Raveling

Raveling is the progressive separation of aggregate Particles in the pavement from the
surface downward and from the edge inward. Usually fine aggregates comes out first
and leaves little “pock marks” on the pavement surface.as the erosion continue long and
long Particles are broken free and pavement soon has rough and jagged appears .

Causes:

Lack of compaction during construction

Construction in cold or wet weather

Dirty aggregates

Dry mix (insufficient bitumen content)

Overheating of the asphalt

Maintenance:

Surface treatments, skin patch, slurry seal, if required for entire project a thin overly
may require.

Bleeding
Bleeding is upward movement asphalt in asphalt pavement, or asphalt surface seems
like black shiny, glass-like reflective. Usually found in wheel path.

Causes:

Too much asphalt

Excess of prim coat and tack coat

Low air voids

Over weight traffic

Maintenance:

Blot with screening, thin overlay, chip surface treatment.

If project is pushing or other signs of plastic movement roto-mill/overlay

Pot holes:
Pot holes are bowl-shaped holes caused by the localized dis-integration of the
pavement surface.

Causes:

Weak pavement, surface, base, subgrade

Thin surface

Excess of fines

Poor drainage

Too thin in asphalt surface

Maintenance:

Cut straight and vertical and remove the material, fill base and surface with hot mix
asphalt by adding 25% more volume for compaction.

Base failure:
Base failure is caused by consolidation of subbase.

Causes:

Over loaded area

Lack of lateral support

Poor drainage

Maintenance:

Remove all surfaces to a fine material and place with asphalt mix with the minimum
depth according to a surface design.
Corrugation or shoving:
Corrugation is a form of asphaltic movement typified by ripples across the asphalt
pavement surface.

These are occurs usually at point where traffic starts or stop such as intersection.

On hills where traffic brakes down ward

Causes:

Too much asphalt or fines

Unstable asphalt course

Low air voids

Unstable base material

Rounded aggregate materials

Poor compaction

Excess of fine aggregates

Maintenance:

Roto-mill plastic mixture off, and replace with proper mixture. If the base material is
responsible, remove pavement scarify and re-compact.

Dry surface/cracks:
Dry surface are the cause of the mix was mix place too late.

Causes:

Old and dried out mix

Mix was placed too dry

Maintenance:

Fog seal, slurry seal or over lay

Depression:
They dip several centimeters, or move below grade it’s called “bird paths” also.

Water will collect on them. After raining its seems very notice able

Causes:

Poor construction

Poor drainage

Settlement of lower pavement layer

Maintenance:

Clean area and put tack coat and place with hot mix skinny patch, the area should be
string lined for limits of patch.

Alligator cracks:
These cracks are interconnected cracks, forming a series small block resembling an in
alligator skin. And it’s seen in heavy traffic areas.

Causes:
Weak surface, base or subgrade

Poor drainage

Thin surface

Maintenance:

Remove all distress area to a depth of firm material and replace with the proper asphalt
mix, allowing 25% times depth of patch for compaction.
Edge cracking:
Edge cracks are a longitudinal cracks which seen parallel on outer edge of the asphalt
pavement.

Causes:

Settlement of under laying material due to poor drainage

Lack of lateral support

Shrinkage of drying out soil

Maintenance:

Improve drainage; remove trees, shrubs close to edge. Clean the area and fill cracks
with asphalt emulsion slurry or emulsified asphalt.

Edge joint cracks:

These cracks are the separation of the joint between pavement and shoulder.

Cause:

Wetting and drying beneath shoulder surface

Poor shoulder drainage due to a shoulder higher than main pavement

Depression in pavement edge

Shoulder settlement, maximum shrinkage and truck straddling’s

Maintenance:

Improve drainage by removing the source that trap the water, clean area and fill with
asphalt emulsion slurry or light grade of asphalt mix with fine sand and provide side
drainage ditches
Slippage cracks:
Slippage crack are crescent shape cracks generally having two ends pointed into the
direction of traffic .slippage cracks can be find in to intersection due to stopping and
braking.

