Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

ISSN: 0022-3131 (Print) 1881-1248 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnst20

Attenuation of Temperature Fluctuations in

Thermal Striping

Mtsuo WAKAMATSU , Hiromichi NEI & Koh HASHIGUCHI

To cite this article: Mtsuo WAKAMATSU , Hiromichi NEI & Koh HASHIGUCHI (1995) Attenuation
of Temperature Fluctuations in Thermal Striping, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 32:8,
752-762, DOI: 10.1080/18811248.1995.9731770

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1995.9731770

Published online: 15 Mar 2012.

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Journal of NUCLEARSCIESCEfind TECHSOLOGY,
32C82, pp. 752-762 (August 1995).

Attenuation of Temperature Fluctuations

in Thermal Striping
v V
Mitsuo WAKAMATSU, Hiromichi NEI
and Koh HASHIGUCHI J
Toshiba Nuclear Engineering Laboratory, Toshiba Corporation*

(Received May 12, 1994)

Thermal striping is random temperature fluctuation generated by the mixing of flow streams
a t different temperatures. In a liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor (LMFBR), it occurs in
the upper plenum a s a result of the mixing of sodium coolant jets from fuel assemblies and
control rods. I t is necessary to consider the temperature cycling in the context of fatigue on
the component. A simplified model has been developed to analyze the attenuation of tempera-
ture fluctuations from the flow streams to the structure surface. T h e analytical results were
compared with experiments that simulated the upper core structure and impinging jets from
fuel sub-assemblies and control rod channels in a n LMFBR. Sodium and water were used a s
simulated fluids to examine the differences in their physical properties. T h e surface attenuation
ratio decreased with the jet flow velocity. T h e ratio of surface temperature fluctuation to fluid
temperature fluctuation is 30-8076 in water tests and is 20-50% in sodium tests. These experi-
mental attenuation values almost agreed with the values calculated by the boundary layer theory.

KEY WORDS: temperature fluctuation, attenuation, thermal striping, LMFBR t y p e

reactors, upper core structure, coolant miring. impinging j e t , water test. sodium
test, thermocouple, boundary layer theory, flow velocity, simulation, functional models

fluctuations at the structure surface and to

I. INTRODUCTION
Thermal striping is random temperature
fluctuation generated by the mixing of flow
streams at different temperatures. In a liquid-
metal-cooled fast breeder reactor (LMFBR), it
occurs in the upper plenum as a result of the
mixing of sodium coolant jets from fuel sub-
assemblies. T h e average temperature rise
through the fuel subassemblies is normally set
at about 150°C. That through the breeder
subassemblies or the control rod subassemblies
varies throughout their life, typically from
50°C for a new subassembly to 150°C for a
fully burn-up subassembly. Thus, there exist
two streams mixing with temperature differ-
ences of up to 100°C.
The characteristics of thermal striping are
essentially important to be examined because
of the occurrence of thermal fatigue cracks
due to high-cycle temperature fluctuation on
the structure surface. The mixing jets which
impinge on the structures lead to temperature
surface strains. Material fatigue may occur
when the amplitude and number of strain
cycles are sufficiently high. Some literatures
have been published concerning these thermal
striping phenomena.
Betts et al. conducted experiments to ex-
amine the characteristics of thermal striping
using two models with air as the working
fluid simulating a subassembly array of the
core/breeder regions and the above core struc-
ture of the Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR)'').
Some characteristics of the peak-to-peak tem-
perature variations obtained by these models
were presented and compared with data ob-
tained for sodium above the core outlet of an
actual reactor, PFR. They presented a sim-
plified analytical model calculating tempera-
ture fluctuations by assuming spherical eddies
and heat exchange by turbulent diffusion be-
tween the fluid at different temperatures.
These theoretical models indicated that air
* Ukishirna-cho, Kaioasaki-ku, Kawasaki 2 1 0,

