OVERALL CONCEPT OF

GOVERING SYSTEM
 Presentation Overview

•What is a Governor?
•How does a Governor Work?
•Various components of Governing
System
•Governor Functions
•Governor Requirements/ Standard
 TYPES OF CONTROL
SYSTEMS

• OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

• CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
 OPEN LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEM

A System in which output has no control

on input of the System.
CHARATERISTICS OF OPEN
LOOP SYSTEMS
• No Feedback
• Output is independent of input
• No Regulation / Modulation in output
is possible
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OPEN
LOOP SYSTEM

Reference Dynamic
Command Req.
Selector Unit Output
Input
Input
 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL
SYSTEM

It is a system in which there is a

provision of Feedback of Output to the
input .
This ensures more accurate control of
output by regulating the input based on
feedback.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
• Feedback is present (either Manual
or Automatic)
• Output depends on Input
• Regulation / Modulation of Output is
possible.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM – CLOSED
LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM
Actuating signal

Reference Dynamic
Command
Selector Unit
Input
Output

Feedback Signal
 WHAT IS A GOVEROR?

It is a combination of devices and

mechanism that detects speed deviation
from a set value and converts it into a
equivalent change of Servo Motor or
Wicket Gate position.
 HOW DOES A GOVERNOR
FUNCTION ?
•It senses the speed of Turbine rotation
•Generates signal proportional to difference between
the turbine speed and governor speed reference
•Develops Hydraulic Control Signal of sufficient power
to position the turbine wicket gate servo motor as
required to control the turbine.
•Senses the feedback of Wicket Gate Position and
tries to attain a balanced condition
 PARTS OF GOVERNING
SYSTEM
•Speed sensing elements
•Governor Control Actuator (HMC)
•Electro Hydraulic Governor (EHGC)
•Hydraulic Pressure Supply System (PP Set)
•Distributing valve
•Turbine control servomotor
•Governor Feedback Devices
 TOOTHED WHEEL &
MAGNETIC PICK-UP
The Turbine speed in Hydro sets is sensed through Toothed Wheel
(mounted on generator shaft) and Magnetic Pick-up. The following
fundamental relationship between Speed and Frequency of output
signal implies.
nxp
f = ----------
60
Where
f = Frequency of the sensors output signal in Hz.
n = Speed of the toothed wheel in RPM.
P = Number of Teeth on the Toothed wheel.
SPEED SENSING : BACK UP

In case of failure of Speed Sensing through

SSG, as a back-up arrangement, Governor
Automatically switches to Speed Sensing
through Potential Transformer (PT) through
EHGC Module
 PARTS OF GOVERNING
SYSTEM- HMC
HYDRO MECHANICAL CABINET
(ACTUATOR CABINET)
The function is to convert the Electrical Control
Signal coming from Electro Hydraulic Cabinet
(EHG) into proportional Mechanical Movement
so that Servo Motor can be Opened or
Closed
HMC: MAJOR COMPONENTS
•Electro Hydraulic Transducer (EHT)
•Hydraulic Amplifier
•Auto Rod
•Pilot Valve
•Main Distributing Valves (MDV)
•Spool & Sleeve
•Master Controller
•Indicating Meters
 PARTS OF GOVERNING
SYSTEM : EHGC
ELECTRO HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR
CUBICLE:
Electronic Portion of the Governor which
senses change in Turbine Speed/ Grid
Frequency and generates proportional
Control Signal for HMC for Opening or
Closing of Servomotor.
 EHGC : Components
•Analog Input Module
•Analog Output Module
•Binary Input Module
•Binary Output Module
•Data Processing Module
•Auxiliary Relays
•AC-DC/DC-DC Converters
 EHGC : ANALOG INPUTS
•Head Race Level
•Tail Race Level
•Turbine Speed
•Guide Vane Position
•Guide Vane Limit Position
 EHGC : BINARY INPUTS
•Auto Sequencer Commands
•Push Button Commands
•Contacts from HMC
 EHGC : Analog Outputs
•Control Signal to HMC & NCC/RCM
•Speed & Power Reference Indications
•GV Position Indication
•GV Limit Indication
 EHGC : Binary Outputs
•Governor START/STOP
•Governor AUTO/MANUAL
•Governor LOCAL / REMOTE
•Speed Setter RAISE/LOWER
•Power Setter RAISE /LOWER
•Flow Setter RAISE/LOWER
 PARTS OF GOVERNING
SYSTEM: OPU
OIL PRESSURE SYSTEM
The function of Oil Pressure System is to
maintain the Pressure of the System to
designated level so that Servomotors could be
operated as required
 OIL PRESSURE SYSTEM:
PARTS
•PP Set ( Power Pack or Pressure
Pumping Set)
•Pressure Receiver / Piston
Accumulator
•Instrumentation
 PP SET : PARTS