Causes:

Lack of good bonding between the surface layer and beneath

Lack of bond due dust, oil, dirt, rubber other non-adhesive material

Tack coat has not been used

Mixture has a high sand content

Maintenance:

Remove surface layer from around crack until a good bond between layers is found,
patch with plant-mixed asphalt material. Tuck with in asphalt emulsion.

Rutting:
Ruts are the channelized depression which develops in wheel tracks in asphalt
pavement.

Causes:

Lack of compaction

Little thickness of pavement

Displacement in the asphalt surface

Maintenance:

Level pavement by filling the channel with hot mix asphalt material, Follow with thin
asphalt mix overlay or roto-mill and overlay
Loss of aggregate on surface treatment:
The whipping-off of aggregate under traffic from a surface-treated pavement, leaving
the asphalt

Causes:

Not spreading immediately

Asphalt may have cold too much

Too dirty aggregates and too wet during when spreading during construction

Not rolled immediately after placing and it may not become stated

Steel wheel roller are used alone for compaction

Weather too cold when treatment applied

Fast traffic too soon after application

Maintenance:

Spread over effected areas hot course sand, after spreading it should be rolled
immediately with pneumatic tired roller.

Longitudinal streaking:
Longitudinal cracks occurs parallel to the center line of the pavement.

Causes:

Spray bar not set at the correct height

Nozzle of the spray bar not set on the correct angle

Wrong asphalt pump seed

Pump pressure too low

Maintenance:

Re-seal surface using proper procedure and adjustment or plan-off steaking area and
place new surface treatment.
Moisture damage (stripping) identified: shoving, bleeding or
ruts:
Causes:

Moisture in pavement by high voids/low density usually trapped in to lower or

intermediate layer

Excess minus 200 material high fines/asphalt ratio

Maintenance:

Remove and replaced with good mix.

Transvers uniform cracking:

Traverse cracks occur roughly perpendicular to center lint of pavement.

Causes:

Daily temperature cycle

Low temperature thermal cracking

Asphalt grad was too high for climate condition

Hardening of asphalt with aging

Maintenance:

Use ASTM D 3405 joint sealant

Polished aggregates:
These are aggregate particles in the surface of a pavement that have been polished
smooth. This includes both naturally smooth uncrushed gravels and crushed rock that
wear down quickly under the action of traffic.

Causes:

Some aggregates partially will become polish quickly under traffic

Some aggregates are naturally are polished and if they use in a pavement surface
without crushing so there will be skid hazards

These aggregates are quite slippage when they are wet.

Maintenance:

Cover the surface with a skid resistant hazard treatment application of hot plant-mixed
surface treatment and sand seal.

Widening crack or reflection cracks:

Widening cracks are longitudinal cracks that show up in the asphalt overlay above the
joint between the old and new section of a pavement widening.

Causes:

Vertical or horizontal movement in the pavement beneath the overlay, moisture change

Traffic or earth movement, loss of moisture in subgrade with high clay content

Repair:

Cracks Fill with the asphalt emulsion slurry or light grade asphalt mixed with fine sand.

Also a spread compound,

Or heavier bodied asphalt material may be use to fill large cracks.

Skid hazards:
Causes:

A thin film of water on a smooth surface

A thick film of water which the vehicle at high speed to leave the pavement surface and
skim over the water like an aquaplane,

Repair:

Cleaning the surface of contamination,

Removal of excess of asphalt and re-surfacing

To improve surface drainage

Shrinkage cracks:
Shrink cracks are interconnected cracks forming a series of large blocks usually with
sharp corner or angle.

Causes:

Volume change in the asphalt mix or in the base of subgrade,

Volume of fine aggregate asphalt mix that have high connected of low penetration
asphalt

Repair:

Fill cracks with asphalt emulsion slurry followed by a surface treatment

Or slurry seal over the entire surface.

Slurry seal:

Slurry seal is a mixture of emulsified asphalt, water, and well-graded fine aggregate and
mineral filler. Slurry seal are used to fill existing pavement surfaces.

Fog seal:

A fog seal is al light application of a diluted slow setting asphalt emulsion to the surface
of an aged pavement surface.