1.

1
1. Disability is a physical, mental, cognitive impairment that substantially
limits a major life activity (ADL’S). an impairment such as a chronic
medical condition or injury.

2. Disability is an impairment where participation limitations and loss of

capacity at the level of the entire individual, which may incorporate
powerlessness to convey or to perform versatility as in exercises of day
by day living or important professional or avocational exercises.
Advancement incapacity a significant incapacitate in mental or physical
working, with beginning before age of 18 and of uncertain length.
Example, autism, cerebral palsy, uncontrolled epilepsy, certain different
neuropathies, and mental impediment. Also, advancement handicap is a
fatal liquor range issue (FASD) is an umbrella term for an extensive
variety of impacts of a child, while mum has expended liquor in
pregnancy.

3. Socially created or framework in which society segregates by authorizing

social confinements on individuals with impairments. Individuals with
taking in inabilities being isolated from individuals in the public arena
was through the negative picture given by naming that brought about
belittling. While physical, tangible, scholarly, or mental varieties may
cause individual utilitarian constraint or impairments, these don't need
to prompt incapacity unless society neglects to assess and incorporate
individuals paying little heed to their individual contrasts. Merriam
Webster

COMPARISION, DIFFERENCES, SIMILARITIES

 Three of the disability definition states that it is impairment either
due to illness or injury (mental, physical and cognitive) of long or
short term and restrictions or limitations on the person.
 Differences are how a disable person has image in the society, the
dignity given by people with their rights and provision of services.
 Definitions of incapacity rely upon social model of inability which
is response to the predominant therapeutic model of handicap
 which is a utilitarian examination of the body as machine to be
settled to adjust with regularizing esteems.

 The social model of handicap distinguishes fundamental

boundaries, negative dispositions and rejection by society
(deliberately or coincidentally).

AGEING
1. Aging is beginning at what is ordinarily called middle age, operations on
the human body start to be more helpless against day by day wear and
tear, there is a general decrease in physiological capacity.

2. Operations on the human body starts to be more powerless against

exercises of day by day living.

3. Progressive decrease in physical, and potentially mental working. An

individual is more inclined to have issues with the different elements of
the body and to build up any number of constant or deadly maladies.
The cardiovascular, stomach related, excretory, anxious, regenerative
and urinary frameworks are especially influenced and low safe
framework. WHO 2000

COMPARISION, DIFFERENCES, SIMILARITIES

 Definitions agree that ageing is a duration which usually leads to

impairments, diseases and eventually death.
 It also agrees that ageing is progressive functional decline and changes in
physical and emotional behaviour of a person who is more vulnerable to
disease.
 Differences are that aging is affected mostly by society points of view
towards an old person. Mistreat or neglect of an older person through
the intentional or unintentional behaviour of another person in the
society.
1.3 Disability Social Model Theory Oliver & Barnes
 The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers, negative
attitudes and it is not a problem located in the individual, but an
institutional problem.
 Also, physical, sensory, intellectual, or psychological variations may
cause individual functional limitation or impairments.
 There is no denial of impairments, but it is not the cause of disabled
peoples economic & social disadvantages.

Examples of diversity
 Age- impairment effect may occur at any time of the life. Mostly,
developing a disability increases as a person is ageing.
 Gender- there are more females having disability than males and
females live longer years.
 Class- disabled people from all social classes face rejection or neglection
from society.
 Race- discrimination is there in society to the ‘non-white’, disabled
individual can cause social disadvantage.

Disengagement theory of ageing Elaine Cumming and William

Earle Henry
 Older people voluntarily withdraw from active participation in social
groups and decrease activity level.
 Readiness for disengagement occurs if individuals perceive their life
space decreasing.
 complete withdrawal happens when both the individual and society are
prepared for this to happen. A disjunction between the two will happen
when one is prepared yet not the other.
 Individuals who have separated receive new social parts so as not to
endure an emergency of personality or end up plainly unsettled.
 A man is prepared to withdraw when they know about the brief
timeframe staying in their life and they never again wish to satisfy their
 present social parts; and society considers separation keeping in mind
the end goal to give employments to those transitioning, to fulfil the
social needs of an atomic family, and because individuals pass on.
 Once separated, outstanding connections move, prizes of them may
change, and chains of command may likewise move.
 Withdrawal happens over all societies, yet is moulded by the way of life
in which it happens. William Earl Henry (1961)

Examples of diversity
 Gender-
 Class- those with better socio-economic background usually receive
better healthcare.
 Race- due to discrimination in society to non-white, exclusion and
negligence to aged people can cause social disadvantage.
 Age- in ageing there is decline in age and disengagement with activities
as well.

