Bioarheologija

Tekstovi za ispit

1. Stronitium isotopes document greater human mobility at the star of Balkan

Neolithic

This geological diversity ensures that there will be substantial variation in strontium
isotope ratios in the region and that migrant individuals should be identifiable. We can
estimate strontium isotope ratios for some of these formations, based in part on
measurements of similar formations elsewhere in Europe. The limestones, composed
of marine sediments, will be similar to values for seawater, depending on the age of
deposition, measuring between 0.7075 and 0.709 radiogenic points. Metamorphic
rocks, again depending on age, should exhibit higher strontium isotope ratios.
To the east of the outlet of the Danube Gorges, the Romanian plain is dominated by
the alluvium of the Danube, measured further west at 0.7088– 0.7092
For the sample of analyzed burials, the relationships among isotope
measurements (δ13C, δ15N, and 87Sr/86Sr) and age are examined through correlation
coefficients. We can establish a very distinctive relationship in δ15N and 87Sr/86Sr
with the chronological age of samples, where a major change is seen after ∼6200 cal
B.C. (i.e., during the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition and in the Early Neolithic).
Nitrogen isotopes show significant patterning with all other isotopes, most strongly
with radiocarbon. The most significant correlation is the negative relationship
between radiocarbon and strontium isotope ratios as noted previously.
These data clearly suggest that there is a major change in the variability of places of
origin among the inhabitants of the Gorges after the Neolithic spread in the Balkans.
This pattern can also be seen by plotting δ15N against 87Sr/86Sr, where there is
greater variation in strontium isotope values in the lower values for nitrogen. It relates
to individuals with lower trophic levels, as is characteristic of more terrestrial diets in
the period after ∼6200 cal B.C., which is in stark contrast with the preceding
Mesolithic dietary pattern of heavy reliance on aquatic sources. However, we suggest
that lighter trophic levels cannot straightforwardly be connected with nonlocal
individuals because we find both individuals with lower δ15N values (<13.0‰) and
local strontium signatures (e.g., 7/I from Lepenski Vir) as well as those with δ15N
values>13.0‰ with distinctly nonlocal signatures.
Sources of 87Sr/86Sr are constants and variation is largely due to (i) the locally
bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr values and (ii) the mix of dietary inputs from different
87Sr/86Sr sources. Because there are several isotope ratio sources in this region, there
is no objective way to define a specific threshold for identifying foreign individuals.
In the large and representative sample of 69 securely dated Late Mesolithic burials
from five sites with obtained strontium ratios, there are only three individuals from
two sites with nonlocal values. Two of these are extended supine inhumation burials
Found at the site of Vlasac, whereas one outlier is an isolated skull from the site of
Hajdučka Vodenica.
Strontium isotope ratios indicate a dramatic increase in the numbers of nonlocal,
first-generation migrants buried in this region at two sites—Lepenski Vir and
Ajmana—during the course of Mesolithic–Neolithic transformations in the Danube
Gorges (∼6200–6000/5950 cal B.C.) in the sample of 25 securely dated individuals
from three sites. This trend continues into the period of the Early/Middle Neolithic
after ∼6000/5950 cal B.C. in the sample of 26securely dated individuals from two
sites. Strontium isotope ratios associated with individuals dated to these periods occur
outside both the upper and lower boundaries of the defined local strontium range,
suggesting at least two or more geologically distinct regions of origin for these
incomers. Ajmana Of 12 individuals with dental evidence (48) and strontium
values, three burials (nos. 2/81, 7, and 15) have nonlocal values.
Of 10 nonlocal individuals associated with the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition phase
I-II and Early/Middle Neolithic phase III at Lepenski Vir, all but one burial (no. 20)
are females or possible females. This pattern could be interpreted as suggesting a
reciprocal mating network between the Danube Gorges foragers and the earliest
farming communities in the surrounding areas, with largely nonlocal women being
buried at the central forager site of Lepenski Vir during these phases. #Dolazili sa
različitih mesta u razlicita vremena.
Our study unequivocally proves that in the earliest phases of the Neolithic in
southeastern Europe, perhaps paradoxically, farming communities were much more
mobile than local foraging populations, which in the case of the Danube Gorges
remained tied to the exploitation of particular ecological niches since the beginning of
the Holocene up until ∼6200 cal B. C.
2. Sulphur isotope evidence for freshwater fish consumption: a case study from the
Danube Horges, SE Europe
Organic bound sulphur in bone collagen derives from dietary methionine, which is an
essential amino acid for animals and fish. Inorganic sulphur is bound locally into
biomolecules first by plants and is then transferred up the food chain with little
fractionation. A range of sulphur isotope values from - 20 to +22% is observed in
