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Plain
The Upper Indus Plain
The Northern part of Indus Plain is known as Punjab (West and East)nthe greater portion of
which lies in Pakistan .The level plain is largely made of fertile alluvium deposited by the river
Indus and its rubutaries.Orly near Sargodha,Chiniot and Sangla,some old dry hills rise above the
plain known as the Kirana hills.
The land which lies between two rivers is known as "doab" .The Punjab plain
is,therefore,divided into several doabs e.g.The Bari doab (land between Sutlej and Ravi),the
Rechna doab (land between the Ravi and the Chenab),the Chaj doab (land between the Chenab
and the Jhelum) and the Sindh Sagar doab (land between the Kirana Bar (in the middle of the
Chaj doab).
The land in the center of the doab rises to an elevated land called "bar" e.g,the Nili Bar (between
the Sutlej and the Beas),the Ganji Bar (the old course of the beas and the Ravi),the Sandal Bar
(in the middle of the Rechna Doab) and the Kirana Bar (in the middle of the Chaj Doab).
The Sub Mountain plain area ,west of the indus known as "Derajat" is divided into the districts of
Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan.
The annually flooded riverine area is called "Bet" and agriculturally is the most important area.
The Lower Indus Plain
Below Mithonkot in Sindh, the Indus carries not only its own water but also that of its five big
tributarfes..The river flows very slowly and the silt carried by it is largely deposil on its bed,there
fore severe floods are experienced,but the soil is very fertile.
The area is marked by ox-bow lakes locally called "Dhoros" and small salt lakes called
"Dhands".
West of the Indus lies the high Kirtan prdment plain which slopes gently to the river.
Economic Importance
1.Both upper and lower Indus plain are the most important agricultural areas in Pakistan .Wheat
,rice ,cotton,sugar cane,malze,barley,millets,grains,,oil seeds,tobacco and fruits are the main
crops.
2.The plain areas produce the bulk of food grains,agricultural raw ,material ,vast market,food
poducts and manufactured goods.Hence most of the Pakistan's greatest industries are located in
the plains.
3.These plains with gentle slope ,levelled lopography are suitable for the construction of
canals.Our Pakistan has got world's one of the most exellent system of irrigation.
4.The ease of mobility on plains also facilitates the exchange of foods,hence Pakistan's roads and
railways are found mobily in the plain areas.
5.The economic activities of man are the greatest in the plains also the
developed,civilized,cultured areas,greatest cities consontration of population in Pakistan are
found in there areas.
6.Actually the plain areas are the gift of the Indus and its tributariesn .Also these plains are the
cradles of the old civilization e.g.Mohen-jo-daro in Sindh and Harrappa in Punjab.
Coastal Areas
Pakistan has about 600 miles of coastline ,about 150 miles of which is in Sindh from Kutch to
Karachi and about 450 miles long coast is in Baluchistan from Karachi to Jiwani.
Economic Importance
The progress of any country depends upon its coastal importance.International trade with the out
side world is carried on through its ports.For this purpose,in Pakistan,the ports of Karachi and
port Qasim are of very great importance .Also these ports have great defence value.Majority of
the coastal population are fishermen.Fish is not only consumed as food internally,but it is also a
source of earning foreign exchange.
Population
Details of Population
Since Independence the population of Pakistan has increased four-fold from 32.5 million in 1947
to 117.32 million on January 1,1992 of which :
47,063,000 live in Punjab
19,029,000 live in Sindh
11,062,000 in NWFP
4332,000 live in Baluchistan
2,198,00 live FATA
340,000 live in Islamabad
(FATA-Fedrally Administered Tribal Area)
Population Density
Density of population refers to the number of people living per square km.Its study is important
because through it the pressure on the land can be measured and also magnitude of the
requirements of the people can be assessed .It also becomes the base for economic planning.
The density of population in Pakistan,according to the 1981 census,is estimated at 106 persons
per sq.km.as against 82 persons in 1972 census.The density,however,varies widely between
provinces.The Punjab has the highest density of 230 persons,compared to 12 persons per
sq.km.for Baluchistan,135 for Sindh,148 for NWFP ,81 for FATA and 376 for Islamabad.
The table below gives the percentage of the population of Pakistan by Arban/Rural areas during
the last four censuses:
Census Year -----------------------Percentage of Population Rural
...................................'Urban..................................Rural
1951------------------------------17.8%-----------------------------------------82.2%
1961------------------------------22.50%----------------------------------------77.50%
1972------------------------------25.48%----------------------------------------74.52%
1981------------------------------28.28%----------------------------------------71.72%
Percentage figures of urban population to the total since the beggining of regular censuses in the
country,indicate a general acceleration of growth of urban population.The rate of natural increase
of urban population has been lower than that of rural population.The higher rate of growth of
urban population is,therefore,largely a result of rural-urban migration.
1.Dense Population
With the passage of time ,the village autonomy and solidarity crumbled under impact of
economic forces conductive to rural urban migration.The "freedom" of the city or the availability
of greater job opportunities in the town acted as a magnet.
The process of industrialization has involved marked shifts with the use of material and human
resources.It has altered the occupational large-scale movement of population from rural to the
urban areas.