Task 2
2.1 national situation is being discussed
History- In 2013, estimated 24% people living in New Zealand were identified
as disabled a total of 1.1 million people. Disability is portion of whole
population in New Zealand, which is to be treated using ‘holistic health model’.
Strategy- The New Zealand disability strategy (2016). New Zealand has non0-
disabiling society where disable people have opportunities and choices to
achieve their goals and aspirations. Everybody has the right to be treated with
respect and dignity. The strategies vision is that all individuals receive
appropriate and with timely support for all their health needs, not just those
related to their impairments. Impairments should cause no barriers accessing
mainstream health services.
Policies- New Zealand public health disability act 2000 (Reprint as at 30 April
2016). Long term plan for changing personal health services, public health
services and disability support services.
For individual disabled person, it promotes inclusion and participation in
society and in dependence of people. It also has NZ health and disability plan.
A agenda for guiding organisations and government departments for
appropriate services and policy for disabled people.
Funding- Disability support services and funding is provided as government
funds District Health Boards elected board members (hospitals). The funds
provided are to be used on objectives or strategies implemented to the extent
that they are reasonably achievable.
2.2
Terminology- are words and language that describes a person with disabilities.
Terms such as cripple, spastic, handicap, idiot, which are invalid and are
disrespectful since the term ‘disabled person’ tends to convey a message that
means the only thing is considered is their disability. Therefore, it is better to
say a person living with disability. By this it emphasises the person without
denying the reality of the person living with his/her disability. Wikipedia. org
Identify attitudes- towards people with disability that they are less productive,
defective, deviant and incapable of participating in or contributing to society.
Being socially isolated and placed to get treated and ‘cured’.
Stereotypes- the burden, weakness, sickness something to be fixed or ‘quality
of life’. People with disabilities are helpless and dependent. The society has
carved the stereotypes and attitudes which continues to exclude persons with
disability from the meaningful participation in their respective communities.
disability studies, 2001
2.3
Service provision: NZ disability strategy guides the service providers such as
hospitals, residential rest homes, other primary services and communities. Also
provides policy advice to the Minister of Health. Whereby it associates
Minister of Health on issues of disability and related to disability support.
Raising awareness to encourage and educate the non-disabling society. New
Zealand disability strategy ensures the rights of the disable people.
 Access frameworks- the services of support are accessed through government
agencies such as DHB (district health board), Ministry of Health, ministry of
education, community services and social development Work. For instance,
the separate duties of the Service of Social Advancement and the Service of
Wellbeing for subsidizing professional help are unverifiable to enhance results
for individuals with inabilities and their families, with administrations that are
easier to get to, more adaptable, better planned, and circulated more decently
and more reliably with the New Zealand Handicap Methodology. NZ health
strategy, 2016
Task 3
1.1 (1) People with Cognitive Impairments
Cognitive impairment is a condition in which a person experiences mental
deficit, it is also referred as intellectual disability. Most people with brain
injuries have Cognitive impairment in which a person may have minimal, or no
physical effects, yet be significantly changed by cognitive damage.

Consequences of disability or impairment

Individual- face difficulty in communication, lack of concentration in activities,
hard to remember anything and social isolation. Individual with cognitive
impairment will have greater difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks
than the average person.
Family/whanau- the sudden change in one of the family member causes high
stress level, financial strain, behaviour problems which family finds it hard to
control in public and stigma. Some families think that having someone with
cognitive impairment is something to be ashamed of. Helplessness while taking
care of the person and social isolation.
Carers- medication management, support with activities of daily life.
Behavioural problems vary of the person with cognitive impairment during the
day and carers get frustrated while handling the clients.
1.2 progression/ development
 common causes of cognitive impairment are head injury, brain tumours,
hypoxia, stroke, meningitis and other primary or secondary brain injuries
including medication side effects. As all the medication drugs has its own
side effects on a certain part of the human body.
  development delays in speech, poor motor coordination affects both in
neurological and psychological cognitive disorders.
 Loss of short-term or long-term memory.
 Cognition problem manifest in the form of visible outward symptoms.
 Most of the cognitive disorders cannot be cured permanently, the
symptoms can be treated to make things easier. Cognitive impairment
has devastating effects on a person’s physical and emotional wellbeing.

