SMI - World Market For Clad Plate - Contents and Sample Pages

The World Market
for Clad Plate

Stainless Steel – Nickel Alloy – Titanium
July 2016
© SMI GmbH 2016 - This report may not be copied, published or
disclosed to third parties without the permission of SMI GmbH.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT .............................................................................. 7

Disclaimer ............................................................................................................. 7
Copyright Protection ............................................................................................ 7
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Clad Plates ...................................................................................................... 8
1.1.1 Rolled Clad Plates ...................................................................................... 9
1.1.2 Explosion Clad Plates ............................................................................... 16
1.1.3 Weld Overlay ............................................................................................ 22
1.1.4 Size Range Comparisons ......................................................................... 23
1.2 Clad Pipes ..................................................................................................... 25
1.2.1 Metallurgically Bonded Clad Pipes............................................................ 26
1.2.2 Mechanically Bonded Clad Pipes.............................................................. 28
1.2.3 Co-Extruded Seamless Clad Pipes ........................................................... 29
1.2.4 Centrifugal Cast Pipe ................................................................................ 30
1.3 Cost Comparison Clad vs. Solid Plate ........................................................ 31
1.3.1 Grade 316 ................................................................................................. 31
1.3.2 Grade 825 ................................................................................................. 33
1.3.3 Grade 625 ................................................................................................. 35
2 Clad Plate Production ..................................................................................... 37
2.1 Long Term Trend .......................................................................................... 37
2.1.1 Correlation to Nickel and Oil Prices .......................................................... 37
2.1.2 Long Term Trend China vs. ROW ............................................................. 39
2.1.3 Long Term Trend Rolled vs. Explosion ..................................................... 43
2.2 Production By Region .................................................................................. 44
2.2.1 Production by Region (2010 – 2015) ........................................................ 44
2.2.2 Production by Region (2015) .................................................................... 47
2.2.3 Production by Country (2015) ................................................................... 52
2.3 Production by Producer (2015) ................................................................... 55
2.3.1 Roll Bonded Clad Plate ............................................................................. 55
2.3.2 Explosion Bonded Clad Plate ................................................................... 56
The World Market for Clad Plate
© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 2

3 International Trade Flows .............................................................................. 57
4 Clad Plate Consumption ................................................................................ 59
4.1 Consumption By region 2004 – 2015 .......................................................... 59
4.2 Consumption by Country 2014 - 2015 ........................................................ 60
5 Market Structures 2015 .................................................................................. 61
5.1 Market by Size............................................................................................... 61
5.1.1 Total Clad Plate ........................................................................................ 61
5.1.2 Rolled Bonded Clad Plate ......................................................................... 67
5.2 Market by Grade ........................................................................................... 71
5.2.1 Total Clad Plate ........................................................................................ 71
5.2.2 Roll Bonded Clad Plate ............................................................................. 75
5.3 Market by Application and Industry ............................................................ 77
5.3.1 Clad Plate Consumption by Major Application .......................................... 77
5.3.2 Clad Plate Consumption by Industry ......................................................... 79
6 Description of Applications ........................................................................... 81
6.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 81
6.2 Oil & Gas ....................................................................................................... 85
6.2.1 Flowlines & Pipelines ................................................................................ 85
6.2.2 Steel Catenary Risers ............................................................................... 92
6.2.3 Subsea Jumpers ....................................................................................... 95
6.2.4 Subsea Manifold Piping Systems and Pigging Loops ............................... 97
6.2.5 Slug Catchers ........................................................................................... 98
6.2.6 Topside Pressure Vessels and Separators ............................................. 101
6.2.7 Topside Process Piping .......................................................................... 104
6.2.8 Splash Zone Sheathing ........................................................................... 106
6.3 Refineries, Petrochemical & Chemical Industry ...................................... 107
6.3.1 Towers & Columns .................................................................................. 108
6.3.2 Coke Drums ............................................................................................ 114
6.3.3 Reactors ................................................................................................. 117
6.3.4 High Pressure Vessels, Drums and Separators ...................................... 124
6.3.5 Storage Tanks......................................................................................... 127

