CURSO GEOLOGÍA ECONÓMICA

Noviembre 2006
RESUMEN EJECUTIVO
Módulo 1.1: TECTONICA Y MINERALIZACIÓN DEL OROGENO
ANDINO
Relator:
Dr. Constantino Mpodozis
cmpodozis@sipetrol.cl

Objetivo.
Revisar y exponer los últimos avances en el conocimiento geológico y tectónico de
los Andes Centrales, especialmente la región norte de Chile, discutiendo sus implicancias
para la metalogénesis y exploración minera

Temas a ser expuestos

1) El funcionamiento actual del margen convergente andino. Datos geológicos y

geofísicos
2) Etapas en la construcción del orógeno andino. La historia acrecionaria del
Paleozoico vs el margen “destructivo” del Mesozoico y Cenozoico
3) Tectónica Paleozoica de los Andes Centrales
4) La historia acrecionaria del Paleozoico en Chile y Argentina central
5) Las grandes provincias volcánicas ácidas (LIP) del Paleozoico superior y
Mesozoico inferior y las cuencas de rift del Triásico y Jurásico
6) El inicio del Ciclo andino en el norte de Chile. Geología de la Cordillera de la Costa
y características de la mineralización asociada (IOCG)
7) El evento KT, migración del frente magmático hacia el este y la evolución del
“Cinturón Volcánico Paleoceno”
8) El evento Incaico (Eoceno-Oligoceno) el Sistema de Fallas de Domeyko y los
controles estructurales de los megapórfidos cupríferos

1
 9) Significado a gran escala de la deformación eocena, datos paleomagnéticos,
rotaciones de bloques, formación del Codo de Arica y la proto-Cordillera Oriental
10) Modelos petrotectónicos para la formación de pórfido cupríferos, influencias del
engrosamiento progresivo de la corteza y los fenómenos de erosión por subducción
11) Respuestas sedimentarias a la deformación Incaica. Evolución tectónica de la
cuencas del Salar de Atacama, Punta Negra, Pedernales y Calama
12) Magmatismo neógeno, zonas de subducción plana e inclinada, tectónica de la zona
subandina y alzamiento del Altiplano
13) Migración del arco neógeno en la región de Atacama. La Faja de Maricunga, el
volcanismo de retroarco en la Puna y los procesos de delaminación cortical
14) Evolución tectónica de la zona de subducción subhorizontal “Pampeana”. Franja del
Indio-El Potro, tectónica y neotectónica de la Precordillera y Sierras Pampeanas
15) Chile central: Una comparación con la evolución geológica del Norte Grande; La
“cuenca extensional”oligocena de Abanico-Machalí
16) Chile central. La inversión tectónica del Mioceno medio a superior: Mega
yacimientos de pórfidos: Los Pelambres a El Teniente
17) Discusión y síntesis.

Referencias

Amilibia, A., 2002, Inversión Tectónica en la Cordillera de Domeyko Norte de Chile, Tesis Doctoral,
Universidad de Barcelona

Amilibia, A., Skarmeta, J., 2003, La inversión tectónica de la Cordillera de Domeyko en el Norte de Chile y
su relación con la intrusión de Sistemas porfídicos de Cu-Mo, Congreso Geológico Chileno Nº10,
Actas (CDRom), Concepción

Allmendinger, R. W., T. E. Jordan, S. M. Kay and B. L. Isacks (1997), The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna
Plateau of the Central Andes, Annu. Rev. Earth Planetary Sci., 25, 139-174.

Allmendinger, R. W., González, G., Yu, J., Hoke, G., Isacks, B. 2005, Trench-parallel shortening in the
northern Chilean Forearc: Tectonic and climatic implications, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117 (1), 89–
04.

2
Allmendinger, R. W.; Figueroa, D. ; Snyder, D.; Beer, J.; Mpodozis, C.; Isacks, B, 1990, Foreland shortening
and crustal balancing in an amagmatic Orogen: The Andes at 30º S latitude: Tectonics, v. 90, p.
789-809

Alpers, C. Brimhall, G., 1988: Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile:
Evidence from supergene mineralization at La Escondida. Geological Society of America Bulletin:
Vol. 100, No. 10, pp. 1640–1656

ANCORP Working Group, 2003, Seismic imaging of a convergent continental margin and plateau in the
Central Andes (Andean Continental Research Project 1996 ( ANCORP 9 6 ), Journal of
Geophysical Research. v. 108(B7), 2328, doi:10.1029/2002JB001771.
40
Arancibia, G., Matthews, S., Pérez de Arce, C., 2006, K–Ar and Ar/39Ar geochronology of supergene
processes in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile: tectonic and climatic relations, Journal of the
Geological Society of London, v. 163, p.107-118