Pakistan is essentially dry with a large area of un-productive and barren land.For example,in the
hills and sandy wastes of Sindh and Baluchistan,the population is very sparse.By contrast,the
fertile Indus plain supports a fairly dense population.Since,with the help of irrigation.It is
possible to grow good crops there.The highest density-over 2,000 persons per square kilometer is
in Karachi division and 1,984 persons per sq.km.is found in Lahore division.This is,of
course,due to that city's great urban,commercial and industrial development.In the same
way,other industrial districts like Faisalabad,Hyderabad,Peshawar,Rawalpindi and Mardan are
densely populated.
In most of the metropoliton centres,improvement of facilities has called to keep pace with the
rapid growth of population and these cities can be said overgrown.The distances to be covered
are long and the means of transport and the width of the roads in adequate and these cities are
also known as city of problems or city of smoke.
The historical evolution of the cities has been such that they have two distinct parts,the old and
the modern.The modern sections have wide roads,impressive lay-out and expensive
buildings.The old city suffers from narrow roads and alleys,closest and small buildings and
residential over crowding .Also,problems of "Katchi Abadis" are also growing rapidly.
2.Sparsely Populated Areas
Before the advent of canal irrigation the population of rural areas was very sparse.After the
construction of canals,water became available to areas away from the rivers,new settlements
grew in the irrigated areas of Sindh and Punjab and there was a continuous rise of population.On
the other side ,sparsely populated areas in the country are :
(i) The Northern and Western hill tracts
(ii) The dry plateau of Baluchistan
(iii) The desert areas of Thal,Thar and Cholistan
In these regions,low rainfall and soll that is either sandy or stone have resulted in barren or waste
lands.For these reasons cultivation is difficult.As a result ,the density of population is less than
50 persons per sq.km.In the more barren regions of Kalat Division,there are only 10 persons per
sq.km. and in Chaghi and Kharan,where less than three percent of the area is cultivated,the
density falls as low as two.
Introduction
From time Immemorial,agriculture has been the major occupation of the people of Pakistan.Even
today agriculture is a major sector and occupies a very important place in the economy of
Pakistan.It not only provides food for our growing population but is a source of raw materials for
our principal industries as well as a source of foreign exchange for our government.
32% of our gross domestic products belong to this sector.It engages 53% of our employed labour
.About 75% of our people are engaged directly or indirectly with this profession.A large part
(about 10%) of Pakistan's exports is made up of primary commodities ,including the major cash
crops.In addition to this major large scale industries like cotton textile and sugar etc.as well as
medium and small scale agro-based and cottage industries are directly dependent on this sector
for their raw materials.
Problems
Following are the causes of our backwardness in agriculture:
1.Lack of Education
The farmers of our country are mostly un-educated and lack technical knowledge .They are
unable to unde4rstand the modern scientific methods of agriculture and often remain ignorant of
good means to protect and increase their yield.Their production is therefore low.
2.Lack of Capital
The majority of our farmers are poor and they often live in a hand to mouth position.Most of
them are always under heavy burdens of debts.So due to lack of capital they cannot afford to
purchase modern scientific implements,chemical manures,improved types of seeds etc.Hence
they can not attain the required standards.
3.Following the Old Traditions
Most of our farmers are still stuck to the old traditions of their fore fathers.The circumstances
have compelled them to use the crude implements,because due to small holdings of land and
poverty they are unable to acquire and use modern scientific methods.That is why their standard
is lower than that of cultivators in developed countries.
4.Water-logging and Salinity
Due to excessive use of canal water,most of our cultivated lands have become victims of these
two dangerous diseases.Every year ,salinity alone,is turning about 1,00,000 acres of arable land
into marches and salt lands.Water-logging is no less injurious.On the other hand the measures
taken so far are quite inadequate for such issues.
5.Uneconomical Land Holdings
Due to our law of inheritance,our farmers command very small pieces of hands which prove to
be costly.A farmer cannot afford tractors and other machineries for a small piece of land and
those his income is low.Hence his interest is converted to some other sector.
6.Scarcity of Water
Our farmers have to face many problems due to scarcity of water which is one our major
problems.Large tracts of land estimated to be about 22 million acres is lying uncultivated due to
shortage of water.Rainfall is uncertain and the existing irrigational facilities in our country are
quite insufficient and need to be extended.
7.Land Tenure System
The land tenure system of Pakistan has creates a chain of intermediatries in between the state and
the tenants.The system,instead of being conductive to agricultural development ,stands in the
way of its progress.
8.Soil Erosion
In some areas of our country,especially in hilly regions,the upper fertile soil is being eroded by
different natural agents of change .Thus the fertility is poor and soils are becoming less
productive.
9.Lack of Organized Marketing
The marketing facilities for agricultural products in Pakistan are still far from satisfactory
level.Our cultivators can not get just prices for their produce due to defective marketing
organization. Moreover the chain of middlemen between the producers and ultimate consumers
take a heavy share of their produce .Thus the cultivators do not take much real interest in
increasing their product too.
10.Pests and Crop Diseases
Due to lack of agricultural education and methods of modern research,our farmers cannot control
the various diseases of crops and attacks of pests and insects.The result is low yields.
11.Poor Means of Transportation
The agricultural activities in our country are performed in rural areas,but most of our villages
have no road or railway links with our markets.So farmers have to face innumerable hardships to
sell their products.Hence the farmers take very little interest in their profession and production
suffers.
12.Lack of Credit Facilities
The resources required for agricultural operation are land,layout,live stock,farm equipment,
seeds,fertilizers,irrigation,transport etc.For the convenient and timely procurement of these
resources the farmers must have easy access to credit.The A.D.B.P and commercial banks
provide loans to the farmers which are insufficient because our farmers are very poor.
