atmospheric condition and 22oC. The pressure ratio is 9 and the maximum temperature in the
cycle is 1077oC. Compute for the cycle efficiency per kg of air in percent.
A. 44.85% C. 41.65%
B. 43.92% D. 46.62%
Solution:
ec = 1 – 1/rp(k-1/k)
ec = 1 – 1/(9)(1.4-1/1.4)
ec = 0.4662 or 46.62%
17). What is the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Brayton cycle if the pressure ratio is 10.
A. 48.21% C. 45.36%
B. 50.16% D. 42.44%
Solution:
e = 1 - 1/rp(k-1/k)
e = 1 - 1/(10)(1.4-1/1.4)
e = 48.21%
18). In an air-standard Brayton cycle, the compressor receives air at 101.325 kPa, 21oC and it
leaves at 600 kPa at the rate of 4 kg/s. Determine the turbine work if the temperature of the air
entering the turbine is 1000oC.
A. 3000 kW C. 2028 kW
B. 2701 kW D. 3500 kW
Solution:
Wt = mCp(T3-T4)
T4/T3 = (P4/P3)k-1/k
(T4/1000+273) = (101.325/600)1.4-1/1.4
T4 = 765.83 K
t4 = 492.83 oC
Thus;
Wt = (4)(1)(1000-492.83)
Wt = 2028 kW
19). A gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid.
The air enters the turbine at 120 psia and 2000 R and leaves at 15 psia and 1200 R. Heat is rejected
to the surroundings at a rate of 6400 Btu/s, and air flows through the cycle at a rate of 40 lbm/s.
Assuming the turbine to be isentropic and the compressor to have an isentropic efficiency of 80
percent, determine the net power output of the plant. Account for the variation of specific heats
with temperature.
Solution:
rp = P2/P1 = 120/15 =8
Qout = m(h4 – h1); h1 = 291.3 – 6400/40 = 131.3 Btu/lbm
Pr1 = 1.474
20). For what compressor efficiency will the gas-turbine power plant in Problem 19 produce zero
net work?
Solution:
ec = 0.5 or 50%
HEAT TRANSFER
1). A 15 cm thick wall has a thermal conductivity of 5 W/m-oK. If inside .md outside surface
temperature of the wall are 200°C and 30°C, lespectively. Determine the heat transmitted.
SOLUTION:
Q = kA (t2-t1)/X
Q = 5A(200 - 30)/0.15
2). Two walls of cold storage plant are composed of an insulating material (k = 0.25 KJ/hr-m-°C),
100 mm thick at the outer layer and material (k = 3.5 KJ/hr-m-°C), 15 cm thick at inner layer. If
the surface temperature at the cold side is 30°C and hot side is 250°C, find the heat transmitted
per square meter.
SOLUTION:
Q/A= (t1-t3)/[(X1/k1)+(X2/k2)]
3). Sea water for cooling enters a condenser at 27OC and leaves at 37OC. The condenser
temperature is 45°C, what is the log mean temperature difference?
A. 50.56°C C. 37.82°C
B. 12.33°C D. 80.54°C
SOLUTION:
θmax = 18°C
θmean= 12.33OC
4). Determine the thermal conductivity of a material that is use in a 2 m2 test pannel, 25 mm thick
with a temperature difference of 10.8 oFbetween the surfaces. During the 5 hours test period,
the heat transmitted is 200 KJ.
∆OC = 6°C
Q = kA(t2-t1) /x
200/5x3600 = k(2)(6)/0.025
k = 0.023148 W/m- o k
5). A steam pipe having a surface temperature of 200 °C passes through a room where the
temperature is 27 OC. The outside diameter of pipe is 80 mm and emissivity factor is 0.8. Calculate
the radiated heat loss for 3 m pipe length.