Arancibia, G., Matthews, S. J., Cornejo, P., Pérez de Arce, C., Zuluaga, J., Kasaneva, S., S., 2006, 40Ar/39Ar
and K–Ar geochronology of magmatic and hydrothermal events in a classic low-sulphidation
epithermal bonanza deposit: El Peñon, northern Chile, Miner Deposita, 41: 505–516. DOI
10.1007/s00126-006-0078-2

Arévalo, C., 1999, The Coastal Cordillera/Precordillera boundary in the Tierra Amarilla area (27º20’–
27º40`S / 70º 05’-70º20’W) , northern Chile, and the structural setting of the Candelaria Cu-Au
ore deposit, Ph.D. thesis, 294 pp., Kingston Univ., Kingston, U. K.

Arévalo, C., Rivera, O., Iriarte, S., Mpodozis, C, 1994, Cuencas extensionales y campos de calderas del
Cretácico Superior-Terciario Inferior en la Precordillera de Copiapó (27-28ºS), Chile. Actas 7º
Congreso Geológico Chileno, v. II, p. 1288-1292,

Arévalo, C., Grocott, J., Martin, W., Pringle, M., Taylor, G., 2006, Structural setting of the Candelaria Fe
Oxide Cu-Au Deposit, Chilean Andes (27º30' S). Economic Geology, v. 101, pp. 819–841

Astini, R.A., Benedetto, J.L., and Vaccari, N.E. , 1995, The early Paleozoic evolution of the Argentine
Precordillera as a Laurentia rifted, drifted, and collided terrane: A geodynamic model. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 107 (3), 253-273

Astini, R. A. Dávilla, F. M. 2004. Ordovician back arc foreland and Ocloyic thrust belt development on the
western Gondwana margin as a response to Precordillera terrane accretion. Tectonics 23, 1-19.

Arriagada, C., Roperch, P., Mpodozis, C., 2000, Clockwise block rotations along the eastern border of the
Cordillera de Domeyko, Northern Chile (22°45'-23°30'S), Tectonophysics, 326, 153-171.

3
Arriagada, C., P. Roperch, Mpodozis, C., Fernández., R., 2006, Paleomagnetism and tectonics of the southern
Atacama Desert (25º-28ºS) Northern Chile. Tectonics, 25, TC4001, Doi: 10.1029/2005TC001923.

Ballard, J. R., Palin, J., Williams, I. S., Campbell, and I, H. , 2001, Two ages of porphyry intrusions resolved
for the super-giant Chuquicamata copper deposit of northern Chile by ELA-ICP-MS: Geology, v.
29(5), p. 383-386.

Bahlburg, H. y Breikreuz, C., 1991, The Paleozoic evolution of active margin basins in the southern Central
Andes (NW Argentina, northern Chile). Journal of South America Earth Sciences 4: 171-188.

Bahlburg, H., Hervé, F., 1997, Geodynamic evolution and tectonostratigraphic terranes of NW-Argentina and
N-Chile.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109(7), 869-88

Barnes, J. B., Ehlers, T. A., McQuarrie, N., O' Sullivan, P. B., Pelletier, J. D., 2006 Eocene to recent
variations in erosion across the central Andean fold-thrust belt, northern Bolivia: Implications for
plateau evolution, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 248, 103–118

Bechis,, F., Cristallini, E, 2005,Tectonic evolution of northern Ñirihuau basin, northwestern Patagonia,
Argentina, Proceedings, 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), p. 103-
106, Barcelona

Bissig, T., Lee, J. J. K., Clark, A. H., 2001, The Cenozoic history of volcanism and hydrothermal alteration in
the Central Andean flat-slab region, New 40Ar/39Ar constraints from the El Indio-Pascua Au(-Ag,
Cu) Belt, 29ª20’-30º30’S. International Geology Review, v.43, 312-340

Blanco, N, Tomlinson, A.J., Mpodozis, C., Matthews, S. Pérez de A., C., 2004 (Abs) Formación Calama.
Estratigrafía e implicancias tectónicas, Eoceno, II región de Antofagasta, Chile. X Congreso
Geológico Chileno, Actas (CD ROM) Concepción.

Boric, R., Díaz F. y Maksaev V. 1990. Geología y yacimientos metalíferos de la región de Antofagasta.
Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Boletín 40, 246 p, Santiago.

