Presentation Overview

CVEN 483 1. Building system primary function

2. Types of load
Structural System Overview 3. Building materials
4. Structural members
Dr. J. Bracci 5. Structural systems
Fall 2001 Semester

CVEN 483 Structural Systems 2

1. Basic Building System Functions

Vertical deflection (sag) Lateral deflection (sway)

Support gravity loads for strength and Dead, Live, etc. Wind or
serviceability during: earthquakes

1. Normal use (service) conditions

2. Maximum considered use conditions
3. Environmental loading of varying
intensities
CVEN 483 Structural Systems
Performance-Based Design: Control displacements
within acceptable limits during service loading, factored
loaded, and varying intensities of environmental loading
3 CVEN 483 Structural Systems 4

2. Types of Load 3. Building Materials

Gravity: Lateral • Reinforced Concrete
Dead Wind • Structural Steel
Live Earthquake • Reinforced Masonry
Impact Soil lateral pressure • Wood
Snow Thermal • Aluminum
Rain/flood Centrifugal • Metal Structures
• Fiber Reinforced Polymers

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 Important Material Characteristics Reinforced Concrete
(Reference ACI 318-99)

• Modulus of Elasticity, E (a) Unconfined Concrete

• Yield point
f’c
• Strain hardening 0.85 f’c

• Ductility

Stress
• Toughness, hardness 0.3 f’c
E = 57000 (f’c)0.5

• Creep, shrinkage, thermal, relaxation

• High-cycle fatigue ~0.1 f’c
~ 0.002 0.003

Strain, in/in
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Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete

(Reference ACI 318-99) (Reference ACI 318-99)

(a) Confined Concrete (b) Normal reinforcing Steel (c) Prestressing bars &
ASTM A615,A617 [40,60 ksi] strands - A421,A416 [250,
270 ksi]
fu fpu
f’cc fpy
fy

Stress
Stress
Stress

f’cc

0.003 ~> 0.03 ~0.002 ~ 0.16 ~ 0.04

Strain, in/in Strain, in/in

Strain, in/in
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Structural Steel Reinforced Masonry

(Reference AISC-LRFD 1998 or AISC-ASD 19??) (Reference ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99)

• ASTM A36, 572, 615 • ASTM C34, C56, C62, C126 (Clay or Shale)
• ASTM C55, C73, C90, C129, C744 (Concrete)
f’m
Stress

Stress

0.33 f’m Em = 700-900 f’m

~0.002 ~ 0.16

Strain, in/in
Strain, in/in
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 Wood Aluminum
(Reference NDS 1997) (Reference Metals Handbook)

• Historical design approach was based on allowable stresses Advantages:

(ASD). LRFD approach is currently available. 1. High strength/weight ratio
• Many grades of wood – Southern Pine dominant in TX 2. Minimal maintenance due to stability in most
• Many types of failure mechanism, ie. various forms of atmospheric environments
crushing and splitting (parallel or perpendicular to the 3. Fatigue advantages ??
grain) Applications:
• Bolted/nailed connections 1. Aircraft
• Plywood – bonded sheets of wood (improves directionality
properties of wood)

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Metal Structures Fiber Reinforced Polymers

(ACI Committee 440, Trejo et al [2000])

Advantages: Advantages are realized:

• Warehouse type structures • Due to the high strength
• Strength/weight ratio
• Corrosive resistance
• Non-magnetic characteristics

Disadvantages:
• High temperatures
• Brittle behavior

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4. Structural Members Truss Elements

• Truss elements, including cables (tension only) Defn: Two force members, ie axial loads at nodes
• Beams only
L
• Columns F F
A,E δ
• Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates
Elastic Properties:
• Walls/diaphragms
ka = EA/L (axial stiffness)
σ = F/A (normal stress)
δ = FL / EA (deflection)
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 Beam Elements Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial
L V δ3
L V F F
M M
V E,I,A δ2,Θ2 M V E,I,A M δ1,Θ1 δ2,Θ2
δ1,Θ1
Elastic Properties:
Elastic Properties:
ka = EA/L (axial) σa = F/A (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) σ = My/I (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) σb = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
δb = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)
δb = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)
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Slab/Plate Elements Wall/Diaphragm Elements

Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear Defn: Members subject to shear

y
z
y
Mx, My, and Vz Vx and Vx
x x
Θx, Θy, and δz δx and δy

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5. Structural Systems Truss: Coplanar system of truss elements

governed by axial deformations

Gravity: Lateral:
• Trusses • Trusses
• Frames • Frames
• Walls • Braced Frames
• Dual systems • Walls
• Plates • Dual systems
• Diaphragms
Planar (2D) Space (3D)
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 Basic Truss Unit Truss Types

Stable Unstable

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Truss Behavior Truss Connections

• Act as long, deep beams with cutout webs • Modeled as pinned
• Resistance increases when upper and lower chords • Gusset plates used to connect members at
are spaced further apart. Bottom, corner elements
nodal points
are critical
• Riveted (past practice), high strength bolt,
or welded connections

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Truss Advantages Truss Disadvantages

• Optimum use of material properties (entire section
acts in tension or compression)
• Optimal for high strength, lightweight materials, ie
steel, aluminum, FRP
• Ideal for long spans, ie. roofs and bridges
• Constructability is efficient, ie. build on ground or
in fab shop and lift into place
• Requires significant total depth, which increases
nonstructural cladding.
• With long spans, vibrations tend to be a problem
in terms of both magnitude and frequency of
vibration.

