Wind and Hydropower

Integration - Overview

Tom Acker
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sustainable Energy Solutions Group
 Sustainable

Outline Energy
Solutions

z What is wind and hydropower Integration?

z Opportunities for wind and hydro integration
z Wind/Hydropower “products” and “projects”
z Summary

Grand Coulee Dam

What is Wind and Sustainable

Hydropower Integration? Energy

Solutions

z Combining wind and hydropower resources to the

mutual benefit of each:
z Wind benefits: ancillary services, energy storage
z Hydro benefits
z Electricity customer with market exposure: long-term, low-
cost wind
z Hydro facility: economic benefit, water storage, EIS
compliance, relicensing… case specific
z System benefits: better utilization of transmission and
generation assets (hydro 35% to 50% capacity factor)
z Can these benefits be realized economically?
detriments? constraints?
Perspective Sustainable
Energy
Solutions

z Utility / Load Serving Entity

z Serves load
z Match load requirements with generation
z Reliable operation
z Minimize costs to rate payer OR Maximize return
to investor
z Wind Plant (similar to any generation source)
z Economic objective: sell energy to system
z Long-term price stability
z Society / Customer
z Clean, affordable, reliable, low-cost energy
 Sustainable

Wind & Hydro on the Grid Energy

Solutions

z Plants NOT co-located

Transmission Control Area
z Same transmission
control area (non-
constrained area)
z Independent but
Independent “coordinated”
Controls
z “Firming” through grid;
Generation Data
combined variations of
load and wind
Hydroelectric
Plant Wind Plant z Storage of water/energy
z Other potential
benefits/detriments
 Sustainable
Conceptual View Energy
Solutions

Organizations
/Stakeholders Issues
Hydro Facility
Hydrologic Owners Operators
Operations & Regulatory Customers
Priorities Impacts Transmission
Need for

Regulations
Economics $
$ Market and

Ancillary Services
Hydropower Wind Plant

Laws and
scheduled by
Operation Opportunity to nature
store resources

id
gr
Po
An

to
we
c

r
ill

rt

we
ar

Po
ys

gr
id
er

Transmission Control Area

vi c
es

Loads, Generation, Reliability

Agreements and
Contracts
Hydropower Resources Sustainable
Energy
Solutions

Hydroelectric Capacity in US*

* Derived from: EIA Existing Electric Generating Units in
Summer Maximum Capacity the United States by State, Company and Plant, 2002

Capacity (GW) No. Projects

60 1800

Number of projects
50 1500
40 1200
(GW)

30 900
20 600

10 300
0 0
Federal Non-Federal
United States West of Mississippi
Federal Non-Federal Total Federal Non-Federal Total
Number of Projects 156 1282 1438 71% 46% 48%
Maximum Summer Capacity 42.2 GW 56.8 GW 98.9 GW 79% 53% 64%
Hydro 39.4 GW 40.4 GW 79.8 GW 83% 62% 72%
Pumped Storage 2.8 GW 16.3 GW 19.1 GW 29% 30% 30%
 Sustainable
Energy

Opportunities Solutions
Integrating Wind and Hydropower: Sustainable

Questions to Answer
Energy
Solutions

z Wind impact on the balancing area: ancillary services

of regulation, load following, unit commitment & system
planning (capacity value)
z Ability of the hydro to address these impacts
z Physical resources
z Operational flexibility
z Hydrological impacts
z What are the economics?
z Cost/value of ancillary services
z Opportunity cost to hydro
z Value of energy storage
z Type of market and system operation (ISO ↔ Regulated
Utility)
 Wind Plant Variability & Sustainable

The System Operator Energy

Solutions

z What the system operator wants:

Firm, dispatchable energy resources
z What wind provides:
Natural variability, short-term predictability
120
Unit Lake Benton StormLake
Regulation
100
Commitment
Are these
80
Load
Power (MW)

variations
60
Following
40
significant?
Storage
20
Depends 0
on the load 0 24
48 72
Hours
96 120 144
 Hydro Plant Output & Sustainable

The System Operator Energy

Solutions

z What hydro 16000 667

provides: 14000
Hydro Inflow Energy
Adjusted for Spill
583

Dispatchable, 12000 500

.
Low cost, Mid-

Average MW ( = Energy per Day / 24h)

.