Camus, F., 2003, Geología de los Sistemas Porfíricos en los Andes de Chile. Servicio Nacional de Geología y
Minería, 267 p. Santiago, Chile

Cannell, J., Cooke, D., Walshe, J., Stein, H., 2005. Geology, Mineralization, Alteration, and Structural
Evolution of the El Teniente Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit. Economic Geology, v. 100, 979 - 1003.

Charrier, R., Baeza, O., Elgueta, S., Flynn, J.J., Gans, P., Kay, S.M., Muñoz, N., Wyss, A.R., Zurita E., 2002,
Evidence for Cenozoic extensional basin development and tectonic inversion south of the flat-slab
segment, southern Central Andes, Chile 33°-36°S.L.: Journal of South American Earth Sciences,
v. 15, 117-139

4
Cornejo, P., Mathews, S. M. Orrego, M., and Robles, W., 2000, Etapas de mineralización asociadas a
alteración potásica en un sistema de Fe-Cu-Au: yacimiento Mantoverde, III región de Atacama,
Chile: Congreso Geológico Chileno N° 9, Actas, v. 2, p. 97-101

Cornejo, P., Mpodozis, C., Matthews, S., (1999), Geología y evolución magmática del distrito Indio Muerto
y Yacimiento El Salvador. Registered Report, IR 98-14, pp, 1-99, 1 map 1:25.000 scale, Serv.
Nac. de Geol. y Min., Santiago

Cornejo, P., Tosdal, R., M., Mpodozis, C., Tomlinson, A., Rivera, J. and Fanning, O., 1997, El Salvador
Porphyry Copper revisited: Geologic and geochronologic Framework. International Geology
Review, v. 39, p. 22-54.

Cornejo, P, Mathews, S, Perez de Arce, C, 2003, The “K-T” compressive deformation event in Northern
Chile (24°-27°S). Congreso Geológico Chileno N° 10, Actas (CD Rom), Concepción

Cornejo, P., Matthews, S., Marinovic, N, Pérez de Arce, C., Basso, M., Alfaro, J., Navarro, M, 2006,
Alteración Hidrotermal y Mineralización recurrente de Cu y Cu-Mo durante el Pérmico y el
Triásico en la Cordillera de Domeyko (Zona de Zaldívar-Salar de Los Morros): Antecedentes
40
Geocronológicos U-Pb, Ar/39Ar y Re-Os. Congreso Geológico Chileno N° 11, Actas,
Antofagasta

Coutand, I., Cobbold, P., Urreiztieta, M., Gautier, P., Chauvin, A., Gapais, D., Rosello, E. A., López-
Gamundi, O, 2001, Style and history of Andean deformation, Puna plateau, nothwestern
Argentina. Tectonics, v. 20(2), p. 210-234

Cristallini, E. O. & Ramos, V. A., 2000, Thick-skinned and thin-skinned thrusting in the La Ramada fold and
thrust belt: Crustal evolution of the High Andes of San Juan, Argentina (32°S). Tectonophysics
317(3-4), 205-235

Dallmeyer R. D., Brown M., Grocott J., Taylor G. K, Treolar P. J. 1996, Mesozoic magmatic and tectonic
events within the Andean plate boundary zone, 26°–27°30′ S, North Chile: constraints from
40
Ar/39Ar mineral ages. Journal of Geology, v. 104, 19–40

Deckart, K., Clark, A. H., Aguilar, C., Vargas, R., Bertens, A.,. Mortensen, J. K., Fanning, M- K., 2005,
Magmatic and Hydrothermal Chronology of the Giant Río Blanco Porphyry Copper Deposit,
40
Central Chile: Implications of an Integrated U-Pb and Ar/39Ar Database. Economic Geology,
v.100, 905-934

Farías, M., Charrier, R., Comte, D., Martinod, J., Hérail, G. 2005, Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the
western flank of the Altiplano: Evidence from the depositional, tectonic, and geomorphologic
evolution and shallow seismic activity (northern Chile at 19º S). Tectonics, v. 24, TC4001,
doi:10.1029/2004TC001667

5
García, M. 2002, Evolution oligo-néogène de l’Altiplano Occidental (Arc et Avant-Arc du Nord du Chili,
Arica): Tectonique, volcanisme, sedimentation, géomorphologia et bilan erosion-sédimentation,
Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.