6.4 Heat Exchangers ........................................................................................ 129
6.4.1 Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers ............................................................... 129
6.4.2 Plate Heat Exchangers ........................................................................... 132
6.4.3 Thin Film/Wiped Film Evaporators .......................................................... 134
6.4.4 Air/Gas Coolers....................................................................................... 136
6.5 Fertilizer Industry ....................................................................................... 139
6.6 Power Generation ....................................................................................... 145
6.6.1 Condensers............................................................................................. 145
6.6.2 Geothermal ............................................................................................. 148
6.6.3 Coal Gasification/Liquefaction................................................................. 152
6.6.4 Hydroelectricity ....................................................................................... 154
6.7 Flue Gas Desulfurization ........................................................................... 155
6.8 Seawater Desalination ............................................................................... 159
6.9 Pulp & Paper ............................................................................................... 164
6.9.1 Steaming Vessels ................................................................................... 165
6.9.2 Digesters ................................................................................................. 166
6.9.3 Black Liquor Tanks ................................................................................. 167
6.9.4 Paper Machine (Former, Press) .............................................................. 167
6.9.5 Bleaching ................................................................................................ 168
6.9.6 Evaporators/Boilers................................................................................. 168
6.10 Shipbuilding .............................................................................................. 170
6.10.1 Chemical Tankers ................................................................................. 170
6.10.2 Icebreaker Hulls .................................................................................... 172
6.11 Transition Joints ....................................................................................... 174
6.12 Hydrometallurgy ....................................................................................... 180
6.13 Polysilicon................................................................................................. 181
6.14 Food and Beverage .................................................................................. 182
7 Forecast ......................................................................................................... 183
7.1 Project Activty by Region .......................................................................... 183
7.1.1 Summary ................................................................................................ 183
7.1.2 Africa....................................................................................................... 184
7.1.3 Asia ......................................................................................................... 185
7.1.4 Australia .................................................................................................. 187
7.1.5 CIS .......................................................................................................... 188
7.1.6 Europe .................................................................................................... 189

7.1.7 Middle East ............................................................................................. 190
7.1.8 North America ......................................................................................... 192
7.1.9 South America ........................................................................................ 194
7.2 Clad Plate Demand Forecast by Region ................................................... 195
8 Clad Plate Producers .................................................................................... 197
8.1 Producers of Roll Bonded Clad Plate ....................................................... 197
8.1.1 voestalpine Grobbelch ............................................................................ 197
8.1.2 JSW ........................................................................................................ 200
8.1.3 JFE Steel Corporation ............................................................................. 202
8.1.4 Industeel ................................................................................................. 204
8.1.5 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp. ................................................... 206
8.1.6 Shandong Baode Metal Clad .................................................................. 207
8.1.7 Jiangsu Debei ......................................................................................... 211
8.1.8 AMETEK Specialty Metal Products ......................................................... 212
8.2 Producers of Explosion Bonded Clad Plate ............................................. 214
8.2.1 NobelClad™/DMC Corporation ............................................................... 214
8.2.2 BACLAD™/Asahi Kasei Corporation ...................................................... 219
8.2.3 TISCO ..................................................................................................... 221
8.2.4 Hanwha Corporation ............................................................................... 222
8.2.5 Shockwave Metalworking Technologies ................................................. 223
8.2.6 Energometall ........................................................................................... 224
8.2.7 ICEM Engineering Company................................................................... 225
8.2.8 Sichuan JInglei........................................................................................ 226
8.2.9 Baoji Baotai ............................................................................................. 227
8.2.10 Dalian Shipbuilding ............................................................................... 228
8.2.11 Nanjing Baotai....................................................................................... 229
8.2.12 Xian Tianli ............................................................................................. 230
8.2.13 Zhengzhou Yugunag............................................................................. 231
8.2.14 Nanjing Runbang .................................................................................. 232
9 Users of Clad Plate ....................................................................................... 233
9.1 Clad Pipe Producers and Providers of Weld Overlay.............................. 233
9.1.1 List of Companies ................................................................................... 233
9.1.2 Butting..................................................................................................... 234
9.1.3 Canadoil Group ....................................................................................... 237
9.1.4 Cladtek International ............................................................................... 240
9.1.5 EEW Erndtebrücker Eisenwerk ............................................................... 241
9.1.6 Eisenbau Krämer (EBK) .......................................................................... 243
9.1.7 Gieminox Tectubi Racordi ....................................................................... 244

9.1.8 Inox Tech ................................................................................................ 245
9.1.9 IODS Pipe Clad....................................................................................... 246
9.1.10 Jiuli Hi-Tech Metals............................................................................... 247
9.1.11 JSW ...................................................................................................... 248
9.1.12 MesoCoat ............................................................................................. 249
9.1.13 PCC Klad .............................................................................................. 250
9.1.14 Proclad Group ....................................................................................... 251
9.1.15 Protubo ................................................................................................. 252
9.1.16 Wellclad ................................................................................................ 253
9.2 Other End Users ......................................................................................... 254
10 Authors of this Report .................................................................................. 255
Wolfgang Lipp................................................................................................... 255
Alina Racu ......................................................................................................... 255
Markus Moll ....................................................................................................... 255
11 How to Order this report? ............................................................................ 256