3.3
Impact on dynamics of family/whanau
 High level of stress
 Difficulties in coping with behavioural problems of the person with
cognitive impairment.
 Financial strain
 Social isolation and difficulties accessing services
Interaction and respond evolving stressors
Individual- increase in behavioural problems and disruptive behaviours such
as kicking, biting, irritability and anxiety.
Family/whanau- they may take out their anger and frustration on the person
with cognitive impairment.
Have high level of stress, anxiety and social isolation due to feelings of
embarrassment in public because of the odd behaviour of the person with
cognitive impairment.
Carers- problems in communicating to the person with cognitive impairment.
Carers getting overstress, feelings of burnout and anxiety due to the changes in
the behaviour and challenging. Carers are to use simple way of communication
and adopt a schedule for daily routine (ADLs).
Code of rights
The code rights establish that every consumer has the right to be treated with
respect and has the right to be provided with services that consider the needs,
values, and beliefs of different cultural, religious, social, and ethnic groups,
including the needs, values, and beliefs of Maori. It is a regulation under the
health and disability commissioner Act Nz. Health and disability commissioner 2014

Individual must have, without any discrimination as to ethnic, language, colour,

their cultural beliefs, race and treated with respect within or outside the
community including the needs. And services are to be provide in a manner in
account to have dignity and independence, has right to have these and
maintain the status in the family, society, and the state.
Support needs
 Physiotherapist
 Language therapist, occupational therapist
 Need medication management
 Carers to provide positive social interaction/ in society peer interactions
 Family/whanau, parents and caregivers are to access ministry of health
and social development, GPs and district health board to be aware of the
support and services that could be provided.
 Assistance and support with activities of daily life.

3.1 (2) People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

A mental imbalance range issue (ASD) is the name for a scope of comparative
conditions, including Asperger disorder, that influence a man's social
connection, correspondence, interests and conducts.
In kids with ASD, the symptoms are accessible before three years of age,
although an assurance would now be able to and afterward be made after the
age of three. There's no "cure" for ASD, however talk and vernacular
treatment, word related treatment, enlightening help, notwithstanding
different intercessions are available to help children and guardians.

Consequences of ASD
 Individual- Social awareness and interaction
Children and adults with ASD frequently experience issues following
social guidelines, developmental delay, school and work difficulties
which may influence them to seem antagonistic. For instance, they tend
to abstain from looking at the individual talking and don't give off an
impression of being tuning in. While associating with others, those with
ASD may not take after regular social practices.

 Family/whanau- person with autism spectrum disorder may touch and

even lick others, or make limit and rude remarks which brings feelings of
embarrassment to the family, high level of stress, social isolation,
feelings of self-blame.
  Carers- difficulties with the person with autism spectrum due to
agitation or antisocial behaviour. Medication management and
monitoring triggers that worsen their behaviour.

3.2 Progression/development of sign and symptoms

People with ASD tend to have issues with social coordinated effort and
correspondence.

In early beginning, a couple of more established youngsters with ASD don't

prattle or use other vocal sounds. More prepared kids have issues using non-
verbal practices to work together with others – for example, they encounter
issues with eye to eye association, outward appearances, non-verbal
correspondence and flags by a year or may state important single words by age
of year and a half. They may give no or brief eye to eye association and
negligence regular or new people.
Kids with ASD may similarly require awareness of and energy for different
adolescents. They'll every now and again either slant toward more settled or
more energetic youths, rather than interfacing with posterity of a comparative
age. They tend to play alone.

3.3 Impact on dynamics of family

 high levels of stress, financial strain, social isolation, stigma.
 Parents feel ashamed and judged by the society and increase in physical
and mental health problems.

Interaction and respond to evolving stressors

 Individual- increase in problems of social interaction, communication,
rocking, flapping behaviours, challenging behaviours, kicking and biting
and anxiety.
 Family/whanau- social isolation, physical exhaustion, taking help from
other family members to take care of the child with autism spectrum
and depression.
 Carers- experience burn out and anxiety due to the behaviour getting
worse. Ask other workmates for assistance.
 Code of rights
Right to Services of an Appropriate Standard (1) Every consumer has the right
to have services provided with reasonable care and skill. (2) Every consumer
has the right to have services provided that comply with legal, professional,
ethical, and other relevant standards. Health and disability commissioner 2014

Each child has the right to get access to these services from the providers and
get respect regardless of their race, colour, religion, cultural believes, national
or social origin to such measures of assurance as are required by his status as a
minor, with respect to his family, society and the state.
Support needs
 Language therapy, physiotherapist and occupational therapist.
 Educational support -special trained teachers and special aids needed.
 Medication management and following up with doctor’s appointments.
 Support and assistance in activities of daily life.