organic matter, whereas marine organisms cluster around 20& and terrestrial
organisms from -5 to 10%.
Therefore the 34S value in the available food for humans depends ultimately on the
34S values of the ecosystem. To understand sulphur isotope patterning in animals and
humans of a certain area it is necessary to know the sulphur isotopic compositions
from the local geology and water sources as well as biologically bound sulphur of
different ecosystems in the area of interest. The first study which used sulphur isotope
analysis to identify dietary inputs of freshwater fish was undertaken by Privat et al.
(2007) on archaeological skeletal remains from Russia and the Ukraine.
This study showed how important the geological setting is in sulphur isotope studies
and the need to first establish that there are clear differences in sulphur isotope ratios
between the different ecosystems of interest.
 A direct measure of the dietary input of freshwater fish is the
analysesofcarbonandnitrogenisotoperatiosofhumanandanimal bone collagen of
individuals from the Danube Gorges.
The published isotope results suggest that most of the individuals from the Danube
Gorges had a high proportion of animal protein in their diets. The highest nitrogen
isotope ratios were from individuals from the site of Hajducka Vodenica, whereas the
range of nitrogen isotope values for Vlasac is broader than in Hajducka Vodenica,
suggesting a higher variability in dietary composition. However, at Lepenski Vir the
range of nitrogen isotope ratios is the largest, certainly due to different levels dating
from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic. The animals have typical isotope values for
herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores from Holocene temperate Europe. The fish
specimens overlap in their nitrogen isotope ratios with the terrestrial omnivores, but
their carbon isotopic range is much larger.
The human nitrogen isotope ratios are approximately 4& higher than the terrestrial
omnivores and mean fish values. Since there are only a few terrestrial omnivores and
carnivores in the assemblages,it was concluded that the individuals with nitrogen
isotope ratios above 14& had significant quantities of fish in their diets and even
higher nitrogen isotope ratios (of more than 15%) were interpreted as indicating diets
consisting almost totally of fish
(animals) The carbon and nitrogen isotopic results of the terrestrial animals are
typical for animals from Holocene Neolithic Europe. The roe deer (Capreolus
capreolus) shows a depleted 13C value that suggests a closed forested habitat,
whereas aurochs (Bos primigenius), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and pig (Sus sp.)
have more positive 13C values indicating they lived in a more open environment.
the 34S range of theterrestrial animals is very low. The reason for this small variance
is likely related to the geological environment the animals lived on, which, is very
uniform and consists of Quaternary alluvial terraces. Another reason for the small
sulphur isotope range might be related to the temporal and spatial consistency of the
analysed terrestrial animals from the Danube Gorges.
In summary, the freshwater fish are completely separated in their 34S values from the
terrestrial animals. Human 34S values between 6 and 10% should therefore reflect a
mixed diet from the freshwater and terrestrial environment and 34S values above 10&
will indicate that dietary protein came almost entirely from freshwater fish.
(humans) The lowest 13C and 15N values are found in the bone collagen of the
humans from Vinca-Belo Brdo and they had diet based on terrestrial animals.At
Padina and all other sites,both isotopic ratios are increased and suggest a higher input
of animal protein with higher carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions. The
enrichment of the nitrogen isotope values might be explained by the consumption of
young animals (like calves) or freshwater fish, which is most likely to be the case here.
at Vlasac, LepenskiVir and HajduckaVodenica the isotope evidence indicates that
freshwater fish were a key dietary source providing possibly up to 100% of dietary
protein. At Vlasac and Lepenski Vir the sulphur isotope evidence indicates that the
dietary sources were highly variable, from minor inputs of fish to diets with almost
100% fish.
The 34S ratios of the humans are slightly enriched compared to the terrestrial
animals,which implies a small amount of freshwaterfish in the diets. Since fish has a
higher amount of methionine in its proteins (especially in collagen, see Eastoe and
Leach, 1958) the surplus of methionine to the amino acid pool of the consumer will be
higher from one portion of fish than from an equal amount of a mammal. This means
that even the consumption of small amounts of fish are likely to be recorded in the
d34S values of the consumer.
This is likely to produce such a pattern, because the sulphur isotopic signature of fish
is much more visible in collagen, even at low frequencies of consumption of fish due
to the higher quantities of sulphur containing amino acids in the fish tissues. A second
possible explanation would be a high proportion of young (still suckling) animals in
the diet. This would result in very high d15N values with low d34S values. (problem
razlike izmedju kolicine izotopa S i N)

