Element 3

Fundamentals of
Electricity and Electronics
 MATTER
►Anything that is made up of molecules
and atoms.
►Molecules is made up of atoms.
►The atom consists of a central nucleus
surrounded by negatively charged
electrons.
 ATOM

An atom is the
smallest particle
that comprises a
chemical
element and at
its natural state
has zero charge.
Electricity is the flow of electrons from
one place to another.

An electron is a negatively-charged
subatomic particle.
Matter can be classified into:

Conductors - electrons flow easily, low

resistance
Semi-conductors - electron can be made to
flow under certain circumstances, variable
resistance according to formulation and circuit
conditions
Insulators - electrons flow with great difficulty,
high resistance.
Examples
rubber – a good insulator of electricity

copper – a good conductor of electricity

Coulomb (C)- A unit of electrical charge; the
quantity of electricity passing in one second
through a circuit in which the rate of flow is one
ampere

Voltage (symbol E or V, unit volt)-

the practical unit of electric pressure; the
pressure which will produce a current of one
ampere against a resistance of one ohm

Current (symbol I, unit ampere)-

the movement of electrons through a conductor
Resistance (symbol R, unit Ω or Ohms)-
the opposition to the flow of current

Capacitance (symbol C, unit Farad)-

the ability of a material to store electric charge

Inductance (symbol L, unit Henry)-

the ability of conductor to produce induced voltage

Frequency (symbol f, unit Hertz)-

is a measure of the number of occurrences of
repeating event per unit time or cycles per second
Test Instruments:
Voltmeter - measures voltage

Battery

Connect the voltmeter in

PARALLEL to measure
voltage
Test Instruments :
Ammeter - measures current

Battery

Connect an Ammeter in
SERIES to measure the current
in a circuit
Test Instruments:

Ohmmeter - measures resistance

Test Instruments:
►Multimeter
Direct Current (DC) - A flow of
charged particles through a
conductor in one direction only.

Alternating Current (AC) - A flow

of charged particles through a
conductor, first in one direction,
then in the other direction
 Current Flow
►Direct current:
 Current Flow
►Alternating current:
In DC circuits, load is measured in
resistance only, while in AC and radio
circuits we can expect a reactive
component in the load and the
combination of these two is called
impedance.
An ideal voltage source should have
zero internal resistance.

The best device for storing energy in

a magnetic field is a coil.
 ELECTRONICS
►Electronics is the study of the flow of
electrons through materials and devices.
►An electronic component is any physical
entity in an electronic system which affects
the electrons.
►Current flows from +ve to -ve.
 Basic Electronics Components
Resistors
►a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element.
► is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it
flows from one terminal to the next.
► A resistor is primarily used to create and maintain
a known safe current within an electrical
component.
 Basic Electronics Components
Resistors
►Symbol:

►Unit : Ohms ()

Some Types of resistors :

wire-wound

carbon film

carbon composition

Tantalum is not a type of resistor.

Tantalum Capacitor
 Basic Electronics Components
Capacitor
►a passive electronic component that stores energy
in the form of an electrostatic field.
► In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two
conducting plates separated by an insulating
material called the dielectric.
► The capacitance is directly proportional to the
surface areas of the plates, and is inversely
proportional to the separation between the plates.
 Basic Electronics Components
►Symbol:

► Unit: Farad (F)

 Basic Electronics Components
Inductor
►a passive electronic component that stores energy
in the form of a magnetic field.
► In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire
loop or coil.
► The inductance is directly proportional to the
number of turns in the coil. Inductance also
depends on the radius of the coil and on the type
of material around which the coil is wound.
 Basic Electronics Components
Inductor
►Symbol:
►Unit : Henry (H)
 Symbols

RESISTOR

CAPACITOR

INDUCTOR
 Tera T 1012  1,000,000,000,000
 Giga G 109  1,000,000,000
 Mega M 106  1,000,000
 Kilo k 103  1,000
 Milli m 10-3  0.001
 Micro  10-6  0.000 001
 Nano  10-9  0.000 000 001
 Pico p 10-12  0.000 000 000 001
 Femto f 10-15  0.000 000 000 000 001
(in RED are commonly used multiples)
Examples
How is 325 kilo-ohms also written?
Answer: 325 kΩ
How is 888 milliwatt also written?
Answer: 888mW
How many milliwatts are in 1 watt?
Answer: 1000mW

What is another way of writing 470 kilo-ohms?

Answer: 470,000 ohms
Examples
What is another way of writing 3000 MHz in
GigaHz?
Answer: 3 GHz
Bad
Boys
Rape
Our
Young
Girls
But
Violeta
Gave
Willingly
Example
What is the value of the resistor having the
color bands as follows:

violet – violet – blue - no color ?