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 Frame Systems
Steel Bar Joists
IBC 2000
• Steel bar joists can be economical in some • Building Frame
– Complete space frame systems providing support for gravity loads
buildings, ie. roofs and floors in any and seismic resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames
Walmart, sporting complex, or newer office • Dual Frame
buildings – Complete space frame systems providing support for gravity loads
and seismic resistance is provided by the space frame and shear
walls or braced frames
• Space Frame
– Members that are capable of supporting gravity loads and also
provide resistance to seismic forces

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Moment Frame Systems Frame: Coplanar system of beam and column

IBC 2000 elements dominated by flexural deformation

• Ordinary (OMF)
– Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as
well as along the member axis
• Intermediate (IMF)
– Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as
well as along the member axis with some extra detailing
requirements for ductility
• Special (SMF)
– Members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as
well as along the member axis with special detailing requirement
for ductility
Planar (2D) Space (3D)
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Basic Behavior 2D vs. 3D Frames (Plan)

Gravity Frame Lateral Frame

Gravity Load Lateral Loading

Planar Space

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 Frame Advantages
• Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office bldgs,
retail, parking structures where open space is required.
• Relatively simple and experienced construction process
• Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction
(less than about 20 stories)
• In Houston, most frames are made of reinforced concrete.
Frame Disadvantages
• Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral
deflections generally control the design process for
buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note that
concrete frame are about 8 times stiffer than steel frames
of the same strength.
• Span lengths are limited with using normal reinforced
concrete (generally less than about 40 ft, but up to about 50
ft). Span lengths can be increased by using prestressed
concrete.

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Frame Lateral Load Systems Frame Lateral Load Systems

Flat plate-column frame: Effective Beam-column frame:
slab width

Plan Elevation Elevation

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Frame Lateral Load Systems Frame Lateral Load Systems

Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally
lateral load resisting system considered rigid
Lateral load Space frame with
frame, typ. square plan
Plate element Deformed shape has constant
lateral displacement - No
Deformed shape - diaphragm flexibility, ie. lateral
Lateral load distributes load distributes to frame
to frames proportional proportional to frame stiffness
to tributary area

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 Braced Frame: Coplanar system of beam and
column elements dominated by flexural deformation Braced Frames
and truss elements dominated by axial deformation
Concentric Eccentric

Link
elements

Truss
elements

Planar (2D) Space (3D) Elevation Elevation

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Concentrically Braced Frames Eccentrically Braced Frames

Beam-column frame: Beam-column frame:

Elevation Elevation
Note: Deformations are a function Note: Deformations are a function
of axial stiffness in truss elements of shear stiffness in link elements
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Frame Lateral Load Systems Braced Frame Advantages

Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the
lateral load resisting system
Lateral load
frame, typ.
Plate element
Deformed shape -
Lateral load distributes
to frames proportional
to tributary area
• Much stiffer and stronger lateral load system when
compared with frame systems
• Optimum use of floor space. Most braced frames are on
the building perimeter or near elevator stairwell
• Generally economical for low-rise construction (less than
about 5 stories)
• Eccentricity braced frames have superior seismic
resistance due to very ductile link elements (fuses)

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 Frame Disadvantages Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems
Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations
• Architectural constraints. Sometimes braces must generally govern
be hidden and other times can be visualized as part
of the architectural scheme.

Elevation
Interior gravity
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frames CVEN 483 Structural Systems 50

Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems Dual Lateral Load Systems

Elevator shaft configuration Wall-Frame Dual System:

Gravity frames Lateral frames –

25% of lateral
load, minimum
Shear walls
Hole Hole
Shear walls
Coupling beams

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Non-Structural System Floor Diaphragm Flexibility

• Cladding – concrete, masonry, glass, etc
• Electrical, mechanical, HVAC, etc.
• Ceilings, partition walls, book cases, filing cabinets,
elevated computer floors, etc.
• Can be a concern with exterior braced frames or shear wall
systems that have a rectangular floor plan
• Special design considerations must be followed
• According to IBC 2000, lateral forces get distributed to the
lateral force resisting system
– Proportional to the frame stiffness for rigid diaphragms
– Proportional to the tributary mass that each frame carries for
flexible diaphragms

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