Review Lesson #2

ENGLISH

PARTS OF SPEECH

In today’s grammar, it usually begins with a definition of the parts of speech. It defines nouns
as names of words; pronouns as substitutes of nouns; adjectives as words modifying nouns and
pronouns; verbs as action words; adverbs as words modifying verbs; adjectives and adverbs;
conjunctions as connecting words; prepositions as words showing relationship between a noun or
pronoun with another word in the sentence; and interjections as words or phrases used as
exclamations without grammatical connection.

1. NOUNS
Finding Nouns. Here is a paragraph composed of 10 sentences for you to find the 25 nouns by
underlining it. Find out its title.

1. Most clams could fit in your hand.

2. The largest clams, however, wiegh about 500 pounds!
3. One such clam could be a meal for many families.
4. Their shells are so big that they could be used for a bed or a bathtub.
5. There giants are found in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean near Australia.
6. Some people say that these mammoth creatures are their enemies.
7. Divers can get their legs or arms caught and drown.
8. These stories probably aren’t true.
9. Their shells close very slowly.
10. Besides, these monsters of the ocean eat only plants.

Identifying Nouns. Nouns can be identified through the following signals:

A. Determiners – are expressions whose grammatical function is to signal that a noun follows.
Some of them are called articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, these, that, those),
possessive pronouns (her, his, their), indefinite pronouns (few, many, several), numerical
adjectives (nine, second, five) and limiting adjectives (many, much, all).

Examples:

1. The leader welcomes any suggestions from the members.

2. Their chair and that cushion match well.
3. I have a few friends abroad.
4. These are her books.
5. Nine candidates are present and the second man on the left is my cousin.
6. Many hospitals in the provinces do not have complete facilities.

B. Position in the Sentence

1. Before the verb as subject of the sentence.
Example: Embroidery is easy to learn.
 2. After the linking verb as subjective complement.
Examples:
1. The course for you is dressmaking.
2. You are a man with principles.

3. After a transitive verb as direct object

Examples:
1. She will study embroidery.
2. He catches fish every day for his family.

4. At the beginning or at the end of the sentence as nominative address.

Examples:
1. Mary, please pass the rice.
2. Did you visit you cousin, Ana?

C. Derivational Suffixes
1. Addition of er or or to verb roots as in:
teach-teacher translate-translator
2. Addition of ment to verb roots as in:
develop-development agree-agreement
3. Addition of al to verb roots as in:
arrive-arrival remove-removal
4. Addition of ness to an adjective as in:
neat-neatness complete-completeness
5. Addition of tion or ation to verb roots as in:
apply- application examine-examination
6. Addition of age to verb roots as in:
bond-bondage use-usage

ORAL EXERCISES

A. Identify the nouns in the following sentences.

1. The incident happened during Math class.
2. The pay is good enough for a beginner.
3. A labor union is an organized group of workers who can sell their combined services to
employers.
4. Only fifty out of two hundred voted for him.
5. Loitering in the corridors is prohibited.
6. The brain drain in the country can not be helped.
7. A mother’s sacrifice is endless.
8. Press work survives an advertisement.
9. University degrees are earned, not given away.
10. The preservation of our forest should be the concern of everyone, not only of the authorities.

B. Change the following words to function nouns in your sentence or short paragraph.
 1. accept 9. endorse 17. industrious 25. act
2. observe 10. happy 18. prosper 26. announce
3. renew 11. speak 19. superior 27. collect
4. employ 12. punctual 20. inform 28. report
5. assist 13. honest 21. drive 29. tell
6. participate 14. truthful 22. farm 30. produce
7. refer 15. enroll 23. swim 31. assign
8. propose 16. optimistic 24. sing 32. communicate

Cases of Nouns. Case is that quality of a noun which shows its relation to some other word or
words in the sentence.

A. Nominative Case – Here are the uses:

 Subject of the Sentence

1. Our Lady’s birthday is celebrated in September.
2. Morning prayers safeguard the day.
3. The charity of the first Christmas impressed the pagan world.

 Predicate Nominative or Subject Complement

1. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.
2. Faith is God’s most precious gift to us.
3. Gen. Lee was appointed commander in chief of the Confederate.