3. Stable isotopes and diet: You are what you eat

Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in human bone may be used to reconstruct
prehistoric diet because of differential fractionation, between certain plant groups, of
atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and of nitrogen during fixation or
absorption. There are two stable isotopes each of carbon (12C, 13C) and nitrogen
(14N, 15N), with 12C and14N by far the most common in nature. Small differences in
the ratios of these isotopes (12C/13C, 15N/14N) can be measured by isotope ratio
mass spectrometry using samples smaller than 1 milligram.
Experimental data have indicated that different bone tissues reflect different
components of the diet [4,5]. In general, bone collagen is disproportionately produced
from the protein portion of the diet, while bone carbonate and tooth enamel carbonate
(both a calcium hydroxyphosphate, called apatite) are produced from a mixture of
dietary protein, carbohydrates and fats. Stable isotope analysis of both bone collagen
and apatite thus permits quantitative estimates of several dietary components. Both
bone collagen and bone apatite are constantly being resorbed and replenished, so that
their isotopic composition reflects dietary averages over at least the last several years
of an individual’s life, while the composition of tooth enamel will reflect diet during
the age of crown formation. *Mlečni zubi prikazuju zapravo način hranjenja u
pocetku zivota i poreklo osobe, dok analize kostiju daju informacije o poslednjih
10-15 godina zivota*
The carbon isotope ratios of marine and freshwater organisms are more variable,
depending on local ecological circumstances, and often overlap with those of
terrestrial plants and their consumers. These foods typically have much higher
nitrogen isotope values, however, and their high protein content will contribute much
more carbon to bone collagen than will maize (about 10% protein) or other plant
foods. The analysis of bone apatite, which is derived from all food groups, should
allow the identification of just a few percent maize or other C4 resources in an
otherwise C3-based diet.
The nitrogen isotope ratios for plants depend primarily on how they obtain their
nitrogen —by symbiotic bacterial fixation or directly from soil nitrates— including
between mother and nursing infant. Human consumers of terrestrial plants and
animals typically have δ15N values in bone collagen of about 6–10% whereas
consumers of freshwater or marine fish, seals and sea lions may have δ15N values of
15–20% including between mother and nursing infant. Human consumers of
terrestrial plants and animals typically have δ15N values in bone collagen of about 6–
10% whereas consumers of freshwater or marine fish, seals and sea lions may have
δ15N values of 15–20%; n isotope ratios vary according to rainfall, altitude and other
factors, and both carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios vary considerably among marine
organisms.
Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) have been shown to be useful in identifying
the geographic area in which people lived, since strontium from the local environment
is incorporated into body tissues from the water, plants and animals consumed. In
particular, tooth enamel samples are compared with bones from the same individuals
to see if that person has moved between birth/childhood and adulthood. In central
Europe, it has been shown that the Beaker People of the 3rd millennium BC were
highly mobile, and thus probably directly responsible for the distribution of their
widespread cultural attributes.