13.Low Yield Per Acre
Due to the above mentioned facts ,it is clear that the yield per acre of various crops in our
country is comparatively low than of the other countries.Hence we are backward agriculturally.
Climate of Pakistan
The whole of Pakistan lies in the warm temperate zone.It lies roughly between 24 degree N and
37degree N latitude.Pakistan is noted for hot summer and cold winters with semi-arid to arid
conditions prevailing in most parts,sub-humid conditions in a small area in the north.The
topographic diversity and location of large areas a long distance from the sea have all the more
intensified the climate contrasts.The rainfall is generally low .The monsoons bring such marked
characteristics that a seasons in Pakistan.
1.Winter season (from November to February)
2.Summer season (from March to June)
3.Monsoon or Rainy season (from July to October)
Irrigation
Need And Importance Of Irrigation
1.Most of the plain areas of Pakistan have been built by alluvial soil brought by the River Indus
and its tributaries.But due to deficient rainfall ,agricultural activities cannot be performed
without adopting some artificial means of irrigation.So the areas lying between the rivers have
provided irrigation facilities through canals and various types of crops are grown in these areas.
2.The Rivers of our country used to take millions of gallons of water into the Arabian Sea.That
water is being used for canal irrigation and a number of dry desert areas have become fertile and
productive regions of our country.
3.The supply of water in our rivers remains irregular during the year.To regulate the water
supply throughout the year the year the water is stored by constructing barrages,dams and weirs
etc.
4.The slope of our country lies from north east towards south.This helps in the construction of
canals and water can easily be distributed through canals from higher regions to lower areas.
5.All the rivers of our country come from snow-covered mountainous areas,having abundance of
rainfall in summer ,in those rivers a huge amount of water comes due to heavy rainfall and the
melting of snow during summer.Thus we store this surplus water in huge dams which is used for
irrigation purposes in dry season.
6.The upper and lower areas of Indus plain have soft soil,where digging of canals is easier,and
cheap labour is available in abundance.That reduces the cost of construction.That is why canal
irrigation is preferred in our country.
7.Canal water adds to the fertility of the soil by bringing a number of organic and in-organic
matters with it,while the water of tube -wells lacks all these matters,so people prefer canal
irrigation.
8.Canal irrigation is the cheapest and easiest means by which vast areas can be commanded and
made productive.
1.Chashma Barrage
A barrage has been built on River Indus at Chashma .A link Canal has been taken out
from the right bank of Chashma providing water to canals of jhelum and Chenab.The
work of Chashma wast Bank is under progress.It is hoped that after completion,this
canal will irrigate large area of barren land in Dera ismail Khan and dera Ghazi Khan
districts.
The other Barrages from where the following link canals have been taken out are:
1. Rasul at Jhelum
2. Near Qadirabad on Chenab
3. Near Sighnaj on Ravi
4. Near Mailsi below the existing Islam headworks on the Sutlej.
All these Barrages have a total length of nearly 3 1/2 miles.These barrages are
providing about 100,000 cusecs of water to their link canals.
Link Canals
1.The Rasul-Qadirabad :
A 30 miles long canal has been built linking Rasul with Qadirabad and 19,000 cusecs
water has been brought from Jhelum to Chenab.
2.Qadirabad-Balloki:
Qadirabad-Baloki link canal is supplying 18,600 cusec combine water of Jhelum and
Chenab to Ravi at baloki.It is about miles long.
2. Water
Heavy precipitation is beneficial during the early and intermediate stage of crop
growth,but a dry season is desirable before harvest.It grows well in areas having
rainfall of more than 40 degree annually.It is very sensitive to dought
conditions.Stagnant water is very damaging.In our country Sugarcane is cultivated in
canal irrigated areas since the rainfall is below 20" which is not sufficient.
3.Soils
Sugarcane can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy loams the heavy clays
but sill loams and clay loams are most suitable.It is grown primarily on both alluvial
and red soils.The soil should contain some elements of lime,potash and nitrogen.
4.Land
The best land for sugarcane is flat or undulating and fertile with topsoil that retains
moisture and sub soils that permit drainage.Therefore the main Sugarcane area in
Pakistan is located in the canal colonies of the fertile Indus valley.
Sugarcane Cultivation
In Pakistan,Sugarcane is cultivated in the spring season in the month of February or
March.It is harvested in November or December .Sugarcane is included in both Rabi
and Kharif Crops.It is a "perennial " crop.The first crop is called "plant cane" and the
succeeding crops are called "ratoon crops" .Generally good yields from ratoon crops
are obtained only in one or two years.
1. Punjab:
Faisalabad,Sargodha,Multan,Bahawalpur,Lahore and Gujranwala division are famouse
for Sugar cane production.
2. Sindh:
Hyderabad division ranks first and Sukkur division second in the production of Sugar
cane .
3. N.W.F.P
Mardan and Peshawar districts are at the top and some amount of Sugar cane is also
produced in the districts of Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan.
3. Soil:
Cotton grows best on soils which retain moisture at their upper levels and are well
drained at lower depths.Its favours alluvial soil but can do quite well on tighter soils if
sufficient moisture is present to prevent excessive compaction around the plant
roots.The use of natural or artificial manure is essential to maintain the fertility of
soil.