Answer: 77 mega-ohms ( 20%)

Example
What is the value of the resistor having the
color bands as follows:

yellow – violet – orange – no color?

Answer: 47 K ( 20%)
Example
What is the value of the resistor having the
color bands as follows:

green – black – black - silver?

Answer: 50 ohms (10%)

Example
What is the value of the resistor having the
color bands as follows:

white – white – black - gold?

Answer: 99 ohms ( 5%)

 E

the current passing through a

conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential
difference (i.e. voltage drop or
voltage) across the two points, and
inversely proportional to the
resistance between them.
Ohm's Law Formula
E

E =I x R (Volts)
R =E / I I (Ohms)
=E/ R (Amperes)
 Ohm's Law
Example:
What is the voltage in a simple circuit, if the
current is 1 Ampere and the resistance of
30 Ohms?

Answer: E = I x R
E = 1 x 30
E = 30 Ohms
 Ohm's Law
Example:
What is the current along a simple circuit, if a
240 Ohm resistor is connected to a 12V
battery?

Answer: I = V / R
I = 12V / 240
I = 0.05 Amp
Electric power is defined as the rate
at which electrical energy is transferred
by an electric circuit.
Unit of Power : W, watts
POWER FORMULA: JOULE’S LAW
The rate of heat dissipation in a resistive
conductor (or power dissipated in a resistor)
is proportional to the square of the current
through it and to its resistance.
P = I2 R
P = I E, since E = I R (by Ohm’s Law)
P = E2 / R, since I = E / R.
Note: PT = P1 + P2 + … + PN
Example:
What is the total power dissipated by a load
resistor supplied by a 48V-source and
having a total current of 1A flow through it?

Given: E = 48V
I = 1A
Solution: P= I x E = 48V x 1A = 48 W
Example:
What is the current flowing through a load
having a 12V measurement across it if it
dissipates 4W of power?

Given: E = 12V and P = 4W

Solution: P=I x E
 I = P / E = 4W /12V = 0.333 A
o positive polarity + (red)

o negative polarity - (black)

o A battery is a good source of DC

power supply.
Series Circuits - component junctions
are connected side by side.

Total Resistance, RT
RT = R1 + R2 +…+Rn
Total Inductance, LT
LT = L1 + L2 +…+Ln
Total Capacitance, CT
1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 +…+1/Cn
Parallel Circuits - component junctions
are connected via a common point.

Total Resistance, RT
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +…+1/Rn
Total Inductance, LT
1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/L2 +…+1/Ln
Total Capacitance, CT
CT = C1 + C2 +…+ Cn
Current remains constant in a SERIES
circuit.

Voltage remains constant in a PARALLEL

circuit.

A switch is a component used to turn a

circuit on or off.
Example: Inductors in SERIES
What is the total inductance of 3 inductors
connected in series, with the following
values: 3mH, 5mH and 22mH?
Given: L1=3mH, L2=5mH and L3 =22mH
Solution: LT = L1 + L2 + L3
= 3mH + 5mH + 22mH
= 30mH
Example: Inductors in PARALLEL
What is the total inductance of 2 inductors –
valued at 20mH each and are connected in
parallel?
Given: L1 = L2 = 20mH
1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/L2
LT = (L1 x L2) / (L1 + L2)
LT = (20mH x 20mH) / (20mH + 20mH)
LT =10mH
 Series - Parallel Circuits -
components connected in combinations of series and
parallel connection.

To calculate the total

resistance, capacitance
and inductance, calculate
the parallels first then
the series.
 Series – Parallel Circuits
In an electrical circuit R1 and R2 are connected in
series. They are further connected to R3 in
parallel. A 240V source is connected across the
combination. If R1 is 100 Ohms, R2 is 300 Ohms
and R3 is 100 Ohms, Find:
a. Total resistance of the R1, R2 and R3.
b. Total current of the circuit.
c. Current across R1, R2 and R3.
d. Voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3.
a. R12 = R1 + R2 = 100 + 300  = 400 .
1/RT = 1/R12 + 1/R3 = 1/400  + 1/100 
 RT = 400 /5 = 80 .

b. I = V / R = 240V / 80 
 I = 3A

c. VR12 = 240V and VR3 = 240V (why?)

 IR12 = 240V / 400  = 0.6A
 IR1 = 0.6A and IR2 = 0.6A (why?)
and IR3 = 240V / 100  = 2.4A
d. VR1 = (100 )(0.6A) = 60V
VR2 = (300 )(0.6A) = 180V
 Series – Parallel Circuits
Capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in
parallel to each other. They are further
connector to capacitor C3 in series. What is
the total combined capacitance of C1, C2
and C3 if C1 = 90pF, C2 = 30pF and C3 =
240pF?