Giambiagi, L., L. Ramos, V. Godoy, E., Alvarez, P., Orts, S., Cenozoic deformation and tectonic style of the
Andes,between 33º and 34º south latitude. Tectonics V. 22, Nº. 4, 1041,
doi:10.1029/2001TC001354

Godoy, E., Yáñez, G., Vera, E., 1999, Inversion of an Oligocene volcanic-tectonic basin and uplifting of its
superimposed Miocene magmatic arc in the Chilean Central Andes: first seismic and gravity
evidences. Tectonophysics, v. 306, 217-236
13
Ghosh, P., Garzione, C.N., Eiler, J.M., 2006, Rapid uplift of the Altiplano revealed through C-18O bonds.
Planetary Science Letters, v. 237, p. 499–507, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.032.

Gubbels, T.L., Isacks, B.L., Farrar, E., 1993. High-level surface, plateau uplift, and foreland development
Bolivian central Andes. Geology, v. 21, 695-698.

Haschke, M., Gunther, A., 2003, Balancing crustal thickening in arcs by tectonic vs. magmatic means.
Geology, 31, 933 – 936.

Haskhe, M, Siebert, Gunther, A., Scheuber, E., 2002, Repeated crustal thickening and crustal recycling during
the Andean Orogeny in north Chile (21º-26ºS), Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 1097 (B1), p.
2029, doi10.1029/2001JB000328

Hattori, K.H., and Keith, J.D., 2001, Contribution of mafic melt to porphyry copper mineralization: evidence
from Mount Pinatubo, Phillipines, and Bingham deposit, Utah. Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, 799-
806.

Hervé, F., 1988, Late Paleozoic Subduction and Accretion in Southern Chile: Episodes, v. 11(3), 183-188.

Hervé, F., and Fanning, C. M, 2001, Late Triassic detrital zircons in metaturbidites of the Chonos
Metamorphic Complex, southern Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile v. 28(1), 91-104.

Hollings, P., Cooke, D., Clark, A., 2005, Regional Geochemistry of Tertiary Igneous Rocks in Central Chile:
Implications for the Geodynamic Environment of Giant Porphyry Copper and Epithermal Gold
Mineralization. Economic Geology, v. 100, 887-904.

Horton, B.K. (2005), Revised deformation history of the central Andes: Inferences from Cenozoic foredeep
and intermontane basins of the Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia. Tectonics, 24,
doi:10.1029/2003TC001619

6
Horton, B., Gillis, R., Grove, M., 2006, Unsteady exhumation of the eastern margin of the Central Andean
plateau, northern Bolivia. GSA-AGA “Backbone of the Americas-Patagonia to Alaska”
conference, 86, Mendoza, Argentina

Isacks, B., 1988, Uplift of the Central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline. Geophysics
Res.,93, 3211-3231.

Jailllard, E., Hérail, G., Monfret, T., Díaz Martínez, E, Baby, P., Lavenu, A., Dumont, J. F., 2000, Tectonic
Evolution of the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Norhernmost Chile: In Cordani, U, G.,
Milani, E. J., Tomazfilho, A. Campos D. A (eds). Tectonic Evolution of South America, p. 481-
559.

James, D. E., Saks, S., 1999, Cenozoic Formation of the Central Andes: a Geophysical Perspective: Soc. Ec.
Geol., Special Publication 7, 1-25.

Jordan, T., B. Isacks, R., Allmendinger, J. Brewer, V. Ramos, and C. Ando. 1983. Andean tectonics related to
geometry of the subducted Nazca plate, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 341-361

Jordan, T., Burns, M., Veiga, R., Pángaro, F., Copeland, P., Kelley, S. Mpodozis, C., 2001, Extension and
basin formation in the southern Andes caused by increased convergence rate: A mid Cenozic
trigger for the Andes. Tectonics, v. 20(3), 308-32

Kay, S. M., Godoy, E., Kurtz, A., 2005, Episodic arc migration, crustal thickening, subduction erosion, and
magmatism in the south-central Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin Bulletin; v. 117;
no. 1/2; p. 67–88; doi: 10.1130/B25431.1

Kay, S. M., Kay, R, 1993, Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics, Volume 219 (1-3),
177-189

Kay, S. M., Mpodozis, C., 2001, Central Andean Ore Deposits linked to evolving shallow subduction systems
and thickening crust. GSA Today: Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 4–9.

Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., 2002, Magmatism as a probe to the Neogene shallowing of the Nazca plate beneath
the modern Chilean flat-slab: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 39-57.

Kay, S. M., Mpodozis, C. Coira, B., 1999, Neogene magmatism, tectonism and mineral deposists of the
Central Andes (22º-33ºS latitude): Central Andes, Soc. Ec. Geol. Special Publication 7, 27-59.