4. Land:
Sea breeze is very helpful for the production of quality cotton.For this reason low
lands near the sea (Sindh areas ) are considered to be ideal situations for its
cultivation.
Cotton Cultivation:
Cotton is a Kharif crop in Pakistan and is cultivated in the summer season.Sowing is
mainly broadcast and begins in April in Sindh and in May or June in Punjab.In
Sindh,picking starts from August.Whereas in Punjab it begins in September or
October.Cotton mostly grows in rows and the minimum distance between row to row
is kept about 11/2 feet .Similarly the minimum distance between plant to plant
remain about 6".
1. Punjab:
The province of Punjab has a network of canals leading out from the mighty river
Indus and draining the are. (0 % of the crop depends Bahawalpur,Dera Ghazi
Khan,Faisalabad,Sargodha,Lahore and Gujranwala constitute the cotton belt .In these
areas the well-known variety of medium staple cotton is grown.A small quantity of
Desi quality cotton is allowed to be grown for domestic use.Punjab produces a surplus
quantity of cotton and after meeting the local requirements the rest of it is
exported.
2. Sindh:
The province of Sindh also produces a considerable amount of cotton.The canal
irrigated areas of Sindh,constituting Hyderabad and Sukkur division are the main
cotton centres.Here both the American medium staple and Desi qualities of cotton are
grown.Sindh also produces surplus quantity of cotton which is more than the local
requirements.
Exports:(min.Rs.)
1989-90 - 9550
1990-91 - 9553
1991-92 - 5916
(July to March)
2. Water
Rice is known as a plant of water.Its cultivation requires large amount of
moisture.The annual rainfall should not be in any way leas than 40 ".The root of the
rice plant should remain submerged in water for a long time.For 75 days the rice
fields should have 6 " of slow moving water.When the rice crops mature ,less water is
required and during ripening season,the field should be almost dry so that it can be
harvested easily.
The rice growing areas of Pakistan have an average annual rainfall of less than 20 " .So
the deficiency of rainfall has been met by the artificial arrangements of irrigation
water through canals and tube wells etc.
3. Soil:
With the exemption of sandy soils which are very permeable ,rice can be grown
successfully on soils ranging from silt loam to clays .Alluvial soil is the most suitable
soil for the rich growth of rice.Heavy clayey sub soil with water retaining capacity
gives best results.
4. Land:
The flooding of rice fields requires level land and therefore river valleys,deltas and
coasted plains are suitable areas,otherwise terracing is required.
System of Cultivation
There are two methods of rice cultivation:
2.Transplantation:
In this case sowing is first done in nursery beds.When the plants attain a height of 4 "
to 6 ",they are transplanted into big fields.This method is also called the Japanese
method.It is the most scientific and beneficial method.By its practice ,the per acre
production increases considerably.
Rice is mostly cultivated in rows and the distance from row to row is kept about 6 "
and from plant to plant remains 3 ".
1. Punjab:
In Punjab,the division of Lahore and Gujranwala rank at the top.Best equalities like
Basmati,Parmal,Sukhdari,Irri-six etc. are grown in this part of Punjab.Besides somu
rice is also cultivated in Shakhupura,Sargodha,Faisalabad,Multan and Bahawalpur
divisions.
2. Sindh:
In the province of Sindh,the districts of Sukkur division are most famouse for good
quality rice cultivation .Larkana district ranks at cultivated in Khairpur,Nawabshah
and Hyderabad districts.The main qualities of rice which are common in the province
of Sindh are Kangni,Beghi,Irri-8 etc.
Exports:
1989-90 - Rs. 5144 million
1990-91 - Rs. 7846 million
1991-92 - Rs. 7083 million
(July-March)
2. Water:
For wheat cultivation,rain must come during the period of growth and sunny
conditions should prevail at the time of ripening.Minimum rainfall required during the
growing season is 20 ".Rainfall is no way should exceed 40 ".In Pakistan the average
annual rainfall is less than 20 " which is insufficient.Thus wheat is mostly grown by
means of irrigation.Due to lack of irrigational facilities Baluchistan and Potwar
plateau depend exclusively on rainfall.However the yield per acre of the rain fed
fields is about half that of irrigated fields.
3. Soil:
Wheat is known to grow on a varioty of soils but it does best in the well-drained
clayey loams having plenty of humus.Hence the dark coloured chernozems of the
temperate grasslands like that of Pakistan are the most suitable soils.
Kinds of Wheat:
There are two main types of wheat:
1.Vulgare or Sharbati:
It is widely cultivated and is prized for common bread.
2.Durum:
It has local importance and is mostly used for making of Suji (Semolina) and Sewian
(Vermicelli).
2. Sindh:
The province of Sindh ranks second in wheat production.Kabul,Kurram and Gomal
rivers have a substantial share in wheat acreage.Most of the lands devoted to wheat
cultivation in the lower Indus Plains are located in the irrigated districts of
Nawabshah,Hyderabad,Sukkur,Tharparkar and Khairpur.
3. N.W.F.P:
The North west Frontier province does not contribute much towards wheat
production.In the canal irrigated areas of N.W.F.P Mardan,Peshawar and Bannu are
famouse for wheat cultivation.
Baluchistan:
Some wheat is also grown in the plateau areas and the valleys of the hilly regions of
Baluchistan.On the Potwar Plateau there are large areas under wheat which depend
entirely on rainfall.
Imports:
Period...................Quantity...................Unit Value
............................(000 ml?)...................Rs/ml?)