A. 1434.47 W C. 2756.57 W
B. 3746.35 W D. 3546.45 W
SOLUTION:
Ao=πDL
Ao = π(0.08)(3)
Ao = 0.7539 m2
T1 = 200 + 273
T1 = 473°K
T2 = 27 + 273 • T2 = 3000K
QR = 20,408.4 x 10-8(0.8)(0.7539) [(473)4 - (300)4]
QR = 1434.47 W
6). A counter flow heat exchanger is designed to heat fuel oil from 30°C to 90°C while the heating
fluid enters at 140°C and leaves at 105°C. Determine the arithmetic mean temperature
difference.
A.72.5OC B. 62.5 OC
C . 45.5 OC D.67.5 OC
SOLUTION:
θmax = 105 – 30
θmax =75 °C
θmin =140 - 90
θmin = 50°C
AMTD = 62.5 °C
7). A heat exchanger has an overall coefficient of heat transfer of 0.50 KW/m 2-oK. Heat loss is 11
KW and the mean temperature difference is 15°C. What is the heat transfer area in ft2?
SOLUTION:
Q = UA θm
11 = 0.50 (A )15
A = 1 .467 m2 x (3.281)2ft2/ m2
A = 15.79 ft2
8). Brine enters a circulating brine cooler at the rate of 60 m3/hr at -lO°Cand leaves at -16°C.
Specific heat of brine is 1.072 KJ/kg-OK and specifiC gravity of 1.1. Determine the tons of
refrigeration.
A. 53.5 TR C. 33.5 TR
B. 65.3 TR D. 44.5 TR
SOLUTION:
m = 18.33 kg/sec
Q = m Cp ∆t
Q = 117.92 KW
TR = 117.92/3.516
TR = 33.54 TR
9). A heat exchanger has a hot gas temperature of 300°C and surface conductance on hot side is
200 W /m2-oK. If heat transmitted is 1000 W/m2, what is the surface temperature on the wall at
hot side?
A. 295°C C. 234°C
B. 465°C D. 354°C
SOLUTION:
Q = A (ho) (∆t)
t1 = 295°C
Find the maximum thickness of metal wall-between the hot gas and the cold gas, so that the
maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545°C.
A. 10 mm C. 20 mm
B. 30 mm D. 40 mm
SOLUTION:
Hot side
Q = h1 A (∆t)
Q/A =138000
Cold side
Q = h2 A (∆t)
Q/A =138000
x = 0.020115 m
x=20.115mm
11). An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and walls are at 250C. The
outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its surface temperature and emissivity are 200°C and
0.80, respectively. If the coefficient associated with free convection heat transfer from the
surface to the air is 15 W/m2-oK, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit length of
pipe?
SOLUTION:
Qc = ho Ao (t 1 - t2)
Qc /L = 577.268 W/m
where: Ao = π(0.07)L
T1 = 200 + 273
T1 = 473°k
T2 = 25 + 273
T2 = 298°k
Q/L= Qc + QR
12). A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air consumption 0f 3,000 kg/hr
per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in through a filter by a centrifugal
compressor directly connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145°C and a counter flow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it
goes to the engine suction header. Cooling water enters air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C.
Calculate the log mean
temperature difference.
A. 47°C C. 34°C
B. 87°C D. 65°C
(θmax =145-38
Θmax =107 °C
θmin =45-30
θmin =15 °C
13). A turbo-charged, 16 cylinder, Vee-type diesel engine has an air consumption of 3,000 kg/hr
per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in through a filter by a centrifugal
compressor directly connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145°C and a counter flow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it
goes to the engine suction header. Cooling water enters air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C.
Calculate the quantity of cooling water in m3/hr required to cool the total air requirements of
the engine at rated load and speed.
