A5

Thermophysical
Properties of
Nitin Goel Refrigerants
Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.

R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)
R-134a (1,1,12-Tetrafluoroethane)
R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)]
R-407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)
R-410A [R-32/125 (50/50)]
Ammonia/Water
Water/Lithium bromide
The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987 and later amended in 1990, 1992, 1997, and 1999 controls the
production of ozone-depleting substances including refrigerants containing chlorine and/or bromine
production chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFC). Pursuent to this treaty, refrigerants such as R-11 and R-12,
ceased to exist in 1996 although continued use from existing stocks is permitted. In addition,
hydrofluorocarbon (HCFCs) (such as R-22 and R-123) are being phased out, with complete cessation
of production by January 1, 2030.
These refrigerants are being replaced by HFC refrigerants which have zero ozone depletion potential.
Common HFC refrigerants are R-32, R-125, 134a, and R-143a and their mixtures, such as, R-404A,
R-407C, and R-410A.
This appendix gives thermophysical properties of these HFC refrigerants and ammonia water and
water–lithium bromide mixtures which are used in absorption refrigeration systems. Properties of R-22
are given to serve as a reference (Figure A5.1 through Figure A5.8).

A5-1

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 A5-2
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
20 20

50
400

00
0 0 600

50

00
500

00

50
700 3

130
90 80 0 kg/m

12

11
10

10
12

11
10 n = 30 10
8 8
200

90
80
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
6 150 6
1500

1450

1400

1350
4 100 4
80
T = −6.0°C 80
70

−40
−30
−70

−50

−10
−20
−80

60

0
60
2 50 2
40
40
30
30
1 1
20 20
0.8 0.8
Pressure, MPa

10 15
0.6 0.6

Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

0
10
0.4 0.4
−10 8.0

T = 180°C
6.0
T = −20°C

190
200
170
160
150
140
130
0.2 0.2

120
110
100
4.0

90
−30

d Vapor

80
70
60
50
40
30
id

3.0

20
10
−10
qu

−20
0
−40
d li

0.1 0.1
2.0

Saturate
0.4

0.8

0.9
ate

0.6
0.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.7
0.08 0.08
1.5
tur

−50
x=

0.06 0.06
Sa

K)
1.0

g·
0.04 0.04

/(k
−60 0.80

kJ
0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.60

1.70

1.80
1.20

0
1.40

1.50
1.30

20

40
20
0.60

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.
2.
2.

=
0.02 −70 0.02

s
0.40
0.30
−80
0.01 0.01
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Properties computed with: NIST REFPROP Enthalpy, kJ/kg Based on formulation of Kamei et al. (1995)
version 7.0

FIGURE A5.1 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-22.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
20 20

00
00

50

00
00
3

50

50
0 0 700 600 m
10 90 80 0 kg/

13

11
12

12

10
11
10 ρ=50 10
400
8 300
8

100
30
40

50
60

70

90
10
20

80
6 200 6

1350
1450

1400
150
4 4

T=–40˚C
90 100
–60
–50

–30
–20
–10
80 80

0
2 70 60 2
60
50 40
1 40 30 1
0.8 0.8
Pressure, MPa

30 20
0.6 20 0.6
15
0.4 10 0.4
10
0 8.0
6.0

T= 160˚C
0.2 T=–10˚C 0.2

180
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
4.0

80
70
60
–20

50
40
30
20
10
3.0

0
0.1 0.1

ro
0.08 –30 0.08

Vap
id
iqu

2.0
0.4
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.8
0.5

0.6

0.7

0.9
dl

0.06 0.06

d
ate

rate
1.5
x=

–40
tur
Sa

Satu
0.04 0.04

)
1.0

·K
kg
–50 0.80

J/(
0K
0.80

0.90

1.20
1.00

1.10

1.30
0.70

1.40

0
1.50

1.60

0
0.60
1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.3
2.2
0.02 0.02

s=

0
–60

2.4
0.40

0.01 0.01
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Properties computed with: NIST REFPROP Enthalpy, kJ/kg Based on formulation of Tsiner-Roth and Beehr (1994)

A5-3
version 7.0

FIGURE A5.2 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-134a.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 A5-4
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
10.0 100.0
18

0
8.0 14 15
6
01 0.00 020 80.0

24
0.0 30

0
00 .00 0.00

0
.0

23
0. 2
0

13
1
01

0
. 0.004

5
0

01
0 0

01

22
60.0

010

00
6.0

0.0
0.0050

0.0
0.0
DuPont Fluorochemicals

0.0
0.0060
Suva® 404A (R–404A) m'/kg 40.0
4.0 Pressure–Enthalpy Diagram = 0.0080
Volume