1989-90......................2047........................4197
1990-91......................972.........................3208
1991-92......................1000........................4057
Forest Resources and Their Exploitation
Introduction
At the time of the establishment of Pakistan about 50 lakh acres area was covered
with natural or artificial forests.It was about 2.6 % of the total area,which was
insufficient for the country's needs,because according to experts the area under the
forests in a country should not be less than 20 to 25 % for a well balanced economy.In
Pakistan only 4.5 % of the total area is under forests.
The Government has taken various steps to increase the areas under forests.Large
areas have been reserved for afforrestation in Thal,Ghulam Mohammad Barrage and
Gudu Barrage and it is likely to improve the future acreage of forrests to some
extent.Besides this the forests department celebrates weeks for tree plantation in the
months of spring and rainy seasons.During these works people are encouraged to plant
more and more trees.
Characteristics:
These forests remain evergreen throughout the year i.e.they do not shed their leaves
at a time .The leaves of the trees are mostly of conical shape .In these areas these
forests are found upto about 3000 ft.In Baluchistan,these forests are found at the
height of 5000 ft.
Important Trees:
Deodar,Kall,Spruce,Chir,Fir are important trees of these forests.In Baluchistan,two
more important ,pencil juniper and chilgoza are also found.
Economic Importance:
The trees grown in these forests are of immense help to many industries.Deodar is the
main source of limer and is used for building houses and railway sleepers.Fir is used to
the making of hardboard.Chir is used in the match,rayon, and resin industry.
Important Trees:
The main trees of these areas include chilgoza,pines,pencil,junipers and chestnuts.
3.deciduous Forests:
Areas:
These forests are found in the districts of
Gujrat,Jhelum,Rawalpindi,Hazara,Mardan,Peshawar,Kohat and in some patches of the
Baluchistan plateau.
Characteristics:
These forests cover land rising upto an altitude of 3000 feet.The trees of these forests
shed their leaves at a time when the amount of rainfall and temperature is
insufficient in a particular season
Important Trees:
The dominant trees of these forests are Phulai,Kao,Chestnut,Juniper,Walnut,Oak,Maple and
Poplar.Olea and Chir occur occasionally at high elevations.
Economic Importance:
These forests are an important source of timber for the manufacture of furniture ,rifle butts,sports
goods etc.
7.The Rakhs:
Areas:
These forests are found in the Indus valley scaltered far away from human settlements.
Characteristics:
These are mostly shrub forests and the trees are not very tall.
Important Trees:
The main species which are generally found in these forests are Jand,Neem,Karil,Farash and
Bakain.
Economic Importance:
The wood of those trees is mostly used for fuel purposes or in the making of cheap furniture.
Minerals
Introduction
It has been rightly said that world commerce of today would be impossible without
minerals.Mining,being a basic industry provides a firm base from the growth in various
sectors of the economy.Minerals are the backbone of modern industry.The heavy
machines and transporting vehicles are all built and run by minerals.
Pakistan is rich in minerals resources,but these immense potentials remained
unexploited over the years.Now the Government is adopting new policy measures to
give a boost to this sector.In order to encourage mineral exploration in the country,a
mineral co-ordination board (MCB) was established in 1979 to co-ordinate public
sector agencies and the private sector.
Pakistan has considerable deposits of non metallic mineals,including rock-
salt,gypsum,china clay,limestone and marble.Metallic minerals found in some
quantity are chromite antimony,copper and iron etc.
1. Iron Ore
Usage:
Iron tops the list of capital goods and plays a vital role in the economic development
of a country.The entire economic activities of a country revolve around this basic
material.Today,iron touches man's life from the cradle to grave.Indeed man today is
almost entirely dependant on iron for his civilized existence.
Occurrence:
Iron ore deposits occur at many localities .The more important are discussed below:
Dommel Misar:
Magnitite deposits in Southern Chitral,about 30 kilometers south of Drosh ,have an
iron content of 55.65 percent.Reserves are estimated at 3 million tonnes.
2. Chromite
Usage:
Chromium is used in the making of stainless steel ,high speed tools and precision
instruments,dyes and in photography.
Occurrence:
Pakistan leads the world in chromite production.Large deposits of chromite occur in
the Muslimbagh area of the Zaob valley.Those are the best known of the chromite
deposits in Pakistan and have been extensively exploited .Khanozai and Jang Torgarh
are important mines .Other deposits are in Chagai and Kharan,where the total
deposits amount to 10.000 tonnes.
In addition to the above Peshawar division deposits amount to 14,000 tonnes.
3. Copper
Usage:
Copper ranks next to iron in importance because of its many industrial uses.It was
used for making coins and domestic utensils in the past.Now a days it is used in the
manufacture of electric goods,telephone wires,refrigerators etc.
Occurrence:
The deposits of copper have been found at Sandak and Amuri in Chaghai districts of
Baluchistan.Sandak deposits are estimated to be 412 million tonnes.At present copper
is not being extracted commercially in our country but it is hoped that in near future
we shall be able to produce copper in sufficient quantity with foreign collaboration.
5. Gypsum
Usage:
Gypsum is also an important mineral of our country .It is used for the manufacturing
of cement,plaster of paris, fertilizers and in various other industries.It is also used to
regain the fertility of soil in water-logged and salinity areas.
