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Welcome to Wonderful World

of Digital Image Processing


Historical Overview
The first photograph in the world
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, View from the Window at Le Gras, 1826.
Newspaper industry used Bartlane cable picture
transmission system to send pictures by submarine
cable between London and New York in 1920s
The number of distinct gray levels coded by Bartlane
system was improved from 5 to 15 by the end of 1920s
What is an image? 
• Picture, Photograph 
• Visual data  
• Usually two‐ or three‐dimensional

A picture is worth a thousand words!


Dimensionality of Digital Images
multi-dimensional

Dimension 3

Dimension 2 2-D image


3-D Image
Dimension 2 Sequence
or video

Dimension 1
Dimension 1
What is an Image?
An image is a 2D signal represented as a function f (x, y), where
x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates. The amplitude of f at
any point (x, y) is called the intensity of the image at that point.

y Mathematically,

f  x, y 

Intensity Reflectance
x Illumination
where,
0 < i(x, y) < ∞
0 < r(x, y) < 1
Pixels
The set of finite no. of elements in an image, each of
which has a particular location and value (intensity/
brightness or gray level) are referred to as picture elements,
image elements, pels, or pixels.

Origin ....... N  1 Origin ....... N  1


0 y 0 y

Pixels

.. ..
... ...

M 1 M 1
 
f x, y
x x
No. of  pixels  per unit length / area  is  called  Resolution.
Three attributes of a chromatic light source:
Radiance: total amount of energy (in unit time) that flows
from the source and it is measured in Watt (W).

Luminance or Illumination: measure of the amount of


light energy that is received by an observer. It is measured in
lumens (lm).

Brightness: is a subjective descriptor of light measure (as


perceived by a human).
Definitions

Spatial Resolution: A measure of the smallest discernible


detail in an image. Or, Line‐pairs/distance Or, dots or
pixels/distance Or, dots/inch (dpi).

Intensity Resolution: A measure of the smallest discernible


change in intensity level.

Contrast: Difference of intensities between highest and


lowest level of an image.

Good contrast → high dynamic range
Image types
Continuous (or Analog)
A continuous image is a function of two independent
variables that take values in a continuum.
Example: The intensity of a photographic image recorded on a film
is 2D function f(x, y) of two real‐valued variables x and y.

Discrete (or digital)
A discrete image is a function of two independent variables,
that take values over a discrete set (ex. an integer grid).
Example: The intensity of a discretized 256256 photographic
image recorded on a CDROM is 2D function f (m, n) of two integer‐
valued variables m and n taking values m, n = 0, 1, …, 255.
What is a digital image?
• An image which is “discretized”, i.e. defined on a discrete grid.

• A digital Image is an array of real or complex numbers


represented by a finite number of bits, showing visual
information in discrete form.

m
f  m, n 
0
The spatial coordinates (m, n) and
56 10 25
n the amplitude of f (m, n), all are
110 10 finite and discrete.

Pixels
Matrix Representation
183 160 94 153 194 163 132 165
183 153 116 176 187 166 130 169

179 168 171 182 179 170 131 167 
177 177 179 177 179 165 131 167 
178 178 179 176 182 164 130 171
 
179 180 180 179 183 169 132 169
179 179 180 182 183 170 129 173
 
180 179 181 179 181 170 130 169

Divide into
8x8 blocks
H=256

W=256
Digital Image Categories

Binary Gray scale Color

Black and White Monochrome
Multispectral
‐ Each pixel is stored     ‐ Each pixel is usually
as a single bit (0 or 1) stored as a byte (value - 24 bit color image
between 0 to 255)  - Each pixel is represented
by 3 bytes (e.g., RGB)
Color: RGB Representation
Digital Image Formats
• Header ‐ Contains information about the picture
Picture format (i.e. what fields occur where, and what they mean)
Resolution and quantization
Title, date, creation software, other annotations
Color lookup table
• Data ‐ the picture itself
ASCII data ‐ large, but moves readily between systems Binary data
• Footer ‐ Supplements the header

• Vector Image
• Bitmap Image
– RAW  no header
– RLE (Run‐Length Encoding)
– PGM,PPM,PNM (Portable Gray Map)
– GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)              no more than 256 colors
– TIF (Tag Image File Format)  Scanner
– EPS (Encapsulated Postscript)  Printer
– JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)   Compression ratio
– MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group)       Video
Why Image Processing?