to Long-term
Energy per Day (MWh) 10000 417

variability,
8000 333

Seasonal and 6000

Energy Consumed
by System Load
250

daily flow 4000 167

constraints 2000
Energy input from
Nine Canyon Wind
83

z Project specific 0
12/31/2003 3/1/2004 5/1/2004 7/1/2004 8/31/2004 10/31/2004
0

characteristics
Year 2004

& constraints
Source: Grant County PUD
 Grand Coulee and Priest Rapids Total Discharge
Minimum Protection Flow of 70 kcfs at Priest Rapids Sustainable
Energy
Solutions
180
River is reregulated at Priest Rapids
Other Mid C projects are also affected
160

140

120
Discharge in kcfs

100

80

60

40

20

-
03-24-2001 03-25-2001 03-26-2001 03-27-2001 03-28-2001 03-29-2001 03-30-2001
Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Fri

Grand Coulee Discharge Priest Rapids Discharge

Source: Grant County PUD
 Sustainable

Wind/Hydro Projects Energy

Solutions

z Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy

Wind and Hydropower Programs via NREL
z Columbia River: Grant County PUD
z Lower Colorado River
z Missouri River Basin
z Bonneville Power Administration –
Columbia/Snake
z International Energy Agency Annex on the
Integration of Wind and Hydropower Systems
z Others
 Missouri River
Sustainable
System Energy
Solutions

z ~ 2500 MW Hydro operated by US Corp of Engineers

z Marketed by Western Area Power Administration
z Upper Midwest wind potential > 500,000 MW
z Partners: EnerNex, Wind on the Wires, NREL; Initiated 2004
z Note: Hydro customer needed!
 Sustainable

BPA Service Territory Energy

Solutions
 Sustainable

Questions? Energy
Solutions
 Sustainable
Energy

Wind Integration Products Solutions

z BPA Storage and Shaping Service – $6.00/MWh

z Designed to serve utilities and other entities outside of BPA
Control Area
z Schedule wind into BPA control area in real time, redeliver
flat high-load hours/low-load hours one week later
z Subject to all transmission integration costs
z BPA Network Wind Integration Service – $4.50/MWh
z Designed to serve the needs of public power customers with
loads embedded in the BPA control area
z Integrate wind output with the customer’s load.
z Meet and follow the customer’s load at all times

z Grant County Public Utility District – $10.00/MWh

z Similar to BPA Storage and Shaping, but preceded
z No forecast necessary

z Others proposed: Manitoba Hydro; Hydro Quebec

 Sustainable

BPA Wind Forecasting Energy

Solutions

z Wind/Hydro Optimization Project:

z Forecast wind each hour from real time to seven days
hence
z Improve quality of wind forecasts to
z feed into BPA’s hydro optimization models

z Inform near-term marketing decisions

z Establish operating impacts and costs of existing storage

and shaping product
z Determine capacity value of wind, and required reserves to
cover uncertainty of wind forecast
z 3Tier Environmental Forecasting Group
 Sustainable
APA Modeling and Analysis Energy
Solutions

z Partners: APA, NREL, B.Reclamation, WAPA, Northern

Arizona University
z Grid integration analysis – ancillary services, storage
z Hydropower impacts – inter-hour effects at the
generation facilities
z Hydrologic modeling – hourly/weekly/monthly modeling
of impacts and benefits (Riverware software)
z Benefit driven analysis – consider water storage, EIS
z Market and economics – characterize market and costs
z System-wide benefits – dry year hedge: better utilizing
of existing transmission resources, etc.
z Simplified basin modeling – how much wind +/-10%
 Grant County PUD, Sustainable
Energy

Washington Solutions

z Partners: GCPUD, NREL, N. Arizona Univ.

z Wanapum and Priest Rapids dams on mid-Columbia
River, ~2000 MW
z Integrating wind energy from Nine Canyon Project (16
MW; formerly included ~ 20 MW for nearby counties)
z Investigate:
z Impact on current operations Priest Rapids Dam
z Cost of integrating wind energy
z Potential expansion of wind energy
z Project started January 2005
 Sustainable

Lower Colorado River Energy

Solutions

z Arizona Power Authority (APA) case

study (Begin Summer 2005)
z APA responsible for Arizona’s allocation
of federal hydro power
z Rights to 370 MW of power from Hoover
dam and transmission along WAPA
lines
z Considering integrating wind with hydro
allocation for benefit of customers
z Hoover Dam operated by the Bureau of
Reclamation
z Hoover 25% capacity factor, monthly
water deliveries
International Energy Agency Sustainable