Occurrence:
Gypsum is in our country is found in a large quantity.Mianwali,Jhelum,Dera Ghazi
Khan in Punjab,Quetta and Sibi in Baluchistan,Kohat in N.W.F.P are the main
producers,but some quantity of Gypsum is also found in Bahawalpur (punjab) ,Dadu
and Sanghar districts (in Sindh) ,Dera Ismail Khan in (N.W.F.P)
The total reserves of Gypsum found in our country are estimated at about 350 million
tonnes.
6. Limestone
Usage:
Limestone is the chief raw material of lime ,cement,bleaching
powder,glass,soap,paper,paints,steel etc.
Occurrence:
Limestone deposits constilute a large part of the sedimentary rocks of
Pakistan.Although limestone is wide spread,some areas have more concentrated
deposits.These includes:
1.In N.W.F.P: Kohat,Nowshera,Pezu and Mughal Kot.
2.In Baluchistan: Loralal and Harnal.
3.In Punjab: Salt Range,Zinda pir,Margalla Hills.
4.In Sindh: Mango Pir,Marli Hills,Cape Monze,Rani Pir.
Total annual production is about 3.5 million tonnes.
7. Marble
Usage:
It is mainly used as a building and decorative stone.
Occurrence:
Pakistan exports marble manufactured items to a large number of countries around
the world.In various parts of our country good quality marble in a wide range of
colours is found.
Power Resources
Introduction
Energy is the essential need of the present age.Pakistan is selfsuffitient to the extent of about
67% of its energy supply.The rest is being met through imports,mainly of crude petroleum and
deficit petroleum products.The following are the main power resources of our country:
1.Coal
2.Petroleum of Mineral Oil
3.Natural Gas
4.Hydro-Electric Power
About 42 % of energy in Pakistan is obtained from oil,35% from Natural gas,12% from hydle
power and 4% from coal.
(A) COAL
Usage:
Coal is described as the mother of modern Industry.It is at the back of the rapid Industrial
development of the great industrial powers which might not have been possible without its
presence.
Coal is unique among natural products in the number of uses to which it can be put.The main
function of coal is to run the factories ,the locomotives and the steam ships.Supplying heat for
domestic purposes is of secondary importance.Apart from these,coal tar,dyes,perfumes,colour
films,sewing thread and typewriter ribbons are some of the 200,000 by products derived from
coal.
Occurrence
Coal Mines of the Punjab:
1.Salt Range Mines:
The coal found in these areas is of low quality.The main centres of coal in this area are Dandot
and Pidh.Besides,some coal is also mined at Ara Katha,Chilaj,Pir Jahania etc.Reserves are
estimated at 70 million tonnes.
2.Makarwal Coal Mines:
These are second important coal mines of Baluchistan .The coal found here is of poor quality and
reserves are small .
3.Degari Coal Mines:
The coal found here is of low quality,having more ash and sulphur content.Reserves are
estimated at 54 million tonnes.
Besides the above mentioned coal mines .Some coal has also been discovered in other areas of
Baluchistan such as Pir Ismail,Ziarat,Sinjidi and Kach,but extraction of coal has not been started
from those places.
Coal Mines Of Sindh:
1.Lakhara Coal Mines:
The coal found here is of inferior quality lignite and has a high moisture content.Reserves are
about 22 million tonnes.
2.Meting Jhimpir Coal Mines:
The seams of coal are thin and are of poor quality.Reserves are about 28 million tonnes.
Besides coal has been discovered in other areas of Pakistan such as Cherat hills.Nowshera in
N.W.F.P and at Kotli,Kuiratta,Dandili and Muzaffarabad in Azad Kashmir ,but due to inferior
quality and small quantity,mining is uneconomical.
Total Reserves:
Coal has been the traditional source of energy and its resources are estimated to the tune of 17.77
billion tonnes.
Industries
INTRODUCTION
The Industrial base of Pakistan Pakistn at the time of Independence was very weak.
Not more than 35 important industries fell to Pakistan's share.To restrict dependance
on Indian industrial centres,it became essential to set up basic industries.To
overcome this handicap the government encouraged the establishment of new
industries based on local raw material which was sufficiently available.
In 1949-50 manufactured items accounted for only 1.5% of the national income.After
10 years the ratio improved to 5 %.In 70-71 the ratio increased upto 16.31% .In 78-79
the ratio declined to 14.35%. Today the large soule industries have 19.9% share in our
GNP.Pakistan has attained a fairly diversified base in manufacturing ranging from
essential consumer goods to heavy engineering,chemicals and tools industry.Inspite of
this enormous progress,we cannot still claim to be an industrially developed
country.Our economy still depends upon the agricultural sector and import of various
industrial products from other countries.
LOCALIZATION FACTORS
There are some important geographical and economic factors which exercise a great
influence on the Localization of any industry.The factors are called the localization
factors and are as follows:
1.Raw Materials:
No Industry can be established without availability of raw materials.They should be
easily accessible otherwise the expenses incurred on their acquisition become
immense .The modern means of transportation have made possible to tap distant
sources of raw material.
2.Power Resources:
An industry can not run without the supply of energy and power.Modern complex
industries consume large amount of power.Fuel must be easily available at the
selected site.Water power,thermal power ,natural gas,mineral oil and small quantity
of coal (due to low production) is used as power in Pakistani industries.
4.Labour:
Labour of its three types:
1)Skilled
2)Unskilled and
3)Management and labour staff.