A. 144 C. 123
B. 132 D. 124
SOLUTION:
(m cp ∆t)water = (m cp ∆t)air
mw = 143,301 kg/hr
14). An oil heater heats 100 kg per minute of oil from 35°C to 100°C in a counter flow heat
exchanger. The average specific heat of the oil is 2.5 KJ/kg-oC. Exhaust gases used for heating
enter the heater with an average specific heat of 1 KJ/kg-OC, a mass flow rate of 250 kg/min and
an initial temperature of 200°C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 75 W 1m2 -oC. Determine
heating surface in square meters
A. 16.11 C.13.11 ~
B. 63.11 D. 36.11
SOLUTION:
(m cp ∆t)Oil = (m cp ∆t)gas
to = 135°C
∆tA = 135 - 35
∆tA = 100°C
∆ts = 100°C
∆tm = 100°C
Q = U A ∆tm
A = 36.11 m2
15). A surface condenser serving a 50,000 KW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam
at the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hg. Sea water for cooling enters at
29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turbine condenser, manufacturers consider 950 Btu/lb of
steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate logarithmic mean
temperature difference in oF.
A.10 C. 12
B. 14 D. 16
SOLUTION:
∆tA = 11.36°C
∆tB = 3.36°C
θmean = 6.56°C
θmean =6.56 °C x 1.8°F/°C
θmean = 11.82 °F
16). A surface condenser serving a 50,000 KW steam turbo-generator unit receives exhaust steam
at the rate of 196,000 kg/hr. Vacuum in condenser is 702 mm Hg. Sea water for cooling enters at
29.5°C and leaves at 37.5°C. For steam turbine condenser design, manufacturers consider 950
Btu/lb of steam turbine condensed as heat given up to cooling water. Calculate the required
quantity of cooling water in cubic meters per hour. .
A. 10,374 C. 11,345
B. 12,445 D. 13,509
SOLUTION:
m cp ∆t = 410,571,000
m = 30,657,930.11 Ibs/hr
V = 30,657,930.11/(62.5)(1.03)
V = 477,003 ft3/hr
V = 477,003/35.31
V = 13,509 m3/hr
17). Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6" wall of firebrick with a temperature differences
across the wall of 50°C. The thermal conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-oF.
B. 369W/m2 D. 429W/m2
SOLUTION:
Q = kA(ta- tb) /x
ta - tb = 50(9/5)
ta - tb = 90°F
Q/A = 0.65(90)/(6/12)
A. 2241 C. 3100
B. 96.2 D. 1140
SOLUTION:
R = DV/ υ
where:
D= 2(25.4)
D= 50.8 cm
D = 0.508 m
Vo = velocity
Vo = 5 m/sec
υ = kinematic viscosity
υ = μ/ρ
υ = 1.131/997.9
υ = 0.0011334 m2/sec
Re=0.508(5)/ 0.0011334
Re = 2241
19). The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its
surrounding, which are at 25°C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity
of 1.2 W/m-oK and surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state conditions and outer surface
temperature of 100°C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this surface
is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2-oK. What is the brick inner surface
temperature in OC?
A. 623.7°C C. 461.4°C
B. 352.5 °C D. 256.3°C
SOLUTION:
Qc /A = 20(100-25)
Qc /A= 1500 W/m2 .
Q /A = Qc/A + Qr/A
Q /A =1500 + 520
Q /A =2020 W/m2
Q /A = k(ta - tb)/X
ta =352.5°C
20). Steam initially saturated at 2.05 Mpa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pipe for a
total distance of 152 m. The steam line is insulated with a 5.08 cm thickness of 85% magnesia.
For an ambient temperature of 22°C, what is the quality of the steam which arises at its
destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam per second?