Kennan, L., 2000, Large-scale geomorphology in the central Andes of Peru and Bolivia: to tectonic;
magmatic and climatic processes. In Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, edited by M.A.
Summerfield, pp. 167-199, John Viley, New York,

Kley, J. 1999, Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline. J. South
Am. Earth Sci. 12, 221-235.

7
Kley, J., Monaldi, C., 1998, Tectonic shortening and crustal thickening in the Central Andes: How good is the
correlation? Geology, 26, 723-726.

Kley, J., Monaldi, C. R., Rossello, E., Ege, H. 2005, The Eastern Cordillera of the Central Andes: Inherited
mechanical weakness as a first-order control on the Cenozoic orogeny. Proceedings, 6th
International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), p. 432-435, Barcelona

Kurtz, A.C., Kay, S.M., Charrier, R., Farrar, E., 1996, Geochronology of Miocene Plutons and Andean uplift
history in the El Teniente Region, Central Chile (34ºS-35ºS). Revista Geológica de Chile

Lamb, S., Davis, P., 2003, Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes: Nature, v.
425, 792–797, doi: 0.1038/nature02049.

Ladino, M., Tomlinson, A, Blanco, N., 1997, Nuevos antecedentes para la edad de la deformación cretácica
en Sierra de Moreno, región de Antofagasta, Chile. Congreso Geológico Chileno N°8, Actas, v. 1,
p. 103-107, Antofagasta

Lindsay, D. 1998. Structural Control and Anisotropy of Mineralization within the Chuquicamata Porphyry
Copper Deposit, Northern Chile. Ph.D. thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, 381 p.

Loewy, S.L., J.N. Connelly, and I.W.D. Dalziel, 2004, An orphaned basement block: The Arequipa-Antofalla
Basement of the central Andean margin of South America,. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 116, 171–187.

Maksaev, V., Zentilli, M., 1999, Fission track Thermochronology of the Domeyko Cordillera, Northern Chile:
Implications for Andean Tectonics and Porphyry Cooper Metallogenesis, Explor. Min. Geol., 8,
65-89.

Maksaev, V., Munizaga, F., McWilliams, M., Theile, K., Arévalo, A., Zuñiga, P., Floody, R., 2001, 40Ar/39Ar
geochronology of the El Teniente porphyry copper deposit: III Simposio Sudamericano de
Geología Isotópica, Pucón, Chile, Extended Abstracts (CD Rom), p. 496-499.

Maksaev, V., Munizaga, Fanning, M., Palacios, C., Tapia, J., 2006, SHRIMP U–Pb dating of the Antucoya
porphyry copper deposit: new evidence for an Early Cretaceous porphyry-related metallogenic
epoch in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita DOI 10.1007/s00126-006-
0091-5

Marschik, R., Fontboté, LL, 2001,The Candelaria-Punta del Cobre Iron Oxide Cu-Au(-Zn-Ag) Deposits,
Chile. Economic Geology, v. 96, 1799 –1826

8
Martin, M.; Clavero, J; Mpodozis, C, 1999, Late Paleozoic to Early Jurassic tectonic development of the high
Andean Principal Cordillera, El Indio Region, Chile (29-3OºS). Journal of South American Earth
Sciences, v. 12, 33-49.

Masterman, G. J., Cooke, G. J., Berry, R., Clark, A., Mathur, R., Walshie, J. L., Walshie, J. L., Durán, M.,
40
2004, Ar/39Ar and Re-Os Geochronology of Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposits and
Related Copper-Silver Veins in the Collahuasi District, Northern Chile. Economic Geology, v. 99,
673–690

Matthews, S.J., Jones, A.P., Beard, A.D., 1994, Buffering of melt oxyge fugacity by sulphur redox reactions
in calc-alkaline magmas. Journal of Geological Society, v. 151, 815-823

May, G., Hartley, A., Chong, G. Stuart, F., Turner, P., Kape S., 2004, Eocene to Pleistocene litostratigraphy,
chronostratigraphy, and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Calama basin, northern Chile.
Revista Geológica de Chile, v.32, N° 1, 33-58

McQuarrie, N, 2002, Initial plate geometry, shortening variations and evolution of the Bolivian Orocline.
Geology, 30 (10), 867-870)

McQuarrie, N, 2006. (Abs) Revisiting shortening estimates along the Bolivian Orocline: implications of
thermal heating, erosion and crustal flow on the development of a high elevation plateau, GSA-
AGA “Backbone of the Americas-Patagonia to Alaska conference, 86, Mendoza, Argentina.