Abundant and cheap supply of all kinds of labour should be available at the site of the
industry.Unfortunately we are not self sufficient in the supply of skilled labour which
is a great handicap for our local industries.We have to import skilled labour which
adds to our cost.
5.Suitable Climate:
Climate determines the working power and efficiency of labourers and also the
economy of the products.Different kinds of industries require different kinds of
climate. Generally speaking, temperate climate is most suitable as it stimulates
people to work harder.
7.Government Encouragement:
Encouragement and incentive from the side of the government is an important
localisation factor for any industry.
8.Means of Transportation:
In these days of specialized and diverse trading operations,availability of means of
transport (may it be by air,sea or land)is indispensable.These means should be easily
and quickly available and should also be cheap to minimize cost of production.
9.Political Conditions:
Areas at a safe distance from politically explosive regions and enemy territories are
preferred for industrial location.
Review of Progress:
The country had 18 cotton mills in 1948 with 1.77 lac spindles and 4,824 looms.The
total production of yarn was 3 crore pounds and that of cloth amounted to 9 crore
yds.Their production was altogether inadequate for the country's requirements and a
large quantity of cloth and yarn had to be imported. Resources were available for its
development.The government gave priority this industry made the greatest
progress.In 1964-65 the number of factories was more than 120.As regards to
production of yarn,It increased to 14.5 yds.in 1967-68.
After 1974,this industry faced a severe recession due to both to domestic and
international factors.Pakistan had suffered particularly,because this industry is export
oriented.Both production and exports of its products had drastically fallen during
these years.The major causes of the crises of the cotton textile industry had been :
1) Tall in demand for the products of this industry in the international market in the
face of glut in production in several countries.
2) Domestically there were several unfavourable developments;such as rise in price of
cotton due to fall in cotton production,and increase in wages of labour along with the
reported fall in its productivity.Today we have 200 cotton textile mills in recognized
sector.
1.Sindh:
Karachi,Hyderabad,Tando Adam,Tando Jam,Khairpur,Larkana,Tando Mohammed
Khan,Kotri etc.
2.Punjab:
Faisalabad,Lahore,Multan,Rawalpindi,Sheikhupura,Jhelum,D.G.K,Sargodha,Okara,Rahi
myar Khan,Harappa.
3.Baluchistan:
Quetta,Lasbela,Anthar.
4.N.W.F.P:
Peshawar,Nowshehra,D.I.K,Kohat,Bannu,Haripur,Hazara,Charsadda.
Installed Capacity
Installed Capacity of Textile Industry ( in thousands)
Year................Spindles Installed......Spindles Working.....Looms
Installed.....Looms Working
1989-90.................5195....................4416...................16...................8
1990-91.................5569....................4827...................15...................8
1991-92.................6141....................6465...................15...................8
(July-March)
Production:
(a) Production of Cotton Yarn(thousand Kg.):
Year- Production
1989-90 - 911,588
1990-91 - 1,041,248
1991-92 - 861,819
1989-90 - 294,839
1990-91 - 292,911
1991-92 - 233,997
(July-March)
Position of Trade:
The country is now self-sufficient in varieties of cotton cloth and cotton yarn.We are
now excited from the list of importers in this connection.The major export markets of
Pakistani cotton fabrics are EEC,U.S.A,U.S.S.R,Australia,Iran,Canada and Saudi
Arabia.
Exports(July-March):
.....................Quantity(MT) ..............................Value (Million $)
.....................1990-91...1991-92 .....................1990-91.....1991-92
Cotton Yarn....346615.....332100......................810.73......786.53
Cotton Fabrics...782.......860........................486.92......587.65
Employment:
The employment level at Pakistan Steel was 23,842 as on March 31,1992 compared
with 23,965 on December 31,1991.
Installed Capacity:
Pakistan Steel is a huge engineering complex and is producing coke,pig iron,billets,hot
rolled sheets/plates,cold rolled sheets/plates,galvanised sheets etc.It has a
production capacity equivalent to 1.1 million tonnes of raw steel per anum with a
built in potential to expand to over 3 million tonnes.
The average capacity utilization in terms of raw steel was 76% during 1991-92.
Sales Turnover:
The sales turnover of Pakistan steel increased from Rs.6500 million during July-March
1990-91 to Rs.6669 million during July-March 1991-92 as compared with Rs.32 million
in July-March,1990-91.
Review of growth:
Position at the time of Establishment:
The cement industry is the only industry which was luherited by Pakistan because at
the time of independence there were 4 cement factories in the country:
1.Dalmian Cement Factory-Karachi. 160,000 tonnes
2.Dalmian Cement Factory-Dandot. 500,000 tonnes
3.Associated Ltd.Cement Factory-Wah. 90,000 tonnes
4.Associated Ltd. Cement Factory-Rohri. 180,000 tonnes
Total production capacity of all the 4 factories = 4,80,000 tonnes.
Installed Capacity:
At present 23 cement units are operating in the country with a capacity of 8135
thousand tonnes .Out of these,12 units with a capacity of 5169 thousand tonnes are in
the public sector and 11 units with a capacity of 2966 thousand tonnes are in the
private sector.