Properties of steam:
A. 93% C. 84%
B. 98% D. 76%
SOLUTION:
Q(ΣR)=ti-to
Q=ms(h1 - h2)
h = hf + xhfg
r1 = 10.10/2
r1 = 5.05 cm
r2 = 5.08 + 5.05
r2 = 10.13 cm
Ao=2πrL
Ao = 2π(0.1013)(152)
Ao= 96.746 m2
Conduction :
Convection:
Q =hoAo(t1-to)
ti-to= Q(ΣR)
(213.67-22)=Q[(In(0.1013/0.0505)/2π(0.069)(152)+1/96.746(9.36)]
Q =16,427.4 W
Q =16.427 KW
Q=ms(h1 - h2)
16.4274=0.125(2800 - h2)
h2 = 2668.6
h = hf + xhfg
2668.6=914.52 + x(1885.5)
x = 93%
COOLING TOWER
1. Determine the approximate amount of air to be handled and the quantity of make-up water
required by a cooling tower that is to cool 12.62 lps from 36℃ to 31℃. Atmospheric
conditions are 35℃ DB and 25℃ WB. Assume that air leaves the tower at 32℃ DB and 90%
RH. Properties of air entering the tower: h=80.38 kJ/kg d.a. and W=0.0177 kg/kg d.a.
Properties of air leaving the tower: h=102.0 kJ/kg d.a. and W=0.0274 kg/kg d.a.
Solution:
mu=(W2-W1)ma
QA=mw Cpw(Δt)
QR=ma(h2-h1)
QR=QA
ma(102-80.38)=12.62(4.187)(36-32)
mu=(0.0274-0.0177)12.87
2. The change of enthalpy of air in a cooling tower is 81.42 kJ/kg d.a. and the mass flow rate of
air is 206 kg/min. water enters the tower at the rate of 190 lpm and 46ºC. Determine the
exit temperature of water.
a. 25ºC c. 24ºC
b. 24.92ºC d. 42ºC
c.
QA=mw Cpw(Δt)
QR=ma(h2-h1)
QR=QA
206(81.42)=190(46-Tb)
Tb= 42.27ºC
3. The change of temperature of water entering the cooling tower and the WB temperature of
surrounding air is 23ºC, and the efficiency of the tower is 65%. If the mass flow rate of the
water is 15 kg/s. determine the heat carried away by the air, in kW.
a. 983.93 kW c. 938. 93 kW
b. 993.83 kW d. 939. 83 kW
Solution:
QA=ma(h2-h1)
QR= QA
e= (Ta-Tb)/(Ta-WB1)
0.65= (Ta-Tb)/(23)
(Ta-Tb)= 14.95 ºC
QR= 15(4.187)(14.95)
QR = 938.93 Kw
4. The amount of water carried by air in a cooling tower is 6.8 kg/min. The change in humidity
ratio in the tower outlet and inlet is 0.025 kg/kg d.a. Determine the volume flow rate of air
needed if the specific volume is 0.8123 m3 /kg d.a.
Solution:
Va=ma x υa
mu=(W2-W1)ma
6.8=(0.025) ma
ma = 272 kg/min
Va=ma x υa
Va = 272 x0.8123
Va = 221 m3/min
5. The approach and efficiency of a cooling tower are 10ºC and 65%, respectively. If the
temperature of water leaving the tower is 27ºC, what is the temperature of water entering
the tower?
a. 45.57 ºC c. 47.55ºC
b. 55.47 ºC d. 54.75ºC
e= (T3-T4)/(T3-Wb1)
Approach= t4-wb1=10 ºC
e= (T3-T4)/(T3-Wb1)
0.65 = (T3-27)/(T3-17)
T3=[27 -0.65(17)]/0.35
T3= 45.57 ºC
6. In an induced draft cooling tower the circulating flow of water is 126 kg/s, entering the tower
at 38OC (h=159.21 kJ/kg) and leaves at 27OC (h=113.25).The inlet air conditions are27OC DB
and 15OC WB (h=42.0kJ/kg d.a.; W=0.0056 kg/kg d.a.) while exit condition is 32 OC DB and
90%RH (h=102.0 kJ/kg d.a., W=0.0275 kg/kg d.a.). How much is the make-up water required.
