EXERCISES 1, For each of the functions below, describe the domain of definition that is understood: 40 1 sea=an(!): © fo (d) fe) Ans.(a)z# ti; (b)Rez £0. 2 In cach case, write the function f(z) in the form f(z) @ fe ‘Suggestion: In part (b), start by multiplying the numerator and denominator by . = u(x, y) +ivlx,y): Ptrth OFO=> CFO. Ans, (a) f(z) = (03 ~ Bay? +4 +1) +1G2y—y3 + ys fe) inthe form f(z) = u(r.0) + i007, 6). (oor) 5. By referring to the discussion in Sec. 14 related to Fig. 19 there, find a domain in the z plane whose image under the transformation w = z? is the square domain in the w plane bounded by the lines u = 1, u = 2, v = 1, and v = 2. (See Fig. 2, Appendix 2.) 6. Find and sketch, showing corresponding orientations, the images of the hyperbolas 2 Ans. fe =e <0) and 2xy=e(e2<0) under the transformation w =z. 7. Use rays indicated by dashed half lines in Fig. 21 to show that the transformation w = <7 ‘maps the first quadrant onto the upper half plane, as shown in Fig. 21, 8, Sketch the region onto which the sector < 1,0 < @ <7/4is mapped by the tansfor- mation (a) w = 2°; (b) w = 2; (0) w= 2, 9. One interpretation of afunction w = f(z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) is that of a vectorfield in the domain of definition of f. The function assigns a vector w, with components u(x, y) and v(x, y), to each point z at which itis defined. Indicate graphically the vector fields represented by @w=izz (w= ivEXERCISES 1. Use definition (2), Sec. 15, of limit to prove that @ i nRez= Rea; — (b) jimz = 2. Let a, b, and ¢ denote complex constants. Then use definition (2), Sec. 15, of limit to show that (a) lim(az+b)=azo+b; — (b) © jim [x Fie + y= IHE ( 3. Letn be apositive integer and let P(z) and Q(z) be polynomials, where Q(zo) # 0. Use ‘Theorem 2 in Sec. 16, as well as limits appearing in that section, to find 1 ide (b)0; (©) P(20)/ O20). when 1 isa positive integer (n = 1,2,...) 5. Show that the function fe) has the value 1 at all nonzero points on the real and imaginary axes, where z = (x, 0) and z = (0, y), respectively, but that it has the value —1 at all nonzero points on the X, Where z = (x,x). Thus show that the limit of (2) as z tends to 0 does not exist. [Note that it is not sufficient to simply consider nonzero points z = (x, 0) and. £ = (0, y), asit was in Example 2, Sec. 15.] 6. Prove statement (8) in Theorem 2 of Sec. 16 using (@) Theorem 1 in Sec. 16 and properties of limits of real-valued functions of two real variables; (b) definition (2), Sec. 15, of limit. 7. Use definition (2), Sec. 15, of limit to prove that © Eyre =p. then lim | f(z)| = |wol- Suggestion: Observe how inequality (2), Sec. 5, enables one to write MF@|—|woll = 1F@) ‘zg and show that = wl. Jim f(z) = wo ifandonly if jim f(zo + Az) = w»9. Show that S(@)g@)=0 if tim f(z) =0 and if there exists a posi hood of 10. Use the theorem in Sec. 17 to show that ‘number M such that |g(z)] < M for all z in some neighbor- 42 by tim ne: ie On ip * Sep © ‘. With the aid of the theorem in Sec. 17, show that when az+b (z) = —be o, T(z) cad (ad —be #0), (©) Jim 702) = Land. tim T(2) = 00 fe 40. 12, State why limits involving the point at infinity are unique. 13, Show that a set $ is unbounded (Sec. 12) ifand only if every neighborhood of the point at infinity contains at least one point in S. EXERCISES 1, Use definition (3), Sec. 19, to give a direct proof that 2. Use results in Sec, 20 to find f/(z) when (a) fe) = 3? = 22 +4; () f@) = 22 +i)% © f@= @ se=2t2* exo, 3. Using results in Sec. 20, show that (a) apolynomial Po Gy az +E +++ + aq2Z" — dy #0) of degree n (n > 1) is differentiable everywhere, with derivative P'(z) = ay + 2agz +--+ nayz" (b) the coefficients in the polynomial P(z) in part (a) can be written ' ’ 5 dg = PO), ay = PIO) PO) sae £ ©), mt4. Suppose that f(zo) = g(zo) = Oand that f'(zo) and g'(zo) exist, where ¢/(co) # 0. Use definition (1), Sec. 19, of derivative to show that 8G) 5. Derive expression (3), Sec. 20, forthe derivative of the sum of two functions. 