McQuarrie, N., B. Horton, G. Zandt, S. Beck, and P. DeCelles, 2005, Lithospheric evolution of the Andean
fold-thrust belt, Bolivia, and the origin of the central Andean plateau. Tectonophysics, 399, 15-37.

Melnick, D., Charlet, F., Echtler, H., De Batist, M., 2006, Incipient axial collapse of the Main Cordillera and
strain partitioning gradient between the central and Patagonian Andes, Lago Laja, Chile,
Tectonics, v. 25, TC5004, doi:10.1029/2005TC001918

Mote, T. I,. Becker, T. A., Renne, P. Brimhall, G. H., 2001, Chronology of Exotic Mineralization at El
Salvador, Chile, by 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Copper Wad and Supergene Alunite. Economic Geology,
v 96, 351-366.

Mpodozis, C., Allmendinger, R. W., 1993, Extensional tectonics, Cretaceous Andes, northern Chile (27°S).
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, 1462-1477.

Mpodozis, C., Arriagada, C., Basso, M., Roperch, Cobbold, P., Reich, M., 2005, Mesozoic to Paleogene
stratigraphy of the Atacama (Purilactis) Basin, Antofagasta region, northern Chile: Insights into
the earlier stages of central Andean tectonic evolution. Tectonophysics, 399, 125-154

9
Mpodozis, C, Cornejo, P., Kay, S. M., Tittler, A., 1995, La Franja de Maricunga: síntesis de la evolución del
frente volcánico Oligoceno-Mioceno en la zona sur de los Andes Centrales. Revista Geológica de
Chile, v. 22 (2), 273-313

Mpodozis, C., Kay, S, 1992, Late Paleozoic to Triassic Evolution of the Pacific Gondwana Margin: Evidence
from Chilean Frontal Cordilleran Batholits: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, 999-
1014.

Mpodozis, C., Marinovic, N., Smoje, I., 1993, Eocene left lateral strike slip faulting and clockwise block
rotations in the Cordillera de Domeyko, west of Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile, Proceedings,
2th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics, p. 225-228, Oxford, UK.

Mpodozis, C., Perelló, J., 2003, Porphyry copper Metallogeny of the Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene arc of
Western South America, Relationships with volcanism and arc segmentation. Congreso
Geológico Chileno N° 10, Actas (CD Rom), Concepción

Mpodozis, C., Ramos, V. A., 1990, The Andes of Chile and Argentina. Circum Pacific Council for Energy
and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, v. 11, 59-90.

Muntean, J. L, Einaudi, M. T., 2001, Porphyry-Epithermal Transition: Maricunga Belt, Northern Chile.
Economic Geology, v. 96, 743-772

Munizaga, F., Maksaev, V., Fanning, M., Giglio, S., y Tassinari, C. 2006. Collahuasi Formation in northern
Chile: Geochronological evidence of magmatic activity on the western border of Gondwana. Short
papers in V South American Symposium on Isotope Geology, Punta del Este, Uruguay, pag. 126.

Muñoz, N., Charrier, 1996, Uplift of the western border of the Altiplano on a west-vergent thrust system,
Northern Chile, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v.9, 171-181.

Muñoz, J. A., Amilibia, A., Carrera, N., Mon, R., Chomg, G., Roca, E. Sabat, F., 2005, A geological cross-
section of the Andean orogen at 25.5 LS , 6th Int. Symp on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), p. 536-
539, Barcelona

Nalpas, T., Hérail, G., Mpodozis, R., Clavero, J.,. Dabard, M. P. 2005, Thermochronological data and
denudation history along a transect between Chañaral and Pedernales (~26ºS), North Chilean
Andes: Orogenic implications. In Andean Geodynamics, 6th International Symposium, Barcelona,
Spain, 14-16 Sept. 2005, Inst. de Rech. pour le Dév. (IRD), París

Oliveros, V. 2005. Etude Géochronologique des Unités Magmatiques Jurassiques et Crétacé Inférieur du
Nord du Chili (18º30'-24ºS, 60º30'-70º30'W): Origine, Mise en Place, Altération, Métamorphisme
et Minéralisations Associées. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Nice, University of Chile.
285 p.

10
Padilla-Garza, R., Titley, S., Pimentel, F, 2001, Geology of the Escondida Porphyry Copper Deposit,
Antofagasta Region, Chile. Economic Geology, v. 96, 297–31

Pankhurst, R, Rapela, C. W, 1998, The Protoandean margin of Gondwana: An Introduction. In Pankhurst, R.

J., Rapela , C. W. (eds): The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana. Geological Society of London,
Special Publication 142, p. 1-9.

