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TECHNOLOGY
Protective Relay Technology
According to evolution protective relays are classified as:
Electro‐mechanical relays
Static relays
Digital relays
Numerical relays
In the last thirty years electromechanical relays have
been replaced successively by static, digital and
numerical relays, each change bringing with it reductions
in size and improvements in functionality with same
reliability levels and improved availability
The first protection devices based on microprocessors
were employed in 1985.
i. The main DSP processor
ii. Coprocessors (doing aux functions i.e. bus communication, HMI)
iii. Memory
iv. A/D converter
v. Analogue & Digital Inputs & outputs
vi. Aux. supply
vii. Internal communication bus
The frequency of sampling must be carefully considered, as
the Nyquist criterion applies:
fs ≥ 2 x fh
fs = sampling frequency
fh = highest frequency of interest
A modern numerical relay may sample each analogue
input quantity at between 16 and 24 samples per cycle.
All subsequent signal processing is carried out digitally in
software, final digital outputs use relays to provide
isolation.
Advantages of numerical relays over static relays:
• Several setting groups
(8 in RHO3 & Argus, 2 in REF610, 2 in P225 etc)
• Wider range of parameter adjustment
( CDG11: 50% to 200% in steps of 25% for current
0.1 to 1.0 in steps of 0.1 for TMS
REF610: 30% to 500% in steps of 1% for current
0.05 to 1.0 in steps of 0.01 for TMS
7SR11 : 5% to 250% in steps of 1% for current
0.025 to 1.6 in steps of 0.025 for TMS)
• Auxiliary protection functions
• Internal Fault diagnosis (IRF)
• Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS)
• Power system measurements available
• Distance to fault locator
• Disturbance, event, fault recorder
• Supervision (CB, CT, PT etc)
• User‐definable logic
• Backup protection functions in‐built
• Consistency of operation times ‐ reduced grading margin
• Remote communications built in
Features:
A. Basic Protection functions
i. Over current Protection (50/51) :
I> (definite time,50‐1/ IDMT,51‐1)
I>> (definite time,50‐2/inst )
I>>> (Instantaneous ,50‐3)
ii. Earth fault protection (50N/51N):
I0> (definite time,50N‐1/ IDMT,51N‐1)
I0>> (definite time,50N‐2/inst )
iii. Thermal (49):
Matching Thermal curve
Theta inhibits
RTD influence
iv. Under voltage (27) & Over Voltage (59)
B. Additional functions:
i. Thermal protection for cables Ө :( detects prolonged
overloading resulting in thermal stress)
ii. Phase discontinuity Protection ∆I : (phase unbalance due to
broken conductor )
iii. Circuit breaker failure protection
iv. Auto reclose function
v. Trip lockout function
vi. Auto doubling of highset stage (e.g. during transient
conditions)
C. Supervisory functions:
i. Internal Fault diagnosis (IRF)
ii. Trip Circuit Supervision (TCS)
iii. CBFP, State Indication and Condition Monitoring
iv. VT/CT Supervision
D. Measurement Functions:
i. sequence quantities (positive, negative, zero)
ii. power, reactive power and power factor
iii. energy (kWh, kvarh)
iv. max. demand in a period (kW, kvar; average and peak
values)
v. harmonic quantities
vi. frequency
vii. temperatures/RTD status
viii. motor start information (start time, total no. of starts /
reaccelerations , total running time)
ix. distance to fault
E. Status indication:
i. LCD display
ii. Status LEDs & Programmable LEDs
F. Recording Functions:
i. Event recorder
ii. Fault recorder
iii. Disturbance recorder
G. Communication:
i. Optical communication port (infrared)
ii. Optical fiber communication
iii. Serial communication etc
Multiple of FLC 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Motor Thermal Withstand Time 525 300 195 135
RHO3 Numerical Relay
RHO3 Trip time with curve 13 459 224 136 92
RHO3 Trip time with curve 14 (NEW 494 242 146 99
Setting)
The protection relay no longer performs a basic protection
function; but is becoming an integral and major part of a
substation automation scheme.
Similarly integration of control functions with protection
functions will make the complex control circuitry in industry
redundant.