- 38 -
 Vol. 32, No. 8 (Aug. 1995)
tests were available for the simulation of
thermal striping in sodium.
Kasza et al. measured the temperature fluc-
tuations occurring in 180" inlet-leg angle pipe
tee thermal mixers(z). Sodium and water data
from different sized tees allowed the delinea-
tion of the size and fluid medium modeling
laws required for the extrapolation of tem-
perature fluctuation from a reduced-scale water
model to prototype LMFBR (liquid metal fast
breeder reactor) sodium mixers. A direct
numerical simulation code was developed by
Muramats~(~ which
) evaluated the frequency
of temperature fluctuation near the structure
surface. A numerical simulation of turbulent
temperature fluctuations in liquid metals was
also conducted by Grotzbach for turbulent
channel The attenuation character-
istics of temperature fluctuation was not cor-
related relatively simple equations in these
studies.
Meek ct al. developed a phenomenological
model to analyze the temperature fluctuations
in the fuel, cladding, coolant, and structure
system under various accident conditions in
an LMFBR"). The attenuation of temperature
fluctuation calculated from the linearized,
multi-nodal, lumped parameter models was
compared with the experiment which simu-
lated the fuel elements, and good agreement
was observed between both results. However,
the effects of the physical characteristics of
turbulent stream and heat transfer from the
coolant to the structure was not clear.
Chang of Westinghouse performed exten-
sive studies on thermal striping in sodium
from the viewpoint of the thermal fatigue
behavior of structural materials(C). Wood of
UKAEA, Risley also presented the design
conditions which should avoid crack initiation
by thermal ~ t r i p i n g ' ~ ) Choe
. et al. of the
General Electric Co. experimentally studied
the turbulent temperature fluctuation result-
ing from the mixing of cold and hot water
around a BWR (boiling water reactor) feed
water nozzle blend radius(*).
Wang et Betts et al.('O) and Sheriff
et d."" conducted sodium experiments to
measure the thermal striping in a flow stream
-39-
753
with typical temperature fluctuations. 'I'em-
perature attenuation factor, however, were
not discussed in these papers, as in the case
of the upper core-structure in an LMFBR.
This paper presents a simple model corre-
lating the temperature fluctuation in mixing
jet streams impinging on the wall surface.
The attenuation of thermal cycle variations
from a bulk stream to the wall surface has
been compared with experiments conducted
using two apparatuses of the same test section
configuration with sodium and water as indi-
vidual working fluids.
MODEL
II. PHYSICAL
Thermal striping generally has the charac-
teristics of randomness both in the amplitude
of the temperature fluctuations and the fre-
quency or period of fluctuations. Considering
the turbulence feature of thermal striping, the
temperature fluctuation can be represented by
an energy spectrum that the temperature OS-
cillating amplitude is a continuous function of
frequency. For a simplification, the fluid is
assumed to be flowing with its temperature
oscillating sinusoidally with a typical fre-
quency, n ( 1 2 ) .
When the surface temperature oscillates
periodically, a thermal conduction in a solid
with a semi-infinite extent is expressed by
the following equation(l3):
B E . I esp(--!/z/lr?z/K)
-COS(27Tnt-/J\ it?l/K). ( 1 ,
Then, the temperature amplitude at a position
of distance y from the surface is represented
by
8,(!I)= *-1 exp( - y V [ X % / K ) , (2)
where K is the thermal diffusivity, n the fre-
quency, and 11 the temperature amplitude at
the surface. Generally, the heat transfer from
a fluid stream to a wall surface can be ex-
pressed by
(3)
754
where q is the heat flux, a the heat transfer
coefficient, T b the fluid stream bulk tempera-
ture, T, the surface temperature, and ,? the
thermal conductivity, B H the eddy diff usivity of
heat. Thermal conduction is dominant in the
heat transfer from a fluid stream to the wall
surface. Namely, c I I is zero at the wall sur-
face. On the other hand, in the region far
from the surface, turbulent eddy diffusion is
dominant. Therefore, if an equivalent thin
heat conductive fluid layer of thickness 6 is
assumed, as shown in Fig. 1, the heat flux
can be expressed by
q=R(Tb-T,)/6. (4)
Fig. 1 Equivalent boundary layer model
This Eq. ( 4 ) holds for such transient state
as the bulk temperature T,oscillating sinu-
soidally, because the heat conduction is only
dominating factor for the heat transfer. From
Eqs. ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) , the thickness of the heat
conduction layer 8 is obtained by
a=aia. (5)
In a general heat transfer expression, the