60
0.010
(SI Units) 60

50
50 0.015

40
2.0 20.0

30
40 0.020

0.00095
0.00085
0.00080

0.00090
0.00075

30

20
0.030
20
1.0 10.0

10
0.040
Temperature = −50°C

10 8.0
−70
−60

−40
−30

−20

−10

0
0.8 0.050
0.6 Temperature = 0°C 0.060 6.0
Pressure (MPa)

Pressure (bar)
−10 0.080
0.4 4.0
0.10

Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

−20
0.15
id

−30
iqu

2.0

r
vapo
0.2 0.20
dl

0.5
0.4

0.6

0.9
0.1

0.7

0.8

210
0.2

Temperature = 140°C
ate

200
190
0.3

180
170
150
160
rated

130
tur

−40

120
110
=

100
Sa

90
0.30

80
lity

70
60
Satu

50
40
1.0
qua

0.1

30
20
0.40

10
0
−50

−10
−20
0.8

−30
0.08

−40
0.06 0.6
0.70
−60
0.04 0.4
1.0

.k
−70

kg
kj/
1.5

.20
0.02 2.0 0.2

=2
0

py

0
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55

5
5

5
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.85
1.00
1.05

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30

0
1.85
1.90
1.95

2.1

2.1

2.3

2.3
2.2
2.0

45
2.0

50
40
tro

2.

2.
2.
En
0.01 0.1
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

FIGURE A5.3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-404A.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
10.0 100.0
4 6 8
3 01 01 01
01 0.0

0
0.0 0.0

0
8.0 25 80.0

12
0.00

01

22
11
0

085
0.

5
30

00
0

0
009

00
0 0.00

0.0
02

009

21
0.

15
0.00

0.
0.0 0
0.004

0
00
0.0
6.0 60.0

80

20
0.0
Dupont fluorochemicals 0.0050

0.
c.p.

0
70

19
o 0.0060
Suva® 407C (R–407C) 3 g
4.0 80 m /k 40.0
Pressure–Enthalpy diagram e = 0.00

60
70 Volum 0.010
3.0 (SI units) 30.0

50
60

40
0.015
50 20.0
2.0
0.00070

0.020

30
0.00075

0.00080
40

20
30 0.030

10
1.0 10.0
20 0.040
0.8 0.050
0 10
0.060 8.0
0.6
0.080 6.0
Pressure (MPa)

0.4 0.10 4.0

0.3 3.0
0.15
id

0.2 0.20 2.0

iqu
dl

r
vapo
0.1
ate

0.2

.3

0.4

0.30
tur

0.5

0.6
=0

0.7

0.8

rated
0.9
Sa

ality

0.1 0.40 1.0

Satu
Qu

0.08 0.50 0.8

0.06 0.70 0.6

180
160
170
Temperature = 120°C

140
150
130
110
100
90
80
70
1.0

60
0.04 0.4

50
40
30
20
10
–10
0
–20
–30
0.03 0.3

–40

g.K
–50
1.5

J\k
5k
0.02 2.0 0.2

2.3
=
py
2.00

2.15
2.05

2.10
0.90

0
0.95

0.
0.85

1.90
1.50
1.45

1.95
1.60
1.65
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80

1.00

1.55

1.75

5
1.40

1.70
1.10
1.15
1.05

1.25

1.80
1.85
1.20

1.30
1.35

tro

55
5

0
2.2

60
2.2

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.
En

65
2.

2.
0.01 0.1
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

A5-5
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

FIGURE A5.4 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-407C.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 A5-6
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
6 6

0.004.005 0.008
0
4 ®
60 0.006 0.010 4
Dupont fluorochemicals
50
0.015
Suva® 410A (R–410A)
40
Pressure–Enthalpy diagram 0.020 2
2 30
(SI units)
20 0.030

10 0.040
1 1
0.050
0.8 Temperature = 0°C 0.8
0.060

50°C

180
170
160
150
0.6

140
0.6

130
120
110
100
Temperature =

90
80
70
0.10

60
40
30
0.4 0.4

20
10
0

Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

0.15

Pressure (MPa)
Pressure (MPa)

0.20
0.2 0.2
0.30

0.40

d vapor
0.1
0.50πY/k
0.1 g
id

Volume =
0.5
liqu

0.08 0.60 0.08

lity =

Saturate
ted

0.8

0.9
0.7
0.6
0.1

0.3

0.4
0.2

0.06 0.80 0.06

ura

Qua
Sat

1.0
0.04 0.04

1.5
0.03
2.0
K

0.02
/kg.