 Address or Nouns in Direct Address

1. Little children, love one another.
2. To whom shall we go, Lord!
3. Be of good heart, son, your sins are forgive.

 Apposition – an appositive is a word or a group of words that follows a noun or a

pronoun and explains its meaning.
1. Mary, our Mother intercedes for us.
2. The leader of the band is my friend, Paul.
3. The Immaculate Conception, our Patron Saint intercedes for us.

 Nominative of Exclamation – is used to express a strong emotion.

1. Happy little girl! Her parents have returned.

2. The sacraments! They are stepping stones to heaven.
3. Praise! Everybody likes praise.

EXCERCISES
Determine the nominative uses of the underlined nouns in each sentence.
1. Come with me, Edward.
2. God is our Heavenly Father.
3. Miss Quin, the guardian of the children is ill.
4. The happy boy! I rejoice with him.
5. Prayer! It is a ladder that reaches to God.
6. Are you hurt, my child?

B. Possisive Case – is used to express possession, ownership or connection.

Examples:
1. Saint Joseph’s workshop was in Nazareth.
2. Mary’s days were full of merit.

Methods of Forming the Possissive Case of Nouns

1. By adding ‘s to the singular nouns.

Examples:
student – student’s grade teacher – teacher’s book

2. By adding ‘ only to the plural nouns ending in s.

Examples:
girls – girls’ bags ladies – ladies’ shoes
Note: add ‘s to the plural forms of nouns not ending in s.
Examples:
men – men’s wear children – children’s dresses

3. By adding ‘s to proper names ending in s.

Examples:
James – James’ coat Williams – Williams’ pants

Note: Add ‘ only if the proper name is followed by a word beginning with s.
Example:
James sled – James’ sled

4. By adding ‘s to the end of the word in compound nouns.

Examples:
Compound Nouns – Singular Possissive – Plural Possissive
commander-in-chief – commander-in-chief’s – commanders-in-chief’s
sister-in-law – sister-in-law’s – sisters-in-law’s

EXERCISES
Write the Possessive Singular and the Possessive Plural forms of the following nouns:

Nouns - Possessive Singular - Possessive Plural

1. child ________________ ______________________

2. Patricia ________________ ______________________
3. sparrow ________________ ______________________
4. man ________________ ______________________
5. fox ________________ ______________________
6. fairy ________________ ______________________
7. passer-by ________________ ______________________
8. Augustus ________________ ______________________
9. wife ________________ ______________________
10. editor-in-chief ________________ ______________________

5. by adding ‘s to each noun for Separate Possession or ownership.

Examples:
1. Longfellow’s and Tennyson’s poems were read.
2. Ana’s and Boyet’s stores.

6. By adding ‘s the last noun only for Joint Possession or Ownership

Examples:
1. John and Peter’s boat.
2. Marta and Maria’s prayer book.

C. Objective Case – Here are the uses of an objective case:

1. Direct Object – the receiver of the action. It anwers the question what?
Examples:
1. Mary and Joseph took the child into Egypt.
2. Our Savior carried His cross to Calvary.
3. Mary Magdalene annointed the feet of Jesus.

Use each in your own sentence/paragraph (in a dialogue)

1. buy 9. order
2. receive 10. remit
3. drink 11. report
4. pay 12. submit
5. bring 13. clean
6. teach 14. sweep
7. write 15. cook
8. organize 16. feed

2. Indirect Object – which tells to whom or for whom the action is done.
Examples:
 1. Saint Joseph, taught the child the carpenter’s trade.
2. He pointed to Jupiter the largest planet.
3. Michael tell his brother an interesting story.

Verbs which may take both direct and indirect objects are:

1. assign 6. send
2. forgive 7. tell
3. get 8. sell
4. promise 9. show
5. give 10. sing

3. Object of a Preposition – most common Prepositions

about behind from over

above below in throuh
across beneath inside to
after beside near toward
against between of under
along beyond off up
around by or with
at during out within
before for outside without

Sentences:

1. Close the windows during the storm.

2. The person on the horse is my instructor.
3. Lean the rake against the wall.
4. With extra help, we should finish soon.

Group activity on the following topics

 A Mother’s Sacrifice is Endless

 Typhoon Basyang last Feb. 13
 Forest Preservation: The Concern of Everyone
 The Father: His Role in the Family