•Pump Motor Set

•Oil Tank
•Directional Control Valves
•Coolers
•Pressure Switches, DTT, Level
Controllers
 PRESSURE RECEIVER

•Pressure Receiver( upto 60 kg/cm2)

•Piston Accumulator ( for high
pressure systems)
 PARTS OF GOVERNOR :
FEEDBACK SYSTEM
•Electrical Feedback
Through Potentiometer
•Electronic Feedback
Through LVDT
 FUNCTIONS OF
GOVERNOR
• Speed control of unit/machine (Desynchronized
condition)
• Load Control of Machine (Synchronized
Condition)
• Automatic Start of the machine
• Frequency verses gate opening under specified
permanent droop setting.
• Frequency control under isolated grid.
• Normal & emergency shutdown
 GOVERNOR REQUIREMETS

The governor must satisfy the following

requirements as per IEC61362:

1. Steady state
2. Small transient
3. Large transient
4. Blocked gate
 GOVERNOR : IEC61312

To satisfy IEC61362 requirements following

feature is essential for the governing system:
• Over laps in the main distributing valve for regulated flow of oil
through opening/closing ports.
• Feedback system for stability during small transients
• Timing device to achieve faster rate of closing and opening to limit
speed rise & pressure rise in water conductor system of hydro
power station.
• Gate limit feature for blocked gate (i.e. blocked load) requirement
 MAX-DNA BASED
GOVERNOR
Micro processor based Electro Hydraulic
Governor is being designed and manufactured
by BHEL for all types of Hydro Turbines. It
Provides high accuracy, resolution and speed
of response. It also offers additional
advantages such as stability of set values,
flexibility in designing and reducing wiring,
intelligent sequencing, speed variations
precisely and monitoring
 PROJECTS WITH DIGITAL
GOVERNORS(COMMISSIONED)

SL PROJECT CUSTOMER UNITS

NO

1. BHADRA KPCL 1 X 6 MW-K

2. GHANVI HPSEB 2 X 11.25 MW-P
3. KURICHU NHPC 3 X 15 MW-K
4. MALANA ICCS 2 X 43 MW- P
5. BHIRA T. R. GOM 2X40 MW-F
6. KOPILI STG-II NEEPCO 1X25 MW -F
7. CHHIBRO UPC 2X60 MW –F
8. ALMATTI KPCL 1X15 MW-K
9. ALMATTI KPCL 5X55 MW-K
10. TALA THPA 6 X 170 MW-P
11. INDIRA SAGAR NHDC 8 X 125 MW-F
 PROJECTS WITH DIGITAL GOVERNORS
(UNDER EXECUTION)
KOTESHWAR THDC 4X100 MW-F
PARBATI-II NHPC 4X200 MW-P
PARBATI-III NHPC 4 X 130 MW-F
SEWA NHPC 3X 40 MW-P
SERLUI GOMIZ 3X4 MW-K
MUKERIAN PSEB 2X9 MW-B
KUTTIYADI KSEB 2X50 MW-P
KAMENG NEEPCO 4X150 MW-F
NIMOO BAZGO NHPC 3 X 15 MW-F
CHUTAK NHPC 4 X 11 MW-F
TEESTA LD-IV NHPC 4 X 40 MW-K
SALMA DAM WAPCOS 3 X 14 MW-F
MAHESHWAR SMHPCL 10 X 40 MW-K
SHRINAGAR AHPL/GVK 4 X 82.5 MW-F