Annex Energy
Solutions

z Annex XXIV “Integration of Wind and

Hydropower Systems”
z Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, USA
z US Participants: BPA, GCPUD, APA, Missouri
River (EnerNex, Wind on the Wire), SMUD, EPRI,
GE Global Research
z Initiated during 2004, first meeting Feb. ’05
z NREL Operating Agent
z Outcomes:
z Identify technical, institutional, economic, and
political issues; International collaboration
z Case studies - document analyses and outcomes
 Hydro Plant Output & Sustainable

The System Operator Energy

Solutions

z What hydro 16000

Hydro Inflow Energy
667

provides:
Adjusted for Spill
14000 583

Dispatchable, 12000 500

.
Average MW ( = Energy per Day / 24h)
.
Low cost, Mid- Energy per Day (MWh) 10000 417

to Long-term 8000 333

variability, 6000
Energy Consumed
by System Load
250

Seasonal and 4000 167

daily flow 2000

Energy input from
Nine Canyon Wind
83

constraints 0
12/31/2003 3/1/2004 5/1/2004 7/1/2004
Year 2004
8/31/2004 10/31/2004
0

z Project specific
characteristics
Source: Grant County PUD
 Hydro Generation Sustainable

and Wind Power

Energy
Solutions

GCPD Limited Request (1-min data)

January 2004 - All Days
600.00 1-Jan-04
2-Jan-04
z Wind
January 2004 plot
3-Jan-04

500.00
4-Jan-04
5-Jan-04 z
6-Jan-04
7-Jan-04
8-Jan-04
9-Jan-04
z Peak 12 MW
Summer: diurnal and
10-Jan-04
400.00
11-Jan-04
12-Jan-04
z
13-Jan-04
synoptic
MW request

14-Jan-04

300.00 15-Jan-04
16-Jan-04
17-Jan-04
18-Jan-04
z Winter: synoptic
19-Jan-04
200.00 20-Jan-04
21-Jan-04 Grant PUD's Portion of Nine Canyon Wind Output (1-min data)
22-Jan-04
January 2004 - All Days
23-Jan-04
14.000
24-Jan-04
1-Jan-04
100.00 25-Jan-04 2-Jan-04
26-Jan-04 3-Jan-04
27-Jan-04 4-Jan-04
12.000
28-Jan-04 5-Jan-04
29-Jan-04 6-Jan-04
0.00 30-Jan-04 7-Jan-04

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 10.000

31-Jan-04 8-Jan-04
9-Jan-04
Average
Time of day 10-Jan-04
11-Jan-04
8.000

Demand on Hydro Gen

12-Jan-04

z
13-Jan-04
MW request

14-Jan-04

6.000 15-Jan-04

January 2004 plot

16-Jan-04

z 4.000
17-Jan-04
18-Jan-04
19-Jan-04

z Ave & Peak Hydro ~400 & 587 20-Jan-04

21-Jan-04
22-Jan-04

MW
2.000
23-Jan-04
24-Jan-04
25-Jan-04

Ave System Load ~200 MW

0.000 26-Jan-04

z 27-Jan-04
28-Jan-04
29-Jan-04

Significant Variability
-2.000
z
30-Jan-04
0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 31-Jan-04
Average
Time of day
 Sustainable

Load Following Energy

Solutions

Load Following: Frequency of Hourly Generation Changes

10-Minute Rolling Average
Full Year 2004
25% Wind LF
Wind Penetration Std. Dev. ORNL
(MW) (%) (MW) Allocation
20% Area of 0 0% 33.4 0.0%
significant 12 2% 33.4 0.0%
flattening 63.7 11% 33.9 4.0%
Frequency (%)

15%
and changes 150 26% 37.3 20.8%
in frequency
10% 0 MW Hydro
12 MW variability
63.7 MW handled in
5%
150 MW planning.

0%
Can the wind
variability be
< -100
-90 to -100
-80 to -90
-70 to -80
-60 to -70
-50 to -60
-40 to -50
-30 to -40
-20 to -30
-10 to -20

0 to 10
0 to -10

10 to 20
20 to 30
30 to 40
40 to 50
50 to 60
60 to 70
70 to 80
80 to 90
90 to 100
> 100
handled in
planning?
Hourly Generation Changes (MW)
 Hydro and Wind Generation
Reverse Load Factoring Period Sustainable
Energy
600 300 Solutions

550 250

500 200
Hydro Generation (MW)

450 150

Wind Power (MW)

Wind (63.7 MW Max)
400 100

350 50

300 0

Hydro
250 -50

200 -100
12:00 AM 4:00 AM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 12:00 AM