Nusselt number Nu is
NU =all,?, (6)
where 1 is the characteristic distance. There-
fore, 6 is expressed by
6=l/Nu. (7)
The present paper is treated for the thermal
striping phenomenon due to impinging jet. In
this case, the heat transfer coefficient has
been derived by Martin(14)~'5) for a general
fluid as water:
-440-
J. Nucl. S c i . Tichnol.,
N u =-... H i / 4, ( 8 )
Ke1~P(1.02-0.048D)
1.68
where Re is the Reynolds number, H the
nozzle-to-wall surface distance, and the D
nozzle diameter. No correlation has been
presented so far for a liquid metal impinging
jet. Therefore, the following assumptions are
introduced. Namely, the correlation for an
impinging jet of sodium can be expressed by
combining a local heat transfer equation and
an axial velocity distribution equation of a
jet. The local heat transfer equation is used
as follows:
Nu (z)=O .564Pe(x)O-G, (9)
where Pe(z) is the local Peclet number. As
the axial velocity distribution equation of a
jet, the following one for an ordinary fluid
derived by Zalmanson(lQ is used :
---=(0.3+0.14-)
U H -1 ,
(10)
uo D
where U is the local velocity on the axis, and
U o the velocity at the nozzle exit. By com-
bining Eqs. ( 9 ) and (lo), the correlation for
an impinging jet of sodium is introduced as
follows :
where P r is the Prandtl number. From the
above deviations, the temperature attenuation
ratio is expressed by
$=eme m
=exp(-adJxn/n)
..-.
=exp(-l/Nudzn/n), (12)
where as Eqs. ( 8 ) and (11) are used equations
of Nu for water and sodium, respectively.
m. TEST APPARATUSAND
MEASUREMENTPROCEDURES
A temperature fluctuation experiment was
conducted using an apparatus shown in Fig. 2.
Both hot and cold fluid flows were independ-
ently delivered from hot and cold fluid water
tanks to the test piece settled in the inner
Vol. 32, No. 8 (Aug. 1995)
Temperature compensation lead
-
&VP
0 0
Hot 81 cold water nozzles
I I ,
1 surface to measure the fluid temperature fluc-
(unit : mrn)
Fig. 2 Test apparatus for temperature
fluctuation using water
vessel. ’The test piece was held by a sup-
porting pipe and was located just above the
nozzles. The distance L between the top of
the nozzles and the bottom of the test piece
was one of the test parameters (12-152mm).
This distance could be varied by sliding the
supporting pipe. The inner vessel was settled
in the test tank, as shown in this figure, to
reduce the influence of free surface fluctua-
tions. The test tank and inner vessels were
made of acrylic to enable to visualize field
flow. The volume of the test tank was about
1201. The hot and cold tank volumes were
both about 250 1.
All the water tests for temperature fluctu-
ation were carried out by this experimental
apparatus. On the other hand, sodium mapping
tests were also carried out by using a sodium
test apparatus to compare these water test
results with the sodium case. Both the water
test apparatus and the sodium mapping test
apparatus had a common geometry.
Figure 3 shows the schematics of the jet
nozzles and the test specimen. The geometry
of the jet nozzle was elliptic ( 5 ~ 1 8 m mex-
terior). The hydraulic diameter of the nozzle
- 41 -
755
t 1)
Nozzle
M
P = 19.1 Thermocouple
A-A (unit : mrn)
Fig. 3 Details of nozzles and test piece
was 8.5 m m . ‘The size and shape of the nozzle
were the same for the water test and the
sodium test. ‘Thermocouples were installed
with their tips located at the surface of the
specimen and some located at 2mm from the
tuations. The thermocouples used for the
mapping tests were all 0.25mm in diameter
so as to measure the temperature fluctuations
with a fast response. Boundary layer thick-
ness is 0.38mm in the water impinging jet
test and is 1 . 4 m m in the sodium test from
calculated by Eqs. ( 7 ) , ( 8 ) and (11). Both
boundary layer thickness are smaller than
2mm, where are outside boundary layer. So
fluid temperature fluctuations are measured
at 2mm located thermocouples from the sur-
face. The measured average time constant
(63.2% response) of the thermocouples was
about 20ms for fluid temperature measure-
ments, and about 30ms for surface tempera-
ture measurements. ‘The outlet flows of the
nozzles formed parallel impinging jets of hot
and cold water. The flow patterns in the
region between the jet nozzles and the spec-
imen were observed using the LLS method
(laser light sheet method) in the case of water
tests. Small air bubbles included in the water
were used as tracer particles for the LLS
method in visualizing the parallel jet flow.
The output signals from these thermo-
couples were converted to digital signals by
an A/D converter and recorded on a magnetic
tape by a data recorder DR-2000. ‘I’he sam-
pling frequency and the sampling time were
756 J. Nucl. Sci. Teclinol.,