4. Ishrana i zdravstveni status dece u mezolitu i neolitu Djerdapa

анализе стабилних изотопа мезолитских и неолитских скелета указују на

значајан пад квалитета хране у раном неолиту у Европи.
Археозоолошки подаци и анализе стабилних изотопа угљеника, азота и
сумпора показују да је исхрана у мезолиту била претежно базирана на
акватичким ресурсима и дивљим животињама (јелен, срна, дивља свиња), док се
у неолиту запажа промена ка већој конзумацији копнених хербивора (коза,
свиња, говече), мада риба и дивље животиње и даље чине велики удео у исхрани
људи. Недавна студија анализе стабилних изотопа сумпора показује да постоји и
разлика у исхрани између људи у раном и касном мезолиту, која може бити
повезана са насељавањем уз обалу. Наиме, та разлика огледа се у чињеници да
људи у касном мезолиту имају више акватичну него терестријалну исхрану, што
се може везати за насељавање дуж обала.
Ови изотопи су 13C, изотоп угљеника, 15N, изотоп азота и 34S, изотоп
сумпора. На основу резултата анализа стабилних изотопа, исхрана се може
разврстати у три категорије – биљна исхрана, као преовлађујућа; исхрана
заснована на доминантном уносу сисарске терестријалне фауне и исхрана
заснована на уносу високопротеинске морске/речне фауне. Из претходних
студија је познато да је дужину периода дојења могуће утврдити методима који
комбинују скуп вредности стабилних изотопа угљеника и азота добијених из
различитих коштаних ткива исте индивидуе (ткива формираног током лактације
и ткива формираног непосредно пред смрт индивидуе). Наиме, када се дете роди,
вредност азота је иста као и код мајке, али се са дојењем она повећава, па се
деца тада налазе на једном трофичком нивоу изнад мајке. Међутим, када дојење
престане и када се у исхрану детета уведе чврста храна, ниво азота опада. Na
dentalnom razvoju kod dece posmatrani su prvi mlečni i prvi stalni molari tako da на
круници првог млечног молара изолован је колаген из дентина, чија изотопска
вредност азота и угљеника пружа информације о исхрани од рођења до прве
године живота; на круници првог сталног молара изолован је колаген из дентина,
који нам даје информације о томе каква је била исхрана током првих неколико
година дететовог живота.
У циљу утврђивања здравственог статуса посматрано је неколико параметара:
присуство каријеса и зубног каменца као показатељ оралног здравља и општег
здравственог статуса у односу на исхрану и линеарна хипоплазија зубне глеђи
као индикатор системског стреса у детињству. Зубни каријес је хронична
комплексна бактеријска инфекција која резултира милиграмским губицима
минерала из зуба захваћеног инфекцијом. Два главна узрочника ове инфекције
су бактерије и прехрамбене навике у комбинацији са лошом оралном хигијеном
(Loesch 1985, 1). Већа учесталост каријеса везује се за конзумирање намирница
богатих угљеним хидратима, првенствено шећера, мада неке студије указују да и
конзумација скроба може довести до стварања каријеса, а нека истраживања
указују да казеин, протеин млека, може имати заштитну улогу у превенцији
каријеса
Хипоплазија зубне глеђи представља развојно оштећење крунице зуба,
проузроковано поремећајем у лучењу матрикса зубне глеђи. Анализа
хипоплазије у археолошким популацијама се користи да би се добили подаци о
исхрани и здрављу; линеарна хипоплазија као индикатор системског стреса у
детињству, која представља најраспрострањенији облик хипоплазије зубне глеђи.
Mинерализоване наслаге које се налазе уз саму површину зуба називају се зубни
каменац (Lukacs 1989). Проучавање каменца веома је значајно за изучавање
древне исхране, јер указује на специфичне компоненте које су биле укључене у
исхрану људи у прошлости, а посебно на оне протеинског порекла.
Резултати анализе дужине дојења указују да су постојале значајне разлике
у прехрани деце ловаца-сакупљача и сточарско-земљорадничких заједница.
Промене у вредностима угљеника и азота показују да су деца у мезолиту дуже
дојена, а висока вредност δ15N и δ34S и нижа вредност δ13C такође сведоче да
се њихова додатна исхрана или исхрана мајки базирала претежно на
високопротеинским акватичким ресурсима
Промене у δ15N вредностима указују да су деца током мезолита била дуже
дојена. То је позитивно могло да утиче на њихов здравствени статус, јер анализа
линеарне хипоплазије показује да су деца у мезолиту у каснијим годинама
доживљавала системски стрес. Висока вредност δ15N и δ34S те нижа вредност
δ13 C сведоче и да су њихове мајке конзумирале храну богату акватичким
ресурсима или је давале деци као додатак дојењу. У прилог овој тврдњи иде и
чињеница да се код деце у мезолиту запажа већа стопа зубног каменца, који је
вероватно настао као последица конзумирања хране богате протеинима као што
је риба. Супротно томе, деца у неолиту била су краће дојена, а у прилог овој
констатацији иде и чињеница да се код њих системски стрес јавља раније, на
шта упућују резултати анализе линеарне хипоплазије. Изотопске вредности
δ15N, δ13C и δ34S указују да је исхрана ове деце била више терестријална.
студија показује да је почетком неолита дошло до скраћења дужине дојења, што
је могло позитивно утицати на фертилитет жена и омогућити им да чешће буду
трудне. Ове промене у исхрани праисторијских мајки и беба могу бити један од
узрока увећања броја људи почетком неолита.