Solution:
mu=(W2-W1)ma
QA=mw Cpw(Δt)
QR=ma(h2-h1)
QR=QA
ma(102.0-42.0)=126(159.21-113.25)
ma = 96.516 kg/sec
mu = 96.516(0.0275-0.0056)
mu = 2.1137 kg/s
7. Water at 55OC is cooled in a cooling tower having an efficiency of 65%. Atmospheric air is
32OC and 70% RH (WB=27.4 OC). The heat rejected from the condenser is 2,300,000 kJ/hr.
Find the pump capacity in liters per second to circulate the cold water.
SOLUTION:
QR=QA=mwCP ∆T
e= ∆T/TWi-WBA
0.65= ∆T/55-27.4
∆T= 17.94 OC
mw = 8.57 kg/s
8. An atmospheric cooling tower is to cool the jacket water of a four stroke 800 kW Diesel
generator set. The tower efficiency is 60% at a temperature approach of 10OC. If the ambient
air has a relative humidity of 70% and DB of 32OC (WB=27.45OC), determine the cooling
water supplied to the diesel engine in liters per hour. Generator efficiency is 97%, useful
work=30%, and cooling loss=25%.
SOLUTION:
QR=QA=mwCP ∆T
e= ∆T/TWi-WBA
Approach=TWO-WBA
10 OC = TWO-27.45 OC
TWO =37.45 OC
TWi = 52.45 OC
∆T = 52.45 – 37.45
∆T = 15 OC
QR= (800kW)0.25/0.97(0.30)
QR = 61.8556 kW
QR = QA = mwCP ∆T
687.285 kW = mw(4.187)(15)
mw = 10.94 kg/s
9. Fifty gallons of water per minute enters the tower at 46OC. Atmospheric air at 16OC DB and
55% RH (υ=0.828 m3/kg, W=0.0056 kg/kg d.a.) enters at 2.85 m3/s and leaves at 32OC
saturated (W=0.0308 kg/kg d.a.). Determine the volume of water that leaves the tower
(water that falls to the basin).
SOLUTION:
m3-m4 = mA (W2-W1)
m3 = 3.154 kg/s0
m4 = 3.067 kg/s
V4 = 3.067 (1 li/kg)
V4 = 3.067 li/s
10. A 250,000 kg/hr of water at 35°C enters a cooling tower where it is to be cooled to 17.5°C.
the energy is to be exchanged with atmospheric air entering the units at 15°C and leaving
the unit at 30°C. The air enters at 30% RH and leaves at 85% RH. If all process are assumed
to occur at atmospheric pressure, determine the percentage of total water flow that is
made up water.
a. 2.22% b. 3.33% c. 4.44% d. 1.11%
Solution :
W1 = 0.0033 kg/kg
h2 = 89.01 kJ/kg
w2 =0.0233 kg/kg
m5 = ma (w2-w1)
m = 5 551.79 kg/hr
= 0.0222 or 2.22%
FANS AND BLOWERS
1). Calculate the required motor capacity needed to drive a forced –draft fan serving a stoker
fired boiler using coal as fuel.
Pmotor= Pair/efan
Volume of air demanded by the boiler from the forced draft fan :
Q = 128.942/1.2
Q = 107,451.77 m3/hr
Q = 29.85 m3/s
Then,
Pair= [ 1.2 (0.00981) ] (29.85) [ (0.18)(1000/1.2)]
= 52.71 kW
Thus,
Pmotor= 52.71/0.60
Pmotor= 87.84 kW
2). A boiler requires 75,000 m3 /hr of standard air. What is the motor power if it can deliver a
total pressure of 145 mm of water gage. The mechanical efficiency of fan is 64%.
Thus ;
Pmotor = 29.63/0.64
Pmotor = 46.30 kW
3). A 40 in. diameter fan rated at 160,000 cfm standard air at 16 in. and pressure is operating at
1200 rpm. Solve for the specific speed.
Ns = specific speed
Ns = 1200(160,000)0.5 /(4/3)3/4
Ns = 386,845.18 rp
4). The motor power needed to drive the fan is 75 kW and the volume flow rate delivered by
fan is 23 𝑚3 /s and 20 cm water gage. The density of air is 1.2 kg/𝑚3 . What is the fan efficiency?
