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Dimension 3
Dimension 1
Dimension 1
What is an Image?
An image is a 2D signal represented as a function f (x, y), where
x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates. The amplitude of f at
any point (x, y) is called the intensity of the image at that point.
y Mathematically,
f x, y
Intensity Reflectance
x Illumination
where,
0 < i(x, y) < ∞
0 < r(x, y) < 1
Pixels
The set of finite no. of elements in an image, each of
which has a particular location and value (intensity/
brightness or gray level) are referred to as picture elements,
image elements, pels, or pixels.
Pixels
.. ..
... ...
M 1 M 1
f x, y
x x
No. of pixels per unit length / area is called Resolution.
Three attributes of a chromatic light source:
Radiance: total amount of energy (in unit time) that flows
from the source and it is measured in Watt (W).
Good contrast → high dynamic range
Image types
Continuous (or Analog)
A continuous image is a function of two independent
variables that take values in a continuum.
Example: The intensity of a photographic image recorded on a film
is 2D function f(x, y) of two real‐valued variables x and y.
Discrete (or digital)
A discrete image is a function of two independent variables,
that take values over a discrete set (ex. an integer grid).
Example: The intensity of a discretized 256256 photographic
image recorded on a CDROM is 2D function f (m, n) of two integer‐
valued variables m and n taking values m, n = 0, 1, …, 255.
What is a digital image?
• An image which is “discretized”, i.e. defined on a discrete grid.
m
f m, n
0
The spatial coordinates (m, n) and
56 10 25
n the amplitude of f (m, n), all are
110 10 finite and discrete.
Pixels
Matrix Representation
183 160 94 153 194 163 132 165
183 153 116 176 187 166 130 169
179 168 171 182 179 170 131 167
177 177 179 177 179 165 131 167
178 178 179 176 182 164 130 171
179 180 180 179 183 169 132 169
179 179 180 182 183 170 129 173
180 179 181 179 181 170 130 169
Divide into
8x8 blocks
H=256
W=256
Digital Image Categories
Black and White Monochrome
Multispectral
‐ Each pixel is stored ‐ Each pixel is usually
as a single bit (0 or 1) stored as a byte (value - 24 bit color image
between 0 to 255) - Each pixel is represented
by 3 bytes (e.g., RGB)
Color: RGB Representation
Digital Image Formats
• Header ‐ Contains information about the picture
Picture format (i.e. what fields occur where, and what they mean)
Resolution and quantization
Title, date, creation software, other annotations
Color lookup table
• Data ‐ the picture itself
ASCII data ‐ large, but moves readily between systems Binary data
• Footer ‐ Supplements the header
• Vector Image
• Bitmap Image
– RAW no header
– RLE (Run‐Length Encoding)
– PGM,PPM,PNM (Portable Gray Map)
– GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) no more than 256 colors
– TIF (Tag Image File Format) Scanner
– EPS (Encapsulated Postscript) Printer
– JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Compression ratio
– MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) Video
Why Image Processing?
• Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
• Processing of image data for storage,
transmission, and representation for
autonomous machine perception.
What is digital image processing?
Deals with the manipulation and analysis of
pictures by a digital computer
Image Processing System
Scanner Printer
Computer
Storage
Image Processing ‐ Levels 0 and 1
Image Analysis ‐ Levels 1 and 2
Computer/Robot Vision ‐ Levels 2 and 3
Vision, Image Processing and Visualization
REAL
Photography WORLD
Image
Processing IMAGE
Computer Computer
Graphics/ Vision
Visualization
SCENE
DESCRIPTION
AI
Applications of DIP
meteorology
astronomy
radiology seismology
ultrasonic autonomous
imaging navigation
microscopy DIP inspection
-4 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10
wavelength (Angstroms)
-10
1 Å = 10 m
Image Acquisition (Types of Sensors)
• Optical (camera)
• Infrared (senses heat changes)
• X‐ray (CT Scan)
• Magnetic (MRI)
• Ultrasound (acoustic energy)
• Electron Microscopy (Electron beam)
• Computer generated images (fractals, animation)
Visible (I): Photography
Visible (II): Motion Pictures
Visible (III): Law Enhancement and
Biometrics
Visible (IV): Light Microscopy
chest head
Beyond Visible (VI): PET and Astronomy
Operate in gamma-ray frequency
Figures: (a) charge transfer scheme; (b) X–Y address scheme.
FIGURE: Three types of CCD image sensor: (a) frame transfer CCD (FTCCD);
(b) interline transfer CCD (ITCCD); (c) frame‐interline transfer (FIT) CCD.
Illuminating a scene