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 CLAD PLATES
Extensively used in industrial applications, clad steel plates are composed of two or
more different materials, called base metal and cladding metal (CRA incl. stainless
steel, nickel alloy or Titanium). They combine the higher strength and better thermal
conductivity of the base material with corrosion resistance of the cladding material.
Due to lower material cost of the base material, clad plate are an economical option
compared to solid CRA plates.
There are two different production process to produce clad plates: roll bonding and
explosion bonding. Alternatively, weld overlay can be applied on finished equipment
(e.g. vessel components, pipes) as a competing solution to clad plates.
The choice of the method depends primarily on the material and dimension
requirements. While the roll bonded clad plates are considered to have superior quality
over explosion bonding and are usually available in wider widths, the latter is preferred
for larger thicknesses or for welding dissimilar metals. Weld overlay is used for large
thicknesses but limited surfaces as the process is time consuming.
The tables below compare dimension and material ranges across the three types of
metallurgical bonding processes.
Plate Cladding
Width Length Weight
Clad Plate Type Thickness Thickness
[in mm] [in m] [in t]
[in mm] [in mm]
Roll Bonded Clad Plate 6.0 - 200.0 0.5 - 12.0 1,000 - 5,000 2.5 - 17.0 max. 17
Explosion Bonded Clad Plate 6.0 - 500.0
Only available
1.0 - 30.0
for subscribers.
100 - 5,000 1.0 - 13.0 max. 50
Weld Overlay min. 5.0 min. 2.5 Limited by access of equipment
Refractory
Clad Plate Type Thin Wall Heavy Wall Large Width
Metals
Roll Bonded Clad Plate ++ + ++ +
Explosion Bonded Clad Plate --
Only available
++
for subscribers.
- ++
Weld Overlay - ++ - --
This study will cover roll bonded and explosion bonded clad plates and also discuss
metallurgical bonded clad pipes and mechanically lined pipes.

1.1.1 Rolled Clad Plates
The process of roll bonding involves a clad assembly made of two plates vacuum
sealed together in the sandwich method (i.e. backing steel, cladding, parting
compound, cladding and backing steel again) which is then rolled to achieve metal-to-
metal bonding, then heat treated and cut. The metallurgical bond is created under high
pressure and high temperature conditions.
Japan Steel Works (JSW), a major producer of clad plates and clad pipes describes
the process as follows: “Two pairs of plates, each with the backing steel outside and
cladding metal inside are matched together to form a composite assembly and then
sealed along the edges by welding. The welding is performed to protect the corrosion
resistant alloy from possible contamination by exposure to atmosphere during heating
before rolling. The composite assembly is heated to the proper temperature in a
heating furnace and rolled to the given sizes in order to bond the cladding and backing
materials metallurgically. After rolling, the assembly is heat-treated as required
considering the mechanical properties of the backing steel and corrosion resistance of
the cladding metal. The assembly is then separated into two clad plates to be cut into
given dimensions. In order to assure and guarantee the quality of the clad plates,
ultrasonic examination and mechanical testing are conducted.”
Roll bonded clad plate process, source: Japan Steel Works, www.jsw.co.jp/en/

The production process for producing roll bonded clad plates requires a lot of additional
process steps compared to rolling solid steel plates resulting in higher processing and
labour costs.
Source: voestalpine Grobblech GmbH, conference paper “Stainless steel clad plates -
Production possibilities and typical applications” held at SMR Conference in Marbella,
Spain in November 2009
A ‘sandwich’ clad assembly consists of the following layers:
 Base material (shot blasted, bottom side ground)

 CRA material (top side ground)
 Seperating medium
 CRA material (bottom side ground=)
 Base material (shot boasted, top side ground)
Afterwards, the clad assembly is basically rolled in a plate mill like a solid plate (re-
heating, hot rolling, levelling, and heat treatment). After hot rolling, the plates are
separated from each other and processed like individual plates (incl. heat treatment,
plasma torch cutting, ultrasonic testing, surface finishing, and packaging).

Materials
The following materials are most often used as base materials for roll bonding:
Carbon steel: ASTM A285 gr A, B, C
C-Mn steel: ASTM A516/ASME SA516 Gr. 60, 65, 70
ASTM A537/ASME SA537 Cl.1, 2
C-Mn-Mo steel: ASME SA204 Gr. A, B, C
Cr-Mo steel: ASTM A387/ASME SA387, Gr. 11, 12, 22, Cl. 1, 2
Cr-Mo-V steel: ASTM A542/ASME SA542, Gr. D
C-Mn-Mo-Ni (Q&T): ASTM A533/ASME SA533 Gr. B, C, E
Cladding materials include stainless steel and nickel alloys most often, but also
titanium and copper alloys.
Stainless steel: Ferritic/martensitic: 405, 410S, 430
Austenitic: 304/L, 316/L/LMo/Ti/Cb, 317L/LN/LMN, 309, 310S,
321, 347
Super-austenitic: 6Mo, 254SMO, AL-6XN, 25-6Mo, Alloy 28, 926,
904L
Duplex & Super Duplex: 2304, 2205, 2507, 329, 44LN, 255
Ni alloys: Inconel 600, 625, Incoloy 800, 825, Hastelloy C276, C22, C4,
Monel 400, Ni 200, 201
Titanium: Gr. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11
Cu alloys: C10200 (B152), C12200, C61400 (B169), C63000 (B171),
C46400 (B171), C70600 (B122, B171), C71500