• Improvement of  pictorial  information for   
human   interpretation

• Processing   of   image   data  for  storage, 
transmission,    and     representation   for 
autonomous    machine    perception.
What is digital image processing?
Deals with the manipulation and analysis of
pictures by a digital computer
Image Processing System

Image acquisition Display


Communication

CCD camera Processing Monitor

Scanner Printer
Computer

Storage

CD ROM Flash Disk


Fundamental
steps in DIP
Different Levels and Transformations
• Level 0: Image representation (acquisition, sampling,
quantization, compression)
• Level 1: Image‐to‐image transformations (enhancement,
restoration, segmentation)
• Level 2: Image‐to‐parameter transformation (feature
selection)
• Level 3: Parameter‐to‐decision transformation (recognition
and interpretation)

Image Processing ‐ Levels 0 and 1 
Image Analysis ‐ Levels 1 and 2 
Computer/Robot Vision ‐ Levels 2 and 3 
Vision, Image Processing and Visualization
REAL
Photography WORLD

Image
Processing IMAGE

Computer Computer 
Graphics/ Vision
Visualization

SCENE
DESCRIPTION
AI
Applications of DIP

meteorology
astronomy
radiology seismology
ultrasonic autonomous
imaging navigation
microscopy DIP inspection

robotic assembly digital library


surveillance
reconnassaince
internet remote radar, & mapping
sensing SAR
Imaging
The whole electromagnetic spectrum is used by “imagers”

Electromagnetic Spectrum radio


frequency
microwave
visible (SAR)
gamma
cosmic rays
X-Rays UV
rays IR

-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10
wavelength (Angstroms)
-10
1 Å = 10 m
Image Acquisition (Types of Sensors) 
• Optical (camera) 

• Infrared (senses heat changes)

• X‐ray (CT Scan) 

• Magnetic (MRI)

• Ultrasound (acoustic energy)

• Electron Microscopy (Electron beam)

• Computer generated images (fractals, animation)
Visible (I): Photography
Visible (II): Motion Pictures
Visible (III): Law Enhancement and
Biometrics
Visible (IV): Light Microscopy

Taxol (250) Cholesterol (40) Microprocessor (60)


Visible (V): Remote Sensing

Hurricane Andrew America at night


taken by NOAA GEOS (Nov. 27, 2000)
Beyond Visible (I): Thermal Images
Operate in infrared frequency

Human body disperses Different colors indicate


heat (red pixels) varying temperatures
Beyond Visible (II): Radar Images
Operate in microwave frequency

Mountains in Southeast Tibet


Beyond Visible (III): MRI and Astronomy
Operate in radio frequency

knee spine head

visible infrared radio


Beyond Visible (IV): Fluorescence Microscopy
Operate in ultraviolet frequency

normal corn smut corn


Beyond Visible (V): Medical Diagnostics
Operate in X-ray frequency

chest head
Beyond Visible (VI): PET and Astronomy
Operate in gamma-ray frequency

Cygnus Loop in the


constellation of Cygnus

Positron Emission Tomography


Imaging System Pipeline
Typical block diagram of a digital still camera
Typical arrangement of an SLR digital still camera
Imaging array scanning scheme

Figures: (a) charge transfer scheme; (b) X–Y address scheme.
FIGURE: Three types of CCD image sensor: (a) frame transfer CCD (FTCCD); 
(b) interline transfer CCD (ITCCD); (c) frame‐interline transfer (FIT) CCD.
Illuminating a scene

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