Task 4
International policies on disability
Two countries- Queensland and Hong Kong
Queensland - The Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992
(DDA) aims to secure and advance the privileges of individuals with
inability, kill, beyond what many would consider possible, oppression
individuals on the grounds of incapacity and to guarantee that
individuals with handicap have an indistinguishable right under the
steady gaze of the law from whatever remains of the group.

To advance the rule that individuals with incapacity have an indistinguishable

right from whatever remains of the group.
Elective configuration materials, provision of special assessments, different
backings accessible at the school level as controlled by the school. Specially
trained teachers (disability specific).
denies immediate or aberrant separation on the premise of qualities which
incorporate sex, pregnancy, age, race, hindrance, religious conviction, sex
character, sexuality, and family duties.
All schools hence make reasonable changes in accordance to children with
disabilities can partake in instruction on an indistinguishable premise from
understudies without inability. These guarantees break even with open door
for understudies with handicap is a need for the Division of Instruction and
Preparing.

 Hong Kong- disability discrimination ordinance Act 1995

Help instructive foundations to create strategies and systems that forestall
and dispose of incapacity separation, furnish instructors with functional
direction on making arrangement for understudies with inabilities that are
predictable with the arrangements set out in the DDO, empower people with
handicaps, their folks and their partners, (for example, relatives, carers and
business partners) to comprehend their rights and duties under the
arrangements of the DDO.
 The New Zealand disability strategy (2001)
Long haul anticipates changing New Zealand to non-handicapping
society and regard for intrinsic respect, singular self-sufficiency including
the opportunity to settle on one's own decisions, and freedom of people

• Non-separation
• Full and successful investment and incorporation in the public arena
• Regard for contrast and acknowledgment of impaired individuals as a
major aspect of human assorted variety and mankind.
Similarities: policies indicate fairness to individual with impairments and to live
without discrimination.
Differences: as for Queensland, it has ‘protected characteristics’ as for Hong
Kong focus on employment and equal rights in field work.

International policies on Ageing

Council of the Aging Queensland (COTA)
 Adds to a comprehension of maturing empowering more seasoned
individuals and all segments of the group to anticipate sound maturing
through training counsel and exercises.
  Advances and participates in inquire about which is of intrigue and
worry to more seasoned individuals.
 Gives more seasoned individuals data that empowers them to settle on
educated decisions and follow up for their own benefit.
 Works in organization with more established Queenslanders to shape
COTA's strategy and promotion work to test and impact leaders to co-
make positive social change.
 Backers offering need to more established individuals encountering
shamefulness, separation, burden or inability.
 Gives counsel to governments, group associations and organizations on
the best way to be Age-accommodating.

Hong Kong- Ageing and long-term care policies

Interest in lodging for the elderly would likewise go far to expel the nexus
between destitution, weakness and the potential powerlessness to work.
The Strategy Area oversees checking of government perspectives and
approaches on key populace issues, for example, populace size and
development, populace age structure, fruitfulness, conceptive wellbeing
and family arranging, wellbeing and mortality, spatial dissemination, and
interior and global movement. Observing of government perspectives and
strategies on populace issues is critical for following advancement in the
execution of the Program of Activity of the 1994 Global Meeting on
Populace and Improvement, and other universally concurred improvement
objectives that are identified with populace.

Nz positive ageing strategy 2001

Goals:
Survey pay bolster arrangements to guarantee they give a satisfactory way of
life. Screen expectations for everyday comforts for all individuals. Screen
general and retirement investment funds conduct after some time. Research
the circumstance of more seasoned individuals living in relative material
hardship. Screen and plan for the ramifications of populace maturing to
guarantee proceeded with security of pay for more seasoned individuals.
Similarities: Each of the three nations esteem the insurance of the more
established individuals and increment the security of them.
Concentrates primarily wellbeing and pay of the more established individuals
to enhance their nature of lives.
Differences: Queensland and New Zealand also focuses further in job
opportunities of the older people. Hong Kong improves the local services,
while New Zealand and Queensland focuses on mainly about the health
services of the older people.
4.2
International service delivery policies on disability
Queensland- State Disability Plan 2017-2020
It builds on progress already made and guides how Queenslanders can work in
partnership with Commonwealth and local governments, the corporate sector,
non-government and community organisations, communities and individuals,
to provide opportunities for all. The plan outlines 5 priorities:
 Communities for all
 Lifelong learning
 Employment
 Everyday services
 Leadership and participation.