1OOliz and 120s for all cases. examine the effect of the distance L , and the
The experimental conditions for water tests data from Run No. WEXG to WEX12 were
are shown inTable1. In this table, the data used to examine the effect of the flow rate
from Run No. WEXl to WEX5 were used to (or nozzle jet velocity). The nozzle jet
Table 1 Thermal striping test conditions (water)
__
Nozzle outlet Temg Reynolds number Velocity
Run No. - -
Hot Cold Hot Cold Hot cold V
._EL.. l C L (I/minl &n) o-_
WEXl 43 17
-45000
- ~
26000 18.0 18.0
- ~.
3.36
-

WEXS 46 15 47000 25000 18.0 18.0 3.36

WEX3 44 16 46000 26000 -76 18.0 18.0 3.36

.- - -
WEX4 19
___. 50 50000 28000 ___
114 ~.
18.0 18.0
__ 3.36
- _._

wEx5 45 15 46000 ~.
25000 _152 18.0
_ __ 18.0
__ 3.36

WEXG 45
-- 16 4700- 2600 38 1.a 1.a __0.34
WEX7
.
47. 22- 12000 7400 -- 38 4.5 ~. 4.5 0.84 -
___
WEX8 45 16 23000 12000 38 9.0 9.0 1.68 -_
._.- - . . __-- -. .- ~ ___
WEXS 51 22 38000 22000 38 13.5 13.5 2.51
___
WEXl(1 51 22 64000 37000 38 22.5 22.5 4.19
- __ - ---- -~ ___ __ - -
WEX11 48 16 76000 40000 38 28.2 28.2 5.25
. .- __ -. _. - -_
WEXlZ 51 22 100000 59000 38 36.0 36.0 6.72
-_ ..-__ ..
.I
_. ____ - -. .

Table 2 Thermal striping test conditions (sodium) ..

lozzle outlet Temp1 Reynolds number Velocity

Run no __
Cold L Hot Cold V
0-w (I/min) -0-
S 1A 73000 12 18.0 18.0 3.36
--
S 2A 73000 38 18.0 18.0 3.36
_ .- ~ -
S 3A 73000 76 18.0 18.0 3.36

S 4A 73000 114 18.0 18.0 3.36

S 5A 73000
_- __. 18.0 _18.0
152 - __ 3.36
-___.

18OOO
-~ 38
___ .
-
4.5 4.5
_- -.
0.84
-
36000
_ _~ __
38 9.0 .___ 9.0 1.68

55000 38 13.5 13.5 2.51

91000 38 22.5 22.5 4.19

20000 38 28.2 28.2 5.25

-~
__ ..