Roll bonded clad plate, source: Voestalpine, www.voestalpine.com
Dimensions
Plate thickness: 6.0 – 200.0 mm, most common 40.0 – 50.0 mm
Cladding thickness: Typically 0.5 – 12.0 mm, most common 2.0 – 3.5 mm
Theoretically 5% – 40% from plate thickness
Stainless steel: 0.5 – 12.0 mm
Nickel alloys:Only – 12.0 mmfor subscribers.
1.5 available
Titanium: 1.0 – 8.0 mm
Plate width: 1,000 – 4,800 mm, most common > 2,500 mm
Plate length: 2.5 – 17.0 m
Plate weight: Up to 17 t
Usually the clad plate is supplied with the base material as rolled or shot blasted and
the cladding material ground with a grain size of 80.

1.1.2 Explosion Clad Plates
Explosion bonded plates are produced by means of explosion welding, which involves
the bonding of two or more dissimilar metals with the aid of explosives. The metal
surfaces are compressed together under high pressure from the explosion, which
causes the valence electrons of the metals to cross into each other’s sphere of
influence. The entire process is carried out at ambient temperature, thus there is no
heating of the metals.
During the explosion, a shockwave is created which is transmitted through the two
metal layers which can produce a slight wave effect in the material which can be seen
with the naked eye in the area where the metals join. This wavy structure constitutes
according to roll bonding plate producers a disadvantage in regards with precision,
while explosion bonding plate producers argue that this is a sign of better bonding.
Explosion bonding is used to weld compatible metals such as stainless steel and nickel
alloys to carbon steel, but especially metals that cannot be welded by conventional
processes, such as titanium to steel, aluminium to steel and aluminium to copper or
refractory metals to steel.
Explosion cladding process, source: NobleClad presentation “Explosion Welding in the

Energy Industry” by Warren Salt, February 2014, www.nobelclad.com

Dimensions
Plate thickness: 6.0 – 500.0 mm, most common > 50.0 mm
Up to 625.0 mm in Korea
Cladding thickness: 1.0 – 30.0 mm, most common 1.5 – 16 mm
Stainless steel: 1.0 – 30.0 mm
Nickel Aluminium/Copper alloys: 1.0 – 25.0 mm
Only available for subscribers.
Titanium: 1.0 – 10.0 mm
Zirconium/Tantalum: 1.0 – 8.0 mm
Plate width: 100 – 5,000 mm
Plate length: 1 – 13 m, up to 16 m in China
Weight: Up to 50 t
In theory there is no limit to the thickness of the base metal, but rather the limitation
comes from the weight capacity of the producers.
Explosion bonded clad plate producers tend to be more competitive compared to roll
bonded plate producers in thicknesses above 50 mm. For thicknesses above 100 –
150 mm, end users (pressure vessel manufacturers) often prefer forgings for vessel
shells which are then cladded with weld overlay.
Testing
 Shear strength test
 Tensile strength test
 Bending test (face bend test, reverse face bend test)
 Hammer bend test
 Hardness test (for explosion cladding, annealing is necessary for stress relief)
 Ultrasonic testing

1.1.4 Size Range Comparisons
The following chats summarize the size ranges for roll bonded and explosion clad
plate. Typically, roll bonded plates have lower thicknesses (most common 25 – 75 mm)
compared to explosion bonded plates (most common 75 – 150 mm). As the sizes of
explosion bonded plate are limited by the maximum weight per plate (up to 35 t), plates
with heavier thicknesses are only available in narrower widths and/or shorter lengths.
Clad Plate Production – Size Range

(assumed plate length 12 m, weight limitation explosion 35 t, rolled 17 t )
Competing
Products
Weld-
Plate Thickness
overlay
incl. Roll Bonded
forgings
with weld- Explosion Bonded
overlay
> 100 mm Most Common
Explosion
Rolled
Solid STS
< 50 mm
Plate Width

1.2 CLAD PIPES
Clad pipes constitute a major end use segment (volumes heavily fluctuating depending
on number of pipe projects) application for clad plates as they are used across most
of the industries, especially in the oil & gas industry. The adoption of clad pipes as a
solution began in the 1990s and the demand in oil & gas is expected to continue to
increase.
One reason for choosing clad pipe over solid CRA pipe is the higher strength of the
carbon steel host material allowing thinner walls and less weight. The second reason
is lower costs with the same corrosion resistance compared to solid CRA material.
There are several production processes for clad pipes. Considering the entire pipe laid
since the early 1970s, approximately 50% by length is metallurgically clad
(longitudinally welded and seamless) and 50% is lined. However, an emergency
replacement project in Kazakhstan brought unexpected demand for metallurgical clad
pipe in 2015.
Another technique to manufacture clad pipes is weld overlay where the clad metal layer
is deposited on the base metal using arc welding type processes. Weld overlay offers
a long life and high reliability corrosion resistance. However, due to the fact that it is
very labour intensive and time consuming, weld overlay is used only for small surfaces
and niche applications. The main suppliers of weld overlay pipes are ProClad and
IODS.
The following table summarizes the main sizes available for each clad pipe process.
NB WT Length
Clad Pipe Type Suppliers
[in inch] [in mm] [in m]
Butting, Canadoil, EEW, EBK,
Metallurgically Bonded 4" - 100" 6- 80 12.8
Gieminox, JSW, Inox Tech,
Butting, Cladtek, Kuroki, PCC Klad,
Mechanically Bonded 4" - 40" 5 - 65 12.0
Proclad
Co-Extruded Seamless 2" - 14" 6 - 35 12.8 Schulz USA

2 CLAD PLATE PRODUCTION
2.1 LONG TERM TREND
2.1.1 Correlation to Nickel and Oil Prices

Rolled Clad Plate Market vs. Nickel Price Fluctuations (2000 – 2015)
150 40,000
Correlation Coefficient (Excl.

Kashagan Project in 2015): 35,000
125 75%
[Clad Plate Production in 1,000 tonnes]
30,000
[Nickel Price USD/tonne]

100
25,000
75 20,000
15,000
50
10,000
25
5,000
0 0
The volumes of clad plate tends to correlate with nickel prices, as high nickel prices
make cladding more economical compared to solid plates. However, major projects
like Kashagan in 2015 can distort this picture.

Roll Bonded Clad Plate Production Development in China vs. ROW (2000 – 2015)
China ROW
[in 1,000 tonnes]
European and Japanese suppliers are still leading the market for roll bonded clad plate but Chinese
producers are steadily entering the market, building up capacities that could potentially exceed the
volumes of today’s top producers.

2.3 PRODUCTION BY PRODUCER (2015)
2.3.1 Roll Bonded Clad Plate

Top Roll Bonded Clad Plate Producers (2015)
[in 1,000 tonnes]

2.3.2 Explosion Bonded Clad Plate
Top Explosion Bonded Clad Plate Producers (2015)
60
50
[in 1,000 tonnes]
40
30
20
10

Explosion Bonded Clad Plate Consumption by Thickness and Width (2015)
<1,500 mm 1,500 - 2,000 mm 2,001 - 2,500 mm >2,500 mm
6 - 50 mm
51 - 120 mm
121 - 250 mm
> 250 mm
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Explosion Bonded Clad Plate Consumption by Thickness and Width (2015)

Plate Width
1,500 - 2,001 - 1,500 - 2,001 -
Plate Thickness <1,500 mm >2,500 mm Total <1,500 mm >2,500 mm Total
2,000 mm 2,500 mm 2,000 mm 2,500 mm
[in 1,000 tonnes] [in %]
< 6 mm 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
6 - 50 mm 8,5 29,9 34,9 12,0 85,3 22% 30% 27% 44% 29%
51 - 120 mm 16,4 49,9 Only available for subscribers.
81,8 15,0 163,0 43% 51% 64% 56% 56%
121 - 250 mm 10,0 15,0 8,0 0,0 32,9 26% 15% 6% 0% 11%
> 250 mm 3,0 4,0 3,0 0,0 10,0 8% 4% 2% 0% 3%
Total Clad Plate 37,8 98,7 127,7 26,9 291,2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Plate Width
1,500 - 2,001 - 1,500 - 2,001 -
Plate Thickness <1,500 mm >2,500 mm Total <1,500 mm >2,500 mm Total
2,000 mm 2,500 mm 2,000 mm 2,500 mm
< 6 mm 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
6 - 50 mm 8,5 29,9 34,9 12,0 85,3 10% 35% 41% 14% 100%
51 - 120 mm 16,4 49,9 Only available for subscribers.
81,8 15,0 163,0 10% 31% 50% 9% 100%
121 - 250 mm 10,0 15,0 8,0 0,0 32,9 30% 45% 24% 0% 100%
> 250 mm 3,0 4,0 3,0 0,0 10,0 30% 40% 30% 0% 100%
Total Clad Plate 37,8 98,7 127,7 26,9 291,2 13% 34% 44% 9% 100%

5.2 MARKET BY GRADE
5.2.1 Total Clad Plate

Clad Plate Consumption by Cladding Grade (2015)
Roll Explosion Roll Explosion
Bonded Bonded Total Bonded Bonded Total
Cladding Grade
Clad Plate Clad Plate Clad Plate Clad Plate
304/L 19,5 66,6 86,0 13% 23% 20%
316/L 30,5 64,6 95,1 21% 22% 22%
Other 300 3,8 9,7 13,5 3% 3% 3%
Super Austenitic 1,0 2,9 3,8 1% 1% 1%
400 Series 3,9 12,5 16,4 3% 4% 4%
Duplex/Super Duplex 2,3 4,1 6,4 2% 1% 1%
Other Stainless Steel 0,7 2,3 3,0 0% 1% 1%
Total Stainless Steel 61,56 162,64 224,2 42% 56% 51%
600 0,6 2,3 2,9 0% 1% 1%
625 68,1 Only available for subscribers. 3%
7,4 75,5 47% 17%
825 3,1 2,7 5,8 2% 1% 1%
C276 1,6 5,2 6,7 1% 2% 2%
Monel 400 0,6 1,6 0% 1%
Other Nickel Alloys 0,7 1,9 2,6 0% 1% 1%
Total Nikel Alloys 74,59 21,05 95,6 51% 7% 22%
Titanium 8,5 86,5 95,0 6% 30%
Aluminium & Aluminium Alloys 0,3 10,6 10,8 0% 4%
Copper & Copper Alloys 1,2 5,6 6,8 1% 2% 2%
Other 0,1 4,8 4,8 0% 2% 1%
Total Clad Plate 146,1 291,2 437,3 100% 100% 100%

5.3.2 Clad Plate Consumption by Industry
Clad Plate Consumption by Industry (2015)
250
Explosion Bonded Clad Plate
Roll Bonded Clad Plate

200
[in 1,000 tonnes]
150
100
50
*Including: Building & Construction, Yellow Goods, Hydrometallurgy, Defence
Clad Plate Consumption by Industry (2015)

Explosion Explosion
Roll Bonded Roll Bonded
Bonded Clad Total Bonded Clad Total
Industry Clad Plate Clad Plate
Plate Plate
Oil & Gas Upstream 20,9 27,0 47,9 14% 9% 11%
Refineries, Petrochemical, Chemical 58,7 154,9 213,6 40% 53% 49%
Power Generation 10,3 26,1 36,4 7% 9% 8%
Environmental Control, FGD 10,6 9,1 19,7 7% 3% 5%
Desalination 4,5 9,5 14,0 3% 3% 3%
Pulp & Paper 9,6 9,4 18,9 7% 3% 4%
Food & Beverage 5,4 Only available for subscribers.
7,8 13,2 4% 3% 3%
Shipbuilding 21,3 15,2 36,5 15% 5% 8%
Yellow Goods, Mining 0,6 0,1 0,7 0% 0% 0%
Building & Construction 2,8 0,5 3,3 2% 0% 1%
Transition Joints 0,0 13,6 13,6 0% 5% 3%
Others (Metallurgy, Defence, etc.) 1,3 18,1 19,4 1% 6% 4%
Total 146,1 291,2 437,3 100% 100% 100%
Explosion Explosion
Roll Bonded Roll Bonded
Bonded Clad Total Bonded Clad Total
Industry Clad Plate Clad Plate
Plate Plate
Oil & Gas Upstream 20,9 27,0 47,9 44% 56% 100%
Refineries, Petrochemical, Chemical 58,7 154,9 213,6 27% 73% 100%
Power Generation 10,3 26,1 36,4 28% 72% 100%
Environmental Control, FGD 10,6 9,1 19,7 54% 46% 100%
Desalination 4,5 9,5 14,0 32% 68% 100%
Pulp & Paper 9,6 9,4 18,9 50% 50% 100%
Food & Beverage 5,4 7,8 13,2 41% 59% 100%
Shipbuilding 21,3 15,2 36,5 58% 42% 100%
© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016
Yellow Goods, Mining 0,6 0,1 0,7 81% Page 79
19% 100%
Building & Construction 2,8 0,5 3,3 84% 16% 100%
Transition Joints 0,0 13,6 13,6 0% 100% 100%
Others (Metallurgy, Defence, etc.) 1,3 18,1 19,4 7% 93% 100%
Total 146,1 291,2 437,3 33% 67% 100%
6 DESCRIPTION OF APPLICATIONS
6.1 OVERVIEW
Clad plates are used for the following industries and applications:
 Oil & Gas: separators, absorbers, slug catchers, flowlines, pipelines, catenary
risers (SCR), fittings
 Refineries/Petrochemical Industry: columns, reactors, fractionators, vacuum

towers, distillation towers, hydrocrackers, hydrosulfurisers, coke drums
 Fertilizer Industry (Urea, Ammonia): strippers, reactors, heat exchangers
 Chemical Industry: columns, pressure vessels, reactors, polymerisers, pipes,

heat exchangers, evaporators, washers
 Power Generation: condenser tube sheets, geothermal plants, coal gasification,

hydroelectricity (dam gates, shield plates), nuclear plant components, biofuels
 Environmental Technology: flue gas desulphurization (flue gas channels,

chimney, scrubbers, ducts), garbage incineration plants
 Seawater Desalination: pipes, heat exchangers, evaporator shells, water boxes,

pump vessels, flash chambers
 Pulp & Paper: pulp boilers, bleaching plants, steaming vessels, digesters,
evaporators, evaporator pipe plates
 Food Industry: boiling pans for breweries, equipment for industrial kitchens,
fermenters, premium induction cookware
 Shipbuilding: chemical tankers, ice breakers, propeller systems
 Others: e.g. transition joints, hydrometallurgy (reactors), metallurgy (electro

galvanizing rolls, nitriding salt baths), defence, electrical equipment

Clad Plate Materials & Grades Used by Industry
Stainless Steel
Duplex/
Industry Application 6Mo/254
304/L 316/L 317/L 309 310 321 347 301 904L 405 410/S 1Cr13 Super
SMO
Duplex
Flowlines & Pipelines      
Steel Catenary Risers
Subsea Jumpers 
Slug Catchers 
Oil & Gas Upstream
Subsea Manofold Piping
Topside Pressure Vessels & Separators   
Topside Process Pipes & Fittings  
Splash Zone Sheathing
Refineries, Petrochemical, Chemical Pressure Vessels       
Fertilizer Pressure Vessels     
Storage Tanks Storage Tanks    
Shell & Tube, Plate      
Heat Exchangers Thin Film Evaporators  
Air Gas Coolers 
Condensers
Power Generation Geothermal 
FGD
Coal Gasification
Scrubbers, Chimneys

  Only available for subscribers.


 

Evaporators   
Water Boxes
Desalination, Water Treatment
Deaerators  
Venting Systems  
Steaming Vessels   
Digesters    
Bleaching 
Pulp & Paper Impergnators
Evaporators/Boilers 
Tanks  
Paper Machine 
Chemical Tankers    
Shipbuilding
Icebreakers  
Structural Transition Joints  
Transition Joints Cryogenic Transition Joints    
Electrical Transition Joints
Hydrometallurgy
Other Industries
Polysilicon 
Clad Plate Materials & Grades Used by Industry

Nickel Alloys Other Metals & Alloys
Other
Industry Application Monel Al & Al Cu & Cu
600 625 800 825 C276 Ni 200 Alloy 20 Nickel Ti Zr Ta
400 Alloys Alloys**
Alloys*
Flowlines & Pipelines  
Steel Catenary Risers   
Subsea Jumpers  
Slug Catchers  
Oil & Gas Upstream
Subsea Manofold Piping  
Topside Pressure Vessels & Separators  
Topside Process Pipes & Fittings   
Splash Zone Sheathing  
Refineries, Petrochemical, Chemical Pressure Vessels        
Fertilizer Pressure Vessels      
Storage Tanks Storage Tanks
Shell & Tube, Plate         
Heat Exchangers Thin Film Evaporators 
Air Gas Coolers
Condensers   
Power Generation Geothermal  
Coal Gasification
FGD Scrubbers, Chimneys  Only available for subscribers.
   
Evaporators  
Water Boxes 
Desalination, Water Treatment
Deaerators
Venting Systems  
Steaming Vessels
Digesters  
Bleaching
Pulp & Paper Impergnators
Evaporators/Boilers
Tanks
Paper Machine
Chemical Tankers 
Shipbuilding
Icebreakers
Structural Transition Joints  
Transition Joints Cryogenic Transition Joints 
Electrical Transition Joints   
Hydrometallurgy 
Other Industries
Polysilicon
*B3, C22, Alloy 59 **Cu-Ni

6.2.5 Slug Catchers
A slug catcher, which is a part of the gas pipeline system, is essential equipment at the
receiving terminal of a multiphase-flow processing plant. Slug catchers can be broadly
classified into three following categories:
 Vessel type
 Stored-loop type
 Finger (multiple-pipe) type
A vessel-type slug catcher is a simple two-phase separation vessel.
In a stored-loop-type slug catcher the gas/liquid separation occurs in the vessel, while
the liquid is stored in the stored-loop-shaped fingers.
A finger-type slug catcher uses pieces of large-diameter pipe instead of a conventional
vessel to provide a buffer volume. Since pipe can be more easily designed to withstand
high pressures compared to a vessel, this design is better suited for large-diameter
pipes.
Stored-loop-type slug catcher and finger-type (multiple-pipe) slug catcher, source: “A

new approach for sizing finger-type (multiple-pipe) slug catchers” by H. R. Kalat Jari,
P. Khomarloo and K. Assa, Gas Processing Magazine, www.gasprocessingnews.com
In 2010 NobleClad supplied clad plate (carbon steel API 5L X65M cladded with Inconel
625) for slug catchers in the Gorgon gas project, Australia's largest resource project:
 17 plates, thickness 37 mm, width 3.2 m, length 12.6 m

