D ata and C om puter C om m unications

Chapter 1 – Data Communications,

Data Networks, and the Internet

Eighth Edition
by W illiam Stallings

Lecture slides by Law rie Brow n

 C ontem porary D ata C om m s
• trends
– traffic grow th at a high & steady rate
– developm ent of new services
– advances in technology
• significant change in requirem ents
– em ergence of high-speed LAN s
– corporate W AN needs
– digital electronics
A C om m unications M odel
 C om m unications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management

Flow control
D ata C om m unications M odel
 Transm ission M edium
• selection is a basic choice
– internal use entirely up to business
– long-distance links m ade by carrier
• rapid technology advances change m ix
– fiber optic
– w ireless
• transm ission costs still high
• hence interest in efficiency im provem ents
 N etw orking
• grow th of num ber & pow er of com puters is driving
need for interconnection
• also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, im age
& video technologies
• tw o broad categories of com m unications netw orks:
– Local Area N etw ork (LAN )
– W ide Area N etw ork (W AN )
 W ide A rea N etw orks
• span a large geographical area
• cross public rights of w ay
• rely in part on com m on carrier circuits
• alternative technologies used include:
– circuit sw itching
– packet sw itching
– fram e relay
– Asynchronous Transfer M ode (ATM )
 C ircuit S w itching
• uses a dedicated com m unications path established
for duration of conversation
• com prising a sequence of physical links
• w ith a dedicated logical channel
• eg. telephone netw ork
 P acket S w itching
• data sent out of sequence
• sm all chunks (packets)of data at a tim e
• packets passed from node to node betw een source
and destination
• used for term inal to com puter and com puter to
com puter com m unications
 Fram e R elay
• packet sw itching system s have large overheads to
com pensate for errors
• m odern system s are m ore reliable
• errors can be caught in end system
• F ram e R elay provides higher speeds
• w ith m ost error control overhead rem oved
 A synchronous Transfer M ode
• ATM
• evolution of fram e relay
• fixed packet (called cell)length
• w ith little overhead for error control
• anything from 1 0M bps to G bps
• constant data rate using packet sw itching technique
w ith m ultiple virtual circuits
 Local A rea N etw orks
• sm aller scope
– Building or sm all cam pus
• usually ow ned by sam e organization as attached
devices
• data rates m uch higher
• sw itched LA N s, eg E thernet
• w ireless LA N s
 M etropolitan A rea N etw orks
• MAN
• m iddle ground betw een LA N and W A N
• private or public netw ork
• high speed
• large area
 The Internet
• Internet evolved from A R P A N E T
– first operational packet netw ork
– applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
– had a need for interoperability
– led to standardized TC P/IP protocols
Internet E lem ents