Pananont, P., Mpodozis, C., Blanco, N., Jordan, T.E., Brown, L. D., 2004. Tectonic Evolution of the
Northwest Salar de Atacama Basin, Northern Chile. Tectonics, v. 23, TC6007,
doi:10.1029/2003TC001595

Pardo-Casas, F., Molnar, P., 1987, Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American plates since
late Cretaceous time. Tectonics, v.6, 233-248.

Perelló, J., Urzúa, F., Cabello, J., Ortiz, F., 1996, Clustered gold-bearing Oligocene porphyry copper and
associated epithermal mineralization at La Fortuna, Vallenar region, Chile: In "Andean Copper
deposists" Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication No 5 (Camus, F., Sillitoe, R. H ,
Petersen, eds) p. 81-90.

Perelló, J., V. Carlotto, A. Zarate, P. Ramos, H. Posso, Caballero, A., 2003, Porphyry-Style Alteration and
Mineralization of the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt, Cusco Region,
Peru. Economic Geology, 98, 1575-1605

Ramos. V. A., Aleman, A., 2000, Tectonic Evolution of the Andes: Tectonic evolution of South America In:
Cordani, U., Milani, E. J., Thomaz-Filho, A., Campos, D. A (eds), 31th International Geological
Congress, Rio de Janeiro Geological Congress, p. 635-685.

Ramos, V.A., Cristallini, E.O., Pérez, D.J., 2002, The Pampean flat-slab of the Central Andes: Journal of
South American Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 59–78.

Ramos, V. A., Jordan, T. E., Allmendinger, R. W., Mpodozis, C., Kay, S. M., Cortés, J. M., Palma, M., 1986,
Paleozoic terranes of the central Argentine-Chilean Andes. Tectonics, v. 5, 855-880.

Ramos, V. A. Kay, S. M., 1991, Triassic rifting and associated basalts in the Cuyo Basin, central Argentina.
In: Andean magmatism and its tectonic setting. Geological Society of America Special Paper 265,
Boulder, CO, United States, 79-91.

Rech , J. A., Currie, B. S., Michalski, G., Cowan, A., 2006, Neogene climate change and uplift in the
Atacama Desert, Chile. Geology; v. 34(9), 761–764

Reutter, K.J., Scheuber, E., 1991, Structural evidence of orogen-parallel strike slip displacements in the
Precordillera of northern Chile. Geol. Rundschau, 80 (1), 135-153

11
Richards, J. P., 2003, Tectono-Magmatic Precursors for Porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) Deposit Formation. Economic
Geology, v.98, 1515 - 1533.

Richards, J.,P., Noble, S.R., Pringle, M.S., 1999, A Revised late Eocene age for porphyry Cu magmatism in
the Escondida area, northern Chile. Economic Geology, v.94 (8),1231-1248.

Riquelme, R. Martinod, J., Hérail, G., Darrozes, J., Charrier, R., 2003 Geomorphological approach to
determining the Neogene to Recent tectonic deformation in the Coastal Cordillera of northern
Chile (Atacama). Tectonophysics v.361, 255–275

Rivera, O, and Mpodozis, C., 1994, La Megacaldera Carrizalillo y sus calderas anidadas: volcanismo
sinextensional del Cretácico superior-Terciario inferior en la Precordillera de Copiapó. Congreso
Geológico chileno Nº 7, Actas, v.1, 149-153.

Sandeman, A. A., Clark, A. H., Farrar, E., 1995, An integrated tectono-magmatic model for the evolution of
the Southern Peruvian Andes (13º-20ºS) since 55 Ma. Int. Geol. Review, v.373, 1039-1073

Scheuber, E. S., González, G., 1999, Tectonics of the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatic arc of the north
Chilean Coastal Cordillera (22-26º S): A story of crustal deformation along a convergent
plateboundary. Tectonics, v. 18(5), 895-910.

Schurr, B., Rietbrock, A, Asch, G Kind, R, Oncken, O., 2006, Evidence for lithospheric detachment in the
central Andes from local earthquake tomography. Tectonophysics, v.415, 203-223

Sempere, T., Carlier, Soler, P., Fornari, M., Carlotto, V., Jacay, J., Arise, O., Nérandeau, D., Cárdenas,
J.,Rosas, and S., Jimenez, 2002, Late Permian-Middle Jurassic litospheric thining in Peru and
Bolivia and is bearing on Andean Tectonics. Tectonophyscics, v.345(1-4), 153-181.