0.02
8 kJ

3.0
2.0
1.6
1.4

1.5

1.7
1.3

2.2
0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.2

2.1
1.1

= 1.

2.3

2.5
1.9

2.6
2.4
4.0
opy

0.01 0.01

2.8
2.7
5.0
Entr

0.008 6.0 0.008

0.006 0.006
8.0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

FIGURE A5.5 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant R-410A.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
10
210 20 22 25 28 31 34 38 43 48 5 5 6 9 00 Saturation pressure, kPa 210
18 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 300 800 300 6800 730 780 83 890 400 0
00 0 0 00 0 Enthalpy of saturated vapor, kJ/kg vapor
200 16 200
Vapor composition, kg NH1/kg vapor
1400
190 5 Enthalpy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg liquid
13 0 190
0
11 0
180 50 180
10
00 700
170 90 170

0.300

00

50
80 0

0
0.50

0.60

80

85
0.7

0.7
0 0

0.
90

0.
160 70
0 0. 160
0
60 600 92
150 0 0 0. 150
50 170 40 600
450 0.9
140

00
400 500 00 140
16

18
35 0 60 1000
130 0 0.9 500 0
30 130
0 8900 9400
25
120 0 00 120
22 400 80 7800 8300
5 15 0.9
110 20 400 6800 7300 110
0
90 6300
100 15 50 0.9 5800
100
12 0 14
300 5300
5 300 4800
90 10 90
Temperature, °C

5
0 0 .99
75 4300
80 0 3800 80
1 40 97
50 200 0.9 200 3400
70 3100 70
40
2800
60 30 2500 60
99
50 100 0.9 2200
50 20 100 13 2000 50
1800
40 1600
10 1450 40
0 1300
30 0 1150 30
1000
1300 900
20 800 20
−100 −100 700
10 600 10
500
0 450
1275 400 0
−200 −200 350
−10 300
−10
225 250
−20 −300 1250 200
−20
175
−300 150
−30 125 −30
−400 1225 100
−40 75
−40
−400
50
−50 40 −50
30

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Ammonia in saturated liquid, kg (ammonia)/kg (liquid)

A5-7
FIGURE A5.6 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for ammonia/water solutions prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Centre for Environmental Energy Engineering,
University of Maryland at Colleage Park.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

A5-8 Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

500

18
0
17
0
450

16
0
15
0
14
0
400

13
0
12
0
11

350
0
10
0°
C
90

300
Enthalpy, kJ/kg solution

80

250
70
60

200
50

150
40

100 30

20

50

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Lithium bromide concentration, mass%

Equations Concentration range 40 < x < 70% LiBr Temperature range 15 < t < 165°C
h = Σ04 AnX7 + rΣ04 BnX n + r2Σ04 CpX n in kJ/kg, where t = °C and X = %LiBr
A0 = −2024.33 B0 = 18.2829 C0 = −3.7008214 E-2
A1 = 163.309 B1 = −1.1691757 C1 = 2.8877666 E-3
A2 = −4.88161 B2 = 3.248041E-2 C2 = −8.1313015 E-5
A3 = 6.302948 E-2 B3 = −4.034184 E-4 C3 = 9.9116628 E-7
A4 = −2.913705 E-4 B4 = 1.8520569 E-6 C4 = −4.4441207 E-9

FIGURE A5.7 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for water/lithium bromide solutions.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants
Equations 120 200
3 3
1. t = S0B0X"+t'S0A0X" Solution temperature, °C
3 3
2. t ′ = (t –S0B0X" )/S0A0X" Refrigerant temperature, °C 110 150
3. log P = C+DIT' + E/T 2 P = kPa T ′= K
-2E
4. Γ = 100
D+|D2−4E(C−log P)|0.5 100
A0 = −2.007 55 B0 = 124.937 C = 7.05
A1 = 0.169 76 B1 = −7 710.49 D = −1596.49
A2 = −3.133 362 E-03 B2 = 0.152 286 D = −104 095.5 90
A3 = 1.976 68 E-05 B3 = −7.950 90 E-04

Range: −15 < t ' < 110°C

0
50

C
80

%
5 < t < 175°C

30
e,

Saturation pressure (P), kPa

45 < X < 70% LiBr 40

ur

40
t
ra
pe
em
70

%
30

50
tt
an
er
rig

20
ef

60

%
R

60
50

%
10

70
40

5
30 4
3
20
2

10 1

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

A5-9
Solution temperature,°C

FIGURE A5.8 Equilibrium chart for aqueous lithium bromide solutions reprinted by permission of Carrier Corp.

q 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC