Proof It is clear from (5.2) that f is continous.

For ∈ ℝ, we have
 |𝑓(𝜃)| = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃|= (cos2𝜃 + sin2𝜃)1/2 = 1

because cos𝜃 and sin𝜃 are real, and so 𝑓(𝜃) ∈ 𝕋 .

Now let z ∈ 𝕋 be given. Then 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 where 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and
2 2
𝑎 + b = 1. We wish to prove that there exist exactly one 𝜃1 ∈ [−𝜋 , 𝜋]
such that 𝑓(𝜃1 ) = 𝑧; i,e., cos 𝜃1 = 𝑎 and sin 𝜃1 = 𝑏. Since −1 ≦ 𝑎 ≦ 1, it
follows from (5.9.iii) and Intermediate Value Theorem that there is
exactly one real number 𝜃0 such that 0 ≦ 𝑎 ≦ 𝜋 and cos 𝜃0 = 𝑎 that lie in
the interval [−𝜋 , 𝜋] are 𝜃 = 𝜃0 and 𝜃 = −𝜃0 . These two are the only
candidates for 𝜃1. We will need (5.9.i) and (5.9.v). We have |𝜃| = √𝜃2 = √1 − 𝜃2 = |𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃0 |.
Since 𝜃𝜃𝜃 ≧ 0 on [0, 𝜃] and 𝜃𝜃𝜃 < 0 on [−𝜃, 0] , we
are forced to choose 𝜃1 as follows. If < 0 , than 𝜃 < 1, so we can and must take 𝜃1 = −𝜃0. This proves
all but our last assertion.

Let 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 ∈ ℝ. If 𝜃2 - 𝜃1 = 2 𝜃𝜃 for some 𝜃 ∈ ℤ, then it follows

from (5.5.i), (5.9.vi) and induction that

𝜃(𝜃2) = = 𝜃(𝜃3 + 2𝜃𝜃) = 𝜃(𝜃1 ).

Conversely, suppose that 𝜃(𝜃1 ) = 𝜃(𝜃2). Write 𝜃3 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1 and let 𝜃 be the integer satisfying

𝜃 < (𝜃1 + π)/(2π) ≦ n + 1.

Then

−𝜃 < 𝜃3 − 2πn ≦ π

and

𝜃(𝜃3 − 2𝜃𝜃) = 𝜃(𝜃3 ) = 𝜃(𝜃2 )/𝜃(𝜃1 ) = 1,

And so the precending paragraph shows that 𝜃3 − 2𝜃𝜃 = 0. That is 𝜃2 = 𝜃1 + 2πn .𝜃

Recalling (3.98), we may write exp(z)=𝜃𝜃 for any 𝜃 ∈ ℂ. The next theorem gives formulas that are very
important in Fourier analysis. Its proof gives practice in manipulation.

(5.12) Theorem Let 𝜃 be a nonnegative integr. Define function 𝜃𝜃 and 𝜃𝜃 on ℝ by

𝜃𝜃𝜃 1
𝜃𝜃 (𝜃) = ∑𝜃
𝜃=−𝜃 𝜃 , 𝐾𝜃 (𝜃) = 𝜃+1 ∑𝜃
𝜃=0 𝜃𝜃 (𝜃).

Then 𝜃 ∈ ℝ/2𝜃ℤ and 𝜃 ∈ ℕ imply

sin[(𝜃+1)/2)𝜃]
(i) 𝜃𝜃 (𝜃) = 1 + 2 ∑𝜃
𝜃=1 cos(𝜃𝜃) = sin[(1/ 2 )𝜃]

And
 2
|𝜃 𝜃𝜃𝜃 1 sin[((𝜃+1)/2)𝜃]
(ii) 𝜃𝜃 (𝜃) = ∑𝜃
𝜃=−𝜃 (1 − 𝜃+1) 𝜃 = 𝜃+1 ( sin[(1/2)𝜃]
) .

Proof From (5.5.iv), the first equality in (i) is obvious. Summing a geometric progression, we have

𝜃𝜃(𝜃+1)𝜃 − 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃(𝜃+1/2)𝜃

𝜃𝜃 (𝜃) = =
𝜃𝜃𝜃 − 1