- 42 -
Vol. 32, No. S (Aug. 1995) 757

velocities were varied from 0.34 to 6.72m/s.
Some cases of water test results under various
nozzle jet velocities were compared with the
sodium mapping test results. T he test con-
ditions for sodium tests are shown in Table 2.
In this table, the data from Run No. SlA to
S5A were used to examine the effect of the
distance L , and the data from Run No. S7A
to SllA were used to examine the effect of
ducted to observe the region between the jet
nozzles and the specimen using the laser light
sheet method. This picture clearly shows that
the parallel jets flow upward and impinge on
the ceiling surface of the test piece. Then,
they flow along the surface forming thin wall
jets. Figure 4 shows a flow pattern schematic
of parallel impinged jet. In these flgures,
Test piece

jet flow rates Q c . The hot jet and the cold

jet temperatures were about 50°C and 20°C
for the water tests, and about 450°C and 300°C
for the sodium tests, respectively.

IV. TEST RESULTSAND

DISCUSSIONS
1. Flow Visualization Test
A typical flow pattern (Run No. WEXB,
11110 QI Qz
Q, :Hot
Qz : Cold

Flow 0 1 dominates voltex field

Qh=Qc=18Ilmin, L=38 mm) is shown in Fig. 4 Flow pattern schematic of
Photo. 1 by the flow visualization tests con- parallel impinging jets

\Vl<S? vl=:3.:%i
I!] >, l ' 2 = : x i ill,'>, 1.=38 111111, Q1=Ilot, Qz=c'Illd

Photo. 1 Flow pattern of nozzle outlets

- 43 ~-
 758 J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.,

shear vortexes were observed under the im- Examples of fluctuating temperature sta-
pinging surface of the specimen. tistics are shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The mean
2. Thermal Striping Test temperature 8, (%) and the peak-to-peak am-
( 1) General Observation plitude temperature 8a-P(%) were normalized
Figure 5(a) shows a typical time history
for the fluid and surface temperature fluctua-
80
tions measured by the centered thermocouples
L=38mrn
for Run No. WEX2 in water test. The tem-
peratures averaged in time for both fluid and
surface were almost the same value as the
averaged temperature of the hot and cold jets.
It has been found that the surface temperature
OE 401
20

$0 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 '
Position TIC No.
fluctuations are smaller than those for the
fluid. The thermal boundary layer contri- (a) Water test (Run No. WEX2)
butions to the surface attenuation can be
observed from the figure. In the case, the
averaged fluctuating frequency by the zero - Surface
80
up cross method was about 5-7Hz. Figure 5
(b) shows a typical time history for Run No.
- 60- .-pa-m-a-A' @\ Sodium
L=38rnm
0 O-.-m-m-m
S2A in sodium test. In these cases, the av-
erage value of fluctuating frequency in the
3 40-

20 -
k2 m4b'm-

sodium test is higher than the value in the

water test. The reason of the result is con-
sidered that hot and cold eddies of sodium
are smaller than those eddies of water by the
difference in kinematic viscosity.

0 surface

6 I
= 06 " " ' " I 1' ' ' 2
Time (sec) Poritlon TIC No.

(a) Water test (Run No. WEX2) (a) Water test (Run No. WE=)

-
3 100 ,
Sodium
loor
0 surtac.
I

gso
c
d
/ + Sodium
E
5
F, 40
- -
ab 20
.
Surface

Time (sec) Pocition TIC No.

(b) Sodium test (Run No. S2A) (b) Sodium test (Run No. S2A)
Fig. 5 Typical time histories of Fig. 7 Peak-to-peak amplitude distribution
temperature fluctuations along test piece