6. Derive expression (2), Sec. 20, for the derivative of z* when n is a positive integer by using (a) mathematical induction and expression (4), Sec. 20, for the derivative of the product ‘of two functions; (b) definition (3), Sec. 19, of derivative and the binomial formula (Sec. 3). 7. Prove that expression (2), Sec. 20, for the derivative o' negative integer (n = —1, -2, ...), provided that z # 0. ‘Suggestion: Write m = —n and use the rule for the derivative of a quotient of two functions. 8 Use the method in Example 2, Sec. 19, to show that f"(z) does not exist at any point ='when @) f@ Rez; (b) f(z) =Imz. 9. Let f denote the function whose values are Show that if z = 0, then Aw/ Az = 1 at each nonzero point on the real and imaginary axes in the Az, or Ax Ay, plane. Then show that Aw/Az = —1 at each nonzero point (Ax, Ax) onthe line Ay = Ax in that plane (Fig.29). Conclude from these observations that £"(0) does not exist. Note that to obtain this result, it is not sufficient to consider only horizontal and vertical approaches to the origin in the Az plane. (Compare with Exercise 5, Sec. 18, as well as Example 2, Sec. 19.) Ay 0, ay) 0.0) (Ar.0) Ar FIGURE 29 10. With the aid of the binomial formula (13) in Sec. 3, point out why each of the functions -)" @=0,1,2,...) is a polynomial (Sec. 13) of degree n°. (We use the convention that the derivative of ‘order zero of a function is the function itself.)EXERCISES 1, Use the theorem in Sec. 21 to show that /"(2) does not exist at any point if @) fe) ) fe (0) f(@) = 2x + iy: @ fa) ee. 2, Use the theorem in Sec. 23 to show that f"(z) and its derivative f” (2) exist everywhere, and find f”(z) when (a) fe) siz + () fi) =e © f@ (d)_ fe) = cosx cosh y i sinx sinh y. Ans. (b) £"(2) = fi (d) f"(@) = — FQ). 3. From results obtained in Secs. 21 and 23, determine where f"(z) exists and find its value when @ f@)=1, (©) f(z) =zImz. ) fart Ans. (a) f(z) = —1/z? (2 #0); (b) fx + ix) 4. Use the theorem in Sec. 24 to show that each of these functions is differentiable in the indicated domain of definition, and also to find f(z): (a) f= V/z4 (240); (b) f(z) =e cos(inr) + ie~* sindnr) (Fr > 0,0 <6 < 2m). £@) 2x; (€) £0) =0. Ans.(b) $2) 5. Solve equations (2), Sec. 24 for u, and u, to show that sind cosé Uy =U, COS — uy —, uy =u, SiN + Hy r ‘Then use these equations and similarones for v, and v, to show thatin Sec. 24 equations (4) are satisfied at apoint zo if equations (6) are satisfied there. Thus complete the verification that equations (6), Sec. 24, are the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form.6. Letafunction f(z) = w+iv be differentiable at anonzero point zo = ry exp(i). Use the expressions for u, and v, found in Exercise 5, together with the polar form (6), Sec. 24, Of the Cauchy-Riemann equations, to rewrite the expression £20) = ty +0, in Sec. 23s So) =" (uy + 04), where u, and v, are to be evaluated at (ro, 4). 7. (a) With the aid of the polar form (6), Sec. 24, of the Cauchy-Riemann equations, derive the alternative form 9 + ive) So) ‘of the expression for "(zo) found in Exercise 6, (b) Use the expression for "(zo) in part (a) to show that the derivative of the function f(z) = I/z (2 # 0) in Exercise 3(a) is f'(z) = 1/2. & (a) Recall (See. 6) that if 2 = x + iy, then zt sai md y= a By formally applying the chain rule in calculus to a function F(x, y) of two real variables, derive the expression ar _ ara At iF a! (b) Define the operator suggested by part (a), to show that if the first-order partial derivatives of the real and imaginary components of a function f(z) = w(x, y) + iv(x, y) satisfy the Cauchy— Riemann equations, then aft i Fe pte By) Hilo Huy =O. ‘Thus derive the complex form 3/92 = 0 of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.EXERCISES 1. Apply the theorem in Sec. 23 to verify that each of these functions is entire: (a) f@)=3xt+y+iBy—x © f@ e- sinx —ie-* cos.x; 2. With the aid of the theorem in Sec. 21, show that each of these functions is nowhere analytic: @) fo=ntiy (0 fe=ee" 3. State why a composition of two entire functions is entire. Also, state why any linear combination ¢; fi(z) + €2 f(z) of two entire functions, where cy and c2 are complex constants, is entire. 