5). In a certain installation, a fan when driven by a 7.5 HP motor at a speed of 600rpm delivers
510 𝑚3 of air per minute at a total pressure of 5cm WC. If in the same installation, 6.5cm WC
pressure is required. What power and motor speed will the fan be driven?
6). A tabular air heater is installed in line with the boiler, and the fan is now required to supply
heated air for combustion at 90°C. What drive power is required and the new total pressure
that this fan will operate if it is going to deliver the same volume of heated air at 1200 rpm?
ρ2/ρ1=(25+273)/(90+273)
ρ2/ρ1=0.82
h2/h1= 0.82
h2=3.28 cm WG
P2/P1= ρ2/ρ1
P2/P1= 0.82
P2/5= 0.82
P2=4.10 hp
𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ when air is heated, its density decreases and the pressure needed is move the air to
the combustion chamber will be lesser resulting to the decrease in fan power requirement.
7). A fan has a suction pressure of 5cm water vacuum with air velocity of 5 m/s. The discharge
has 20 cm WG and discharge velocity of 10 m/s. Find the head of fan.
h=hs+hv
Where :
hs=(hdw-hsw)ρw/ρa
hs=(0.20-(-0.05)1000/1.2
hs=208.33 m
hv=(Vd2-Vs2)/2g
hv=(102-52)/2(9.81)
hv=3.82 m
Thus,
h=208.33+3.82
h=212.15 m
8). An Air Handling Unit (AHU) for an airconditioning system has a centrifugal fan with backward
curved blades mounted on a scroll housing driven by a motor at 750 rpm. The fan delivers 2000
cfm of air against 3 in. WC static pressure (including resistance of ducts, elbows, cooling coils,
and outlet grills) and 0.80 in. WC velocity pressure. Calculate the tip speed of the wheel.
Solution:
The speed of the wheel :
V = (2ghv)0.5
Solving for the hv:
ρahva=ρwhvw
(0.075)hva=(0.8/1.2)(62.4)
hva=55.46 ft of H2O
Note :
ρa=0.075 lb/ft3
ρw=62.4 lb/ft3
then;
V = (2(32.2)55.46)0.50
V = 59.77 ft/s
V = 3,586 ft/s
CHIMNEY
1). A boiler uses 2500 kg of coal per hour and air required for combustion is 16 kg per kg of
coal. If ash loss is 10%, determine the mass of gas entering the chimney.
Solution:
mg = ma + mf - mash
A/F = ma/mf
16 = ma/mf
ma = 16 mf
mg = 16 mf + mf - 0.10 mf
mg = 16.9 mf
2). The flue gas density of chimney is 0.75 kg/m3 and air density of 1.15 kg/m3. If the driving
pressure is 0.25 Kpa, determine the height of chimney.
A. 54.6 m C. 74.6 m
B. 63.7 m D. 68.5 m
Solution:
hw = H(da - dg)
H = 63.71 m
3). The actual velocity of gas entering in a chimney is 8 m/sec. The gas temperature is 5°C and
pressure of 98 Kpa with a gas constant of 0.287 KJikg_°K. Determine the chimney diameter if
mass of gas is 50,000 kg/hr.
A. 1.57 m C. 3.56 m
B. 1.81 m D. 1.39 m
SOLUTION:
P Vg = mg Rg T
Vg = 12.12 m3/sec
Vg = A x v
4). A coal fired steam boiler uses 3000 kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5
kg per kg of coal at barometric pressure of 98.2 Kpa. The flue gas ha temperature of 285°C and
an average molecular weight of 30. Assuming an ash los of 11 % and allowable gas velocity of
7.5 m/sec, find the diameter of chimney.