Sillitoe R. H., 2003, Iron oxide copper–gold deposits: an Andean view. Mineraliun Deposita v.38, 787–812

Sillitoe RH, Perelló J., 2005, Andean copper province: tectonomagmatic settings, deposit types, metallogeny,
exploration, and discovery. In: Hedenquist JW, Thompson JFH, Goldfarb R, Richards J (eds).
Economic Geology one hundredth anniversary, volume (1905–2005). Society of Economic
Geologists, Littleton Colorado, USA, p 845–890

Silver, P.G., Russo, R. M., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.,1998, Coupling of South American and African Plate
Motion and Plate Deformation. Science, v.279, 60-63.

Skewes M.A., Arévalo A.G., Floody R., Zuñiga, P., Stern, C.R., 2002, The giant El Teniente breccia deposit:
hypogene copper distribution and emplacement, in Goldfarb, R., and Nielsen, R. eds., Integrated
methods for discovery: global exploration in the 21st Century. Society of Economic Geologists
Special Publication 9, p. 299–332.

12
Sobolev, S. V., Babeyko, A. Y., 2005, What drives orogeny in the Andes? Geology, 33(8) 617-620

SNGM, 2003, Mapa Geológico de Chile 1:1000.000 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería. Santiago,

Tassara, A. Yánez., G., 2003, Relación entre el espesor elástico de la litósfera y la segmentación tectónica del
margen andino (15-47°S). Revista Geologica de Chile 30, 159-186

Tebbens, S. F., Cande, S. C., 1997, Southeast Pacific tectonic evolution from early Oligocene to present.
Journal of Geophysical Research, v.102 (B6), 12061–12084.

Tomlinson, A.J., Blanco, N., 1997, Structural evolution and displacement history of the West Fault System,
Precordillera: Part 1. Synmineral history. Congreso Geológico Chileno N°8, Actas, v.3, 1873–
1877, Antofagasta

Tomlinson, A.J.; Blanco, N.; Maksaev, V.; Dilles, J.H.; Grunder, A.L.; Ladino, M., 2001. Geología de la
precordillera andina de Quebrada Blanca - Chuquicamata, Regiones I y II (20º30’-22º30’ S).
Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Informe registrado IR-01-20, 2 Vol., 444 p., 20 mapas
escala 1: 50.000. Santiago.

Tomlinson, A. J, Mpodozis, C., Cornejo, P., Ramírez, C. F., 1993, Structural Geology of the Sierra Castillo-
Agua Amarga Fault System, Precordillera of Chile, El Salvador-Potrerillos. 2nd Int. Symp on
Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), 259-262, Oxford. U.K.

Thomson, S. N., Hervé. F., Stöckhert, B., 2001, Mesozoic-Cenozoic denudation history of the Patagonian
Andes (southern Chile) and its correlation to different subduction processes. Tectonics, v. 20,
693-711.

Vergara, M., Levi, B., Nyström, J.O., Cancino, A., 1995. Jurassic and Early Cretaceous island arc volcanism,
extension, and subsidence in the Coast Range of central Chile. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 107(12), 1427-1440.

Victor, P., Oncken, O, Glodny, J, 2004, Uplift of the western Altiplano plateau: Evidence from the
Precordillera between 20° and 21°S (northern Chile). Tectonics, v.23, TC4004,
doi:10.1029/2003TC001519

Vivallo, W. Henriquez, F., 1998, Génesis común de los yacimientos estratoligados y vetiformes de cobre del
Jurásico Medio a Superior en la Cordillera de la Costa, Región de Antofagasta, Chile. Rev. Geol.
Chile 25,199-228.

Ulrich, T. H, Heinrich, C., 2001 Geology and Alteration Geochemistry of the Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit at
Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina. Economic Geology, v.96, 1719 - 1742.

13
Wilson, N. S., and Zentilli, M., 1999, The role of Organic Mater in the Genesis of the El Soldado Volcanic-
Hosted Manto-Type Cu Deposit, Chile. Economic Geology, v.94, 1115-1135.

Yáñez, G.A., Ranero, C.R., von Huene, R., Díaz, J., 2001, Magnetic anomaly interpretation across the
southern central Andes (32°-34°S): the role of the Juan Fernández Ridge in the late Tertiary
evolution of the margin. Journal of Geophysical Research, v.106, 6325-6345.

Yañez, G., J. Cembrano, M. Pardo, C. Ranero,. Sellés, 2002, The Challenger-Juan Fernandez-Maipo major
tectonic transition of the Nazca-Andean subduction system at 33-34ºS: geodynamic evidence and
implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v.15, 23-38.

14