- 44 -
Vol. 32, No. 8 (Aug. 1995)
by the temperature differences between the
hot and cold jets, defined as
T -Tc
8," (%)= - m x100
T,,-Tc
where T,, is the measured mean temperature
and T p - pthe measured peak-to-peak tempera-
ture amplitude ("C).The mean temperature
distribution along the test piece for water
test is shown in Fig. 6(a). Both the fluid and
the surface temperatures detected at the center
thermocouples were almost equal to the aver-
age temperature, that is the same as the fully
mixed fluid temperature, 1/2 (Th+Tc).A large
temperature gradient was observed near the
test piece center. These facts indicate that
the centered thermocouples were located in the
fully mixed region of the two jet flows, and
the fully mixed region was extremely limited
near the center. Figure 6(b) shows tempera-
ture distribution in sodium test. These distri-
butions in both water test and sodium test
are similar.
Figure 7(a) shows the peak-to-peak ampli-
tude distribution of fluctuating temperature
in water test. The maximum value of the
amplitude was observed at the center. The
maximum fluctuation amplitude was
about 85% for the fluid and was about 45%
for the surface. Figure 7(b) shows the peak-
to-peak amplitude distribution in sodium tem-
perature. Since the fluid fluctuation amplitudes
were larger than those of the surface fluctu-
ation respective thermocouple locations, the
larger thermal boundary contributions prob-
ably suppressed the surface temperature fluc-
t uations.
( 2 ) Effect of the Distance
Thermal striping tests from Run No. WEXl
to WEX5 were conducted to examine the
effects of distance L from the nozzle outlets
to the surface of the test piece. In these
tests, the flow rates of the jet were fixed
as Qh=Qc=18Ilmin (velocity=3.36 m/s), and
only the distance I , was varied from 12 to
152mm. Figure 8 shows the correlation be-
tween the peak-to-peak amplitudes (%)
759
+ Water
0
0 40 80 120 160 200
Distance L (mm)
Fig. 8 Relation between peak-to-peak
amplitude U p - , and distance L
and the distance L . This figure shows the
peak-to-peak amplitudes of the temperature
fluctuation for the fluid and the surface at
the center position of the specimen. It has
been found that the peak-to-peak amplitude of
the surface temperature fluctuation increases
for a small distance L , and takes a maximum
value at L=38mm, and then decreases with
increasing distance L . At the distance L ,
smaller than 38 mm from the jet outlet, there
is a stagnation point around the thermocouple
measuring the surface at the center position.
So the surface temperature fluctuation is meas-
ured small by thermocouple. On the other
hand, at the distance just 38mm from the jet
outlet, there is the mixing zone around the
thermocouple, so the surface temperature fluc-
tuation increases. These interesting results
may be useful to evaluate the thermal fatigue
of the structure.
( 3 ) Effect of the Jet Flow Rate
The experiments from Run No. WEX6 to
WEX12 were performed to investigate the
effects of the jet flow rate under the follow-
ing conditions :
Distance ; L=38 mm
Flow rate of jet ; Q,,=Q,=1.8-36 l/min
Jet velocity; V,=Vc=0.34-6.72 m/s.
The peak-to-peak amplitudes of the tem-
perature fluctuation were plotted under these
parameter conditions in Fig. 9. This figure
indicates that the values of the peak-to-peak
amplitude in the fluid were almost constant,
whereas the values on the surface increased
with an increasing jet flow rate. From this
figure, it is considered that the small value
of the peak-to-peak surface amplitude at a
760 1. N u r l . Sci. Tcchnol..

100 I I I I I I 1 -

t-
t-+-,-t-+ +
*o
-C 60
0 Surface
+ Water
a o/5--"--o

a
h 40 /
0 1 0
20
' 0- - 0
L=38mm
I
0 20 40
Flow rate (Ilmin)
(a) Water test

0 20 40
Flow rate (Ilmin)

(b) Sodium test

Fig. 11 Zerocross frequency 1's. flow rate

attenuation ratios decrease. The attenuation

ratios from the RMS values for the sodium
tests were larger than those values for the
water tests under same velocities.
Figure 12 shows the attenuation ratios of
the peak-to-peak amplitude for the water tests
and sodium tests. 'These plots in this figure
show the experimental data, and the two
curves show the predictions from the physical
model. 'These plots indicate that the thermal
boundary layer contributions decrease with an
increasing jet flow rate, and therefore, the
attenuation ratio decreases.