SOLUTION:
R = 8.314/M R = 8.314/30
R = 0.277 KJ/kg oK
By mass balance: mc ,
ma + mf = mash + mg
mg = 49,170 kg/hr
PVg = mRgTg
Vg = 21.498 m3/sec
Q = (π/4) D2)v
D = 1.91 m
5). A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 Kpa and 23.88°C. Flue
gases at a rate of 5.0 kg/see enter the stack at 200°C and leaves at 160°C. The flue gases
gravimetric analysis are 18% C02, 7% 02 and 75% N2. Calculate the height of stack necessary for
a driving pressure of 0.20 Kpa.
SOLUTION:
Solving for the molecular weight and gas constant of the flue gas:
C02 02 N2
18% 7% 75%
0.18/44 = 0.00409
0.07/32 = 0.00219
0.75/28 = 0.02678
0.03306
Chimney
Mg = 1/0.03306
Mg = 30.25
Rg = 8.3143/30.25
Rg = 0.275
Tg = (200 + 160)/2
Tg = 180°C
dg = P/RT
dg = 0.775 kg/m3
da = P/RT
da = 1.133 kg/m3
H = 56.95 m
6). A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 Kpa and
23.880C. Flue gases at a rate of 5.0 kg/see enter the stack at 200°C and leaves at 1600C. The
flue gases gravimetric analysis are 18% C02, 7% 02 and 75% N2. Calculate the diameter of stack
in meters for a driving pressure of 0.20 Kpa.
SOLUTION:
Solving for the molecular weight and gas constant of the flue gas:
C02 02 N2
18% 7% 75%
Mg = 1/0.03306 Mg = 30.25
Rg = 8.314/30.25 Rg = 0.275
Tg = 200 + 160 2
Tg = 180°C
dg = P/RT
dg = 0.775 kg/m3
vt = theoretical velocity
vt = (2ghw)0.5
0.18/44 = 0.00409
0.07/32 = 0.00219
0.75/28 = 0.02678
0.03306
vt ={[2(9.81)(26.3)]0.5
v = 22.716m/sec
Q = Axv
D = 0.95 m φ
7). A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft loss of 21.78 cm of
water. If the stack gases are at 177 oC and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 Kp and 26°C, what
theoretical height of stack in meters is needed when no draft fan are used? Assume that the gas
constant for the flue gases is the same as that for air.
A. 565 C. 545
B. 535 D. 550
SOLUTION:
da = P/RT
da=.180 kg/m3
dg = P/RgTg
dg = 0.784 kg/m3
Draft = 0.2178(1000)
217.8 = H(1.18-0.784)
H = 550 m
8). If the actual draft required for a furnace is 6.239 cm of water and the frictional losses in the
stack are 15% of the theoretical draft, calculate the required stack height in meters. Assume
that the 'flue gas have an average temperature of 149°C and molecular weight of 30. Assume
air temperature of 21°C.
A. 215 C.220
B. 230 D. 210
SOLUTION:
hw = total draft
Chimney
da = P/RT
da =101.325/(0.287)(21 + 273)
da = 1.2 kg/m3
dg = P/RT
d g=101.325/(8.314/30)(149 + 273)
dg = 0.867 kg/m3
hw = H(da - dg)
H = 220 m
9). A steam boiler plant consumes 9,000 kg of coal per hour and produces 20 -kg of dry f1ue
gases per kg of coal fired. Outside air temperature is 32°C, average lomperature of the flue gas
entering the chimney is 343°C and average temperature of dry flue gas in the chimney is 260°C.
The gage fluid density is 994.78 kg per m3 Ilnd the theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of H20 at the
chimney base is needed when the ilarometric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Determine the height of
the chimney.
A. 46 C. 40
B. 50 D. 56
SOLUTION:
hw = H(da - dg)
hw = h x w
hw = (0.02286)(994.78)
hw = 22.74 kg/m2
P=da R T
da=P/RT
P = 760 mm Hg
da =101.325/(0.287)(32 + 273)
da = 1.157 kg/m3
dg = P /R T
dg = 0.662 kg/m3
hw = H(da - dg)
H = 46 m