44. In cach case, determine the singular points of the function and state why the function is analytic everywhere else: © 0" ae eney Ans. (a)2=0,4i; (b)2= 1,2; (© z -14i. ‘5. According to Example 2, Sec. 24, the function vre? (> 0,-1 <0 <2) 8 is analytic in its domain of definition, with derivative 8 Show that the composite function G(z) = g@z — 2 + i) is analytic in the half plane x > 1, with derivative Ge : g@z-24i) Suggestion: Observe that Re(2z 2+ i) > 0 when x > 1. 6 Use results in Sec. 24 to verify that the function a@)=Inr+i8 — (r >0,0<0-<22) is analytic in the indicated domain of definition, with derivative g/(z) = 1/z. Then show that the composite function G(z) = (= + 1) is analytic in the quadrant x > 0, y > 0, with derivative Suggestion: Observe that Im(z? + 1) > Owhenx > 0,y > 0. 7. Leta function f be analytic everywhere in a domain D. Prove that if f(z) is real-valued for all z in D, then f(z) must be constant throughout D.EXERCISES 1. Let the function f(z) = u(r, 6) + iv(r, 6) be analytic in a domain D that does not clude the origin. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates (Sec. 24) and assuming continuity of partial derivatives, show that throughout D the function u(r, 8) satisfies the partial differential equation Pur, 8) + rier (F, ) + woot) = 0, which isthe polar form of Laplace's equation. Show that the same is true of the function v(r.8). 2 Let the function f(z) = w(x. y) + iv(x, y) be analytic in a domain D, and consider the families of level curves u(x, y) = ¢; and v(x, y) = c>, where c; and c> are arbitrary real constants. Prove that these families are orthogonal. More precisely, show that if 2 = (0, Yo) is @ point in D which is common to two particular curves u(t, y) = ¢1 and u(x, y) = c2 and if f"(zo) # 0, then the lines tangent to those curves at (x9, yy) are perpendicular. Suggestion: Note how it follows from the pair of equations u(x, y) = ¢1 and v6x.y) au ae 3. Show that when f(z) 2, the level curves u(x, y) component functions are the hyperbolas indicated in Fig. 32. Note the orthogonality of the two families, described in Exercise 2. Observe that the curves u(x, y) = 0 and v(x, y) = 0 intersect atthe origin but are not, however, orthogonal to each other. Why is this fact in agreement with the result in Exercise 2? FIGURE 32 4. Sketch the families of level curves of the component functions w and v when f (2) = 1/z, and note the orthogonality described in Exercise 2. 5. Do Exercise 4 using polar coordinates. 6. Sketch the families of level curves of the component functions w and w when f= illustrated here. and note how the result in Exercise 2 isEXERCISES 1, Use the theorem in Sec. 28 to show that if f(z) is analytic and not constant throughout a domain D, then it cannot be constant throughout any neighborhood lying in D. Suggestion: Suppose that f(z) does have a constant value wp throughout some neighborhood in D. 2. Starting with the function A@ and referring to Example 2, Sec. 24, point out why fonve® (r>0,2-<0<2") is an analytic continuation of fi across the negative real axis into the lower half plane. ‘Then show that the function fie) = Vie"? (r> 0.2 <0< =) into the first quadrant but vie"? (ir > 0,0<0 0-1 <0 <2) isthe analytic continuation of the function f(z) in Exercise 2 across the positive real axis into the lower half plane. 4. We know from Example 1, Sec. 23, that the function f= has a derivative everywhere in the finite plane. Point out how it follows from the reflection principle (Sec. 29) that * eos y +i! sin y for each z, Then verify this directly. ‘5. Show that if the condition that f(x) is real in the reflection principle (Sec. 29) is replaced by the condition that f(x) is pure imaginary, then equation (1) in the statement of the principle is changed to @ -f@.