Hong Kong- disability rights

It for the most part plans to give a superior life to the cripple individuals by
supporting the privileges of the handicap individuals. This additionally
guarantees to make lessen the hole between the ordinary individuals and the
incapacitate individuals by forestalling segregation fortification eh debilitate
individuals in the public. Association likewise enhances the personal
satisfaction of impair individuals by the supporting individuals with versatility
issues. POLICIES 1999

Nz disability strategy 2001

The Strategy has the vision of a society that highly values the lives and
continually enhances full participation of disabled people. It provides an
enduring framework to ensure that government departments and agencies
consider disabled people before making decisions. WHO 2002

Similarities of Queensland, Hong Kong policies and New Zealand

 The three countries aim is to provide a long-term service care and
quality service for people living with disability.
 All three countries objective is about the wellbeing, respect and provide
better lives for the people living with disability.
Differences of Queensland, Hong Kong policies and New Zealand
 Queensland is focusing on characteristic part of the person living with
disability and respect.
 Honk Kong is mainly focusing on family care and rest home level of care
quality and prohibit discrimination of people living with disability.
 New Zealand's goal is principally about the cooperation of the cripple
individuals in the public.
International service delivery policies on ageing
Queensland- Council of the Aging Queensland (COTA)
Plans to help and support in social administrations for the matured individuals
while in they in their homes, for example, by helping them for their home care.
It likewise sets up exercises, programs for elderly individuals to amplify their
freedom and their social lives. This demonstration additionally states about
giving subsidizing administrations to the impair individuals.
Hong Kong- Ageing and long-term care policies
Aims to provide long-term care including the Economic Improvement
Objectives.
• Setting
• Benefits
• Wellbeing
• Welfare
• Contextual analyses
• Strategy Development and Common Society
New Zealand – Positive Aging Strategy 2001
It points in advancing and enhancing the administrations accommodated the
matured individuals, for example, in interest in the public, their wellbeing and
prosperity, security, transport and even the way of life of Pacific and Maori
individuals. It likewise takes out age separation and enables the general
population to work adaptably and gives arrangements even to the matured
individuals living in provincial regions.
Similarities of Queensland, Hong Kong policies and New Zealand policies
 Queensland, Hong Kong and New Zealand approaches goes for giving
value and uniformity personal satisfaction for the matured individuals.
 All the three nations concentrate on giving both social and wellbeing
administrations for the matured individuals which are made for singular
needs in physiological and mental status.
Differences of Queensland, Hong Kong policies and New Zealand
 Queensland approaches for the most part concentrate on the state of
the individual and give the administrations and it is not on the age based
framework, not at all like in Queensland and New Zealand.
 Hong Kong approaches give more help to the matured individuals in the
money related segment when contrasted and the other two nations.

Task 5
Assessment models of Disability and mental health needs
Strength based models
Strengths
 It aims on giving and supporting crippled individuals in their
otherworldly, physical and mental requirements which additionally
empowers to expand his or hers' qualities.
 What's more, gives inspirational demeanours to the incapacitated
individuals, for example, in A mental imbalance.
Weakness
 Since this model perspectives in a general outline of the people living
with disability, this will make frustrations among a few people.
 As the greater part of the crippled individuals won't have the capacity to
give their feeling and their own issues which may make a plausibility of
overlooking a few issues.
Perspectives
As this model concentrates on the significance of the connections and qualities
it, which is one of real issues which debilitated individuals look in their lives is
acquainting themselves with the public to set up associations with other
individuals.
Expected outcomes
It essentially intends to make each individual profitable in the public and keeps
away from separation in the public. This likewise permits to manufacture
confidence and have an inspirational demeanour with the other individuals in
the public.
Case management
Strengths
Group assets, for example, doctor's facilities are utilized. Every one of the
people's and family suppositions and requirements are appeared with the
cautious arranging and compelling correspondence to advance the nature of
the administrations gave.
Weakness
Tedious, needs duty and if the assets required are deficient with regards to,
this will influence the case administration.
Aptitudes and capabilities required for the caseworker.
Perspective
Powerful correspondence, trust and great group approach is required with the
caseworker. At the point when every one of the assets and administrations are
utilized properly, the customers can secure a general thought.
Expected outcomes
Anticipated that result is would have successful correspondence with both the
customers and caseworkers, to address everyone’s issues with the assistance
of their families and to utilize the assets properly and adequately.

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