___---
+-.+,
0 Experiment wafer
+ Experiment sodium
+
Water
Sodium
I .t" 20 -Prediction water
I I
Prediction sodium
20 40 20 40
- Flow Rate(P/rnin) -
Qn Flow Rate (P/rnin)
Fig. 10 Attenuation ratios of RMS Fig. 12 Attenuation ratios of peak-to-peak
amplitude 18s. flow rate amplitude 1's. flow rate
Vol. 32, No. 8 (Aug. 1995)
The predicted attenuation ratios nearly
agreed with the experimental data plots meas-
ured both in the water and sodium tests. Both
attenuation ratios are the same order of mag-
nitude. This fact is considered to be attri-
butable to the model which includes the
parameters of thermal diff usivity, boundary
layer thickness and fluctuation frequency.
V. CONCLUSION
Parallel impinging jet experiments were
carried out with the simple model using water
and sodium as working fluids to examine the
difference in their physical characteristics.
Mean and fluctuating temperature measure-
ments were made to examine the effects of
the distance between the jet nozzle and the
test piece and the jet flow rate on the fluc-
tuating temperature conditions. The major
results are summarized as follows :
(1) 'The temperature fluctuation generated
by the impinging jet was dependent on
the distance between the jet nozzle and
the test piece. In these experiments, the
peak-to-peak amplitude of the specimen
surface became maximum at L=38 mm,
and then decreased with increasing dis-
tance over this value.
(2) The surface temperature fluctuation
was nearly dependent on the distance
except for small distances. On the other
hand, the fluid temperature fluctuations
were reduced by approximately more than
half and then were transmitted to the
surface.
(3) The peak-to-peak amplitude of the fluid
temperature fluctuation was' almost con-
stant, whereas these values at the surface
increased with the jet flow rate. As a
result, the surface attenuation ratio de-
creased with the jet flow rate.
(4) The surface attenuation ratios in the
sodium tests were smaller than those in
the water tests under the same velocity.
(5) The experimental values of attenuation
nearly agreed with the values calculated
by the boundary layer theoretical model.
- 47 -
761
[NOMENCLATURE]
A : Temperature oscillation amplitude
a : Non-dimensional distance
6 : Nozzle width
cp : Fluid specific heat
D : Nozzle diameter
H : Nozzle-to-wall surface distance
L : Nozzle-to-wall surface distance
1 : Characteristic distance
N u : Nusselt number
11 : Frequency
P e : Peclet number
P r : Prandtl number
q : Heat flux
R e : Reynolds number
T,, : Bulk stream temperature
T,9: Wall surface temperature
U : Local velocity
U,): Velocity a t nozzle exit
V : Fluid velocity
y : Axial distance
x : distance from stagnation point
(Greek symbols)
,l : Heat transfer coefficient
,; : Equivalent boundary layer thickness
fi : Attenuation ratio of temperature fluctuation
c : Thermal diffusivity
2 : Thermal conductivity
p : Density
Y : Kinematic viscosity
0 : Fluctuating temperature
e l , : Eddy diffusivity of heat
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In these experimental studies, experimental
work using water was conducted at the To-
shiba Nuclear Engineering Laboratory (NEL)
under contract between the Central Research
Institute of the Electric Power Industry
(CRIEPI) and 'I'oshiba Corp. The experimental
work using sodium was conducted at the Rock-
well International Corp. (RI) under contract
among the Electric Power Research Institute
(EPRI) of the United States, the Central Elec-
tricity Generating Board (CEGB), and CRIEPI.
The authors wish to acknowledge the con-
siderable contributions of the staffs, both at
the Abiko Laboratory of CRIEPI and Toshiba
NEL on experimental work making this paper
possible. They finally wish to thank Mr. F.
Umibe, a former chief researcher of the
Toshiba Research and Development Center
for reviewing the original manuscript and
suggesting revisions in its English.
 762 J . Nucl. Sci. Technol.,

WA/HT-23 for Meeting, Dec. 2-7, (1979).

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