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Sentence Structure
Knowing the basic sentence structures or sentence types of English helps writers in a variety of ways.
Knowing the basic sentence types offers writers control over how they choose to present information. For
some writers, learning the basic sentence patterns can make it easier to check sentence structure at the
editing stage of writing. This handout shows how to recognize and create different types of sentences based
on formulas. It also shows how to link ideas in order to indicate the relationship between them. The
formulas below are adapted from Schumaker & Sheldon (1985) and illustrate the most common sentence
patterns of English.
Sentence Types
All sentence types have subject/s, verb/s, and represent a complete statement. The three most
common sentence types are simple, compound, and complex.
Simple = I
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause (I), minimally contains one subject and one
verb and is a complete statement:
“She laughed.”
Other descriptive phrases can be added, but the sentence remains simple:
“In the middle of the night, she laughed uproariously for a full 30 seconds.”
Compound = I, cc I or I; I or I; tw, I
A compound sentence minimally contains two simple sentences (or independent clauses) that are
joined by a coordinating conjunction (cc)* or a semi-‐‑colon. Note that a comma without a
coordinating conjunction (cc) is a comma splice and is incorrect. In a compound sentence, the
ideas in both parts of the sentence are equally emphasized by the writer.
“The joke was funny, so she laughed.” (I, cc I)
“The joke was funny; she laughed.” (I; I)
The I;I pattern can also include transition words (tw)* to highlight the relationship between the
ideas in the sentence.
“The joke was funny; consequently, she laughed.” (I; tw, I)
Complex = I D or D, I
Complex sentences are made up of independent clauses and dependent clauses (D). The idea in
the independent clause is emphasized by the writer over the idea in the dependent clause. D
clauses begin with subordinators (e.g. because, since, while)* and contain subjects and verbs;
however, they cannot stand on their own as complete sentences. This is because subordinators
indicate relationships between two ideas, both of which must be expressed in the sentence.
“Because she laughed…” (D).
Can you hear how the sentence is unfinished? The sentence sounds unfinished because it is
missing an idea. Adding an independent clause completes the thought.
“Because she laughed, I knew the joke was funny” (D, I).
“I knew the joke was funny because she laughed” (ID).
*The table on the following page lists coordinating conjunctions, transition words, and
subordinators
You
have
the
tools.
We’ll
help
you
use
them.
Sentence
Structure
Table
Compound Sentences Complex Sentences
I, cc I I; I ID
or or
I; tw, I D, I
Relationships between Coordinating Transition Words (tw) Subordinators
ideas Conjunctions (cc)
Addition and likewise also
moreover
besides in the same way
in addition
Contrast or but still in though
Contradiction yet contrast although
nevertheless however even though
on the other hand instead
Cause (or Reason) and so consequently thus because as
Effect (or Result) for hence since so that
therefore in order that
accordingly as a
result
Alternatives or otherwise
nor alternatively
General to Specific for example for
instance
more specifically
Condition if even if
as if as though
unless
Time meanwhile after as long as since
awhile while until
subsequently thereafter before after
then now whenever when
eventually presently as soon as
Place where
wherever
Table modified from page 79 of McDonald, Orsini, and Wagner.
NOTE: Some of the words in this chart are used not only to link clauses, but also for other purposes, which
may require different or no punctuation. The rules discussed here are ONLY for linking clauses.
Sources
McDonald, B., Orsini, L. & Wagner, T. J. (1985). Sentence Combining Practice Plus. Book 1. Newton,
Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Schumaker, J. B. & Sheldon, J. (1985). The Sentence Writing Strategy: Instructor’s Manual. Lawrence, KS: The
University of Kansas
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