 136 plates, thickness 37 mm, width 3.2 m, length 12.3 m

In 2016, Belleli Energy/Exterran is set to supply several slug catchers to the Al Dabb'ya
onshore pipeline project (for natural gas) in UAE:
 Slug catcher: ID 6.4 m, thickness 48 mm carbon steel SA516 Gr.70N cladded with
3 mm nickel alloy 825, total weight 270 t
 1st stage separator: ID 6.9 m, thickness 44 mm carbon steel SA516 Gr.70N cladded
with 3 mm nickel alloy 825, total weight 270 t
 2nd stage separator: ID 6.4 m, thickness 26 mm carbon steel SA516 Gr.70N
cladded with 3 mm nickel alloy 825, total weight 168 t
Separator equipment, source: NobleClad, www.nobleclad.com

Italian equipment maker Bremaba & Rolle e.g. produced the following slug catcher
vessels. Weld overlay was used as competing technology to clad plate. The left one
was supplied for a refinery project in Qatar and had a weight of 140 t.; A516 Gr. 70 +
316L (76 + 5 mm) were used. The vessel on the right was delivered for a gas plant in
the UAE. The weight was 400 t; thickness of 135 mm (SA5126 Gr. 65 + 625).
,
Source: Brembana&Rolle, www.brembanarolle.com

Dimensions:
Thickness: 26 – 150 mm plus cladding; e.g. 26 + 3, 37 + 3, 40 + 4, 44 + 3, 48 + 3,

76 + 5, 135 + 3, 150 + 3 mm
Length: around 12 m
Materials
Base: Carbon steel (e.g. SA516 G70)
Cladding: 316L, 825, 625

10 AUTHORS OF THIS REPORT
WOLFGANG LIPP
Wolfgang is the Managing Director of Austrian based Steel
Market Intelligence GmbH. He holds a degree in International
Marketing from the University of Applied Sciences, Kufstein,
Austria. He had pursued a part of his studies at the California
Lutheran University in the USA. In 2002, he joined SMR as a
Market Analyst and later he was promoted to the position of
Managing Director of the newly created SMI GmbH. Wolfgang
has been following and analysing the stainless and special steel
industry for more than 10 years and has been responsible for all
tube & pipe related projects of the SMR Group.
ALINA RACU
Alina Racu joined the SMI team in late 2010 as a Research
Analyst and assists Wolfgang Lipp in conducting market studies.
In 2014, she was promoted to the position of Market Analyst and
now is responsible also for her own projects. Prior to working at
SMI, she earned a double degree in Business Administration
and Political Science in Bucharest, Romania, and then pursued
a graduate programme in Business Consultancy with focus on
Marketing at the University of Applied Sciences Wiener
Neustadt, Austria.
MARKUS MOLL
Markus is the Managing Director of Austrian based Steel &
Metals Market Research GmbH (SMR) which he founded in
1994. He has been analysing the stainless and special steel
markets for more than 20 years. Markus holds a degree in
mechanical engineering and a degree in economics from the
University of Innsbruck, Austria.

11 HOW TO ORDER THIS REPORT?
If you would like to order this report or learn more about the content of the report,
please contact us:
SMI - Steel Market Intelligence GmbH

Kohlplatz 7
6600 Reutte
Austria
Tel. +43 (5672) 64262
Wolfgang Lipp
Managing Director
w.lipp@steel-intelligence.com

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DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT .............................................................................. 7

The World Market for Clad Plate

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The World Market for Clad Plate

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The World Market for Clad Plate

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The World Market for Clad Plate

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 Base material (shot blasted, bottom side ground)

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The World Market for Clad Plate

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The World Market for Clad Plate

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Explosion cladding process, source: NobleClad presentation “Explosion Welding in the

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 16

 Tensile strength test

 Bending test (face bend test, reverse face bend test)

 Hammer bend test

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Clad Plate Production – Size Range

The World Market for Clad Plate

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The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 25

2.1.1 Correlation to Nickel and Oil Prices

Correlation Coefficient (Excl.

[Nickel Price USD/tonne]

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 37

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 41

2.3.1 Roll Bonded Clad Plate

Only available for subscribers.

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 55

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 56

<1,500 mm 1,500 - 2,000 mm 2,001 - 2,500 mm >2,500 mm

Only available for subscribers.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Explosion Bonded Clad Plate Consumption by Thickness and Width (2015)

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 70

5.2.1 Total Clad Plate

The World Market for Clad Plate

© SMI – Steel Market Intelligence GmbH 2016 Page 71

Roll Bonded Clad Plate

*Including: Building & Construction, Yellow Goods, Hydrometallurgy, Defence

Clad Plate Consumption by Industry (2015)

 Refineries/Petrochemical Industry: columns, reactors, fractionators, vacuum