Ans: 80pF
REACTANCE
- opposition to current due to storage of
energy
- the opposition to (AC) alternating current due to
capacitance (capacitive reactance) or inductance
(inductive reactance)

- Capacitor and Inductor can store energy.

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
a quantity characterizing the opposition presented
to an alternating current by the inductance of a
circuit or of part of a circuit. Inductive reactance is
measured in ohms.
XL = 2 f L
Where
XL = Inductive Reactance (in )
f = Frequency (in Hz)
L = Inductance (in H)
 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
Example:
A coil of inductance 150mH and zero resistance is
connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate
the inductive reactance of the coil and the current
flowing through it.
Solution:
XL = 2 f L = (2)(3.14)(50Hz)(.150H)
= 47.1
I = 100V / 47.1
= 2.12 A
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
a quantity characterizing the opposition presented
to an alternating current by the capacitance of a
circuit or of part of a circuit. Capacitive reactance
is measured in ohms.
1
X C
2fC
Where
XC = Capacitive Reactance ()
f = Frequency (Hz)
C = Capacitance (F)
 CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
Example:
Find the current flowing in a circuit when a 4F
capacitor is connected across a 880v, 60Hz supply.
Solution:
Xc = 1/(2fC) = 1/(2*3.14*60Hz*0.000004F)
= 663
I = V / Xc = 880V / 663
= 1.33A
RESONANT CIRCUIT
In an electrical circuit, resonance occurs at a particular
frequency when the inductive reactance and the
capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, causing
electrical energy to oscillate between the magnetic field
of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor.
XL  XC
1
 2  fL 
2f C
Where f = Frequency in Hertz
L = Inductance in Henry
C = Capacitance in Farad
RESONANT FREQUENCY
XL  XC
1
 2  fL 
2  fC
1
 f 
2
2 2 L C
1
 f 
2 L C
RESONANT CIRCUIT
Example:
Find the resonant frequency of the following circuit:

Given:
L = 100mH = 0.1 H
C = 10F = 0.00001F

1 1
f  
2 LC 23.14 .1H.00001F 
1 1
f  
6.28 .000001 6.28.001
 f  159.24Hz
RESONANT CIRCUIT
The bandwidth of a resonant circuit refers to
the frequency range over which the circuit
response to voltage or current is no more
than 3dB below the peak response.

The ()3dB points are also called the half

power points where the voltage and current
have been reduced to 70.7% of the peak
voltage or current.
Bandwidth
 BASIC FORMULA:

c
 
f
Where:
 is wavelength in meters
C is speed of light in air, 3 x 108 m/sec
f is frequency in Hertz, Hz
Example c
 
f
144 MHz
300,000,000 m/s
Wavelength =
144,000,000 Hertz
Wavelength = 2.083 meters
~ 2 Meter
This is also the reason why 144Mhz is
also called 2-meter band
 BAND FREQUENCY RANGE

AUDIO FREQUENCY 30 Hz - 30 KHz

RADIO FREQUENCY

VERY LOW FREQUENCY 30 KHz - 300 KHz

LOW FREQUENCY 300 KHz - 3 MHz

HIGH FREQUENCY 3 MHz - 30 MHz

VERY HIGH FREQUENCY 30 MHz - 300 MHz

ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY 300 MHz - 3 GHz

SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY 3 GHz - 30 GHz

EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCY 30 GHz - 300 GHz

Example
Which frequency band is considered as audio
frequency?
Answer: 30 Hz to 30 kHz

430-440 MHz belong to what frequency

range?
Answer: UHF
Example
What are included in the high frequency
range?
Answer: 3 MHz – 30 MHz

In what frequency range does 7.095 MHz A3J

signal belong to?
Answer: HF
Example
In what frequency range does the 144 MHz
phase shift keying signal belong to?
Answer: VHF

What are included in the ultra high frequency

range?
Answer: 300 MHz – 3000 MHz
Example
What does the acronym VHF represent in
reference to frequency ranges? (UHF? HF?)
Answer: Very High Frequency

What are included in the Very High Frequency

range?
Answer: 30 MHz – 300 MHz
What is the unit of Voltage?
What is the symbol used to denote Voltage?

Volt
V
What is the unit of Current?
What is the symbol used to denote Current?

Ampere
I
What is the unit of Resistance?
What is the unit symbol used to denote
Resistance?

Ohm
Greek letter omega, Ω
What is the unit of Capacitance?
What is the unit symbol used to denote
Capacitance?

Farad
F
What is the unit of Inductance?
What is the unit symbol used to denote
Inductance?

Henry
H
What is the unit of Power?
What is the unit symbol use to denote
Power?

Watt
W
What is the unit of Frequency?
What is the unit symbol used to denote
Frequency?

Hertz
Hz
73