Production(000 tones):
1989-90- 7488
1990-91 - 7762
1991-92 - 8095
(July-March) Provisional
Exports(Rs.million):
1989-90- 31
1990-91 - 159
1991-92 - 42
(D)PAPER INDUSTRY
Introduction:
Paper was first invented in 100 A.D.in china.Before the existence of Pakistan there
was no paper industry in our country.All the paper requirements were imported from
abroad.Domestic raw materials like bamboos,rice and wheat straws,jute stalks
etc.Were lying un-utilized and in abundance in the eastern wing.Two big paper mills
were established in East Pakistan which not only made Pakistan self sufficient in
writing,printing and wrapping papers but also placed it in a position to export.There
were only a few paper mills in the western wing.After 1971,the supply of paper from
Bangladesh stopped and we had to depend on imported paper.However with the
passage of time,many paper mills were set up in Pakistan.
Production(Million Nos.):
1989-90- 32279
1990-91 - 29887
1991-92 - 22575
(July-March)
Means of Transport
Introduction:
Transport and communication systems are vital to the economic health of a
country,and the density of the transport network is an index of economic
development.As the economy becomes more complex and interlinked,adjustments
and improvements must be made in the means of transport and
communication.Pakistan,is a relatively large country of diverse
topography.Development of Transportation network in the plain areas is
comparatively easy and economically rewarding.The reverse is true of the
mountainous areas and this fact is reflected in the present in the present
distributional pattern of means of transport and communications.The density of the
transportation pattern is very low in the Northern and North-Western hilly areas and
in the Baluchistan Plateau.Vast tracts of land are either totally devoid of any modern
facilities or very inadequately served.The following means of transportation are
available in our country:(i) Inland transportation(roads and railways) .(ii) Waterways
(river and ocean transportation and (iii) Air transportation.
1. Inland Transportation
(A) ROAD TRANSPORTATION
Importance:
Road transport plays a vital roll in the economic development through mobilization of
human and material resources available in the economy of a country.It facilities trade
and opens business opportunities by collecting goods from the producing centres and
distributing them to different areas where they are needed.It promotes foreign
trading by arranging the distribution of imported goods and collection of indigenous
products to be sent abroad it serves as a mean of creating link between the urban and
rural sectors and facilitates the movement of the people all over the country.Such
movements accelerate social welfare of the people and help the government in
maintaining law and order within the country.It also facilitates the arrangement for
guarding the frontiers through mobilization of defence store and personnel to the far
flung border areas.It supports and compliments the working of other transport
systems.Such as rail,air and waterways which have a limitation of not being
extendable to every part of a country and as such,their utility as means of
mobilization of resources is very much reduced.
Again,road transport does not require a huge investment and the return of investment
made in it not spread over a very very long period.Above all,its maintenance cost is
also comparatively very low and as such,its development,improvement and expansion
can be effected easily and cheaply in comparison to other systems.
Principal Roads:
The main roads of Pakistan are as follows:
(B) RAILWAYS
Introduction:
Railways are the convenient and quick means of transport of people and goods
particularly heavy items,over long distances.
Pakistan inherited 8554 km.(5315 miles) of railways ,to which much addition has not
been made.The extension work has hampered because of difficulties in maintaining
and running the existing railways.The locomotives in Pakistan were run by coal.After
the creation of Pakistan coal became a scarce commodity .Therefore,Pakistan had to
change its engines from coal to diesel which required money and time.Workshop had
also to be remodelled to to repair and maintain them.Another problem was the
availability of railways are switching to concrete sleepers.At some places metre gauge
track has been changed into broad gauge track.Besides this,electrification of Railway
track from Lahore to Khanewal has been completed and work of electrification to
Samasatta Railway track is under progress.At present, Pakistan Railways comprise of
8775 route kilometers,907 stations and 78 train halts.Its major assets include 753
locomotives,2339 passengers coaches and 34851 freight wagons.
Railway Routes
Following are the principle routes at Pakistan railways:
2. Waterways
(A)RIVER TRANSPORTATION:
Rivers were the chief means of transportation in ancient times.That is why most of
the ancient cities grew up along the courses and at the junctions of rivers.Today,only
cheap,bulky and non-perishable goods are carried by rivers.
Rivers are probably the cheapest means of transportation.Expenses such as those
involved in the building of roads and railway tracks are avoided as the running cost of
boats is low.When compared with that of engines and trains .In mountainous regions
of our country ,timber wood is transported by means of rivers.There is insufficient
water in our rivers all the year round for large boats to use them easily.The Indus
carries sufficient water and is navigable from Attock to its delta which is about a
distance of 960 miles.Different kinds of Items such as timber,grains,stones etc.,are
transported from one place to another with the help of small boats.
(B)OCEAN TRANSPORTATION
The import and export of Pakistan are mainly carried through Ocean transport.
Shipping:
Pakistan is started its life with a frail base in shipping sector.There were three old
ships with a dead weight of 18,000 tons.Almost all the goods from foreign countries
were brought on foreign ships and heavy drain of foreign exchange was taking
place.The government therefore became a member of U.K.Continent Conference line
.More than 40 ships began to operate.Further expansion of shipping enterprise was
felt necessary.In 1963 a new shipping policy was adopted which among other
things,sanctioned the purchase of 35 ships.During the same year National Shipping
Corporation was established.Its ship began to operate on U.K.continent route and
U.S.A. in 1964.In 1965,its ships started to go to Singapore,Hong Kong ,China and
Japan.In 1966,Red sea and Persian Gulf areas were tapped.By 1970 the corporation
had 31 vessels with dead weight of 336,931 tonnes.Besides there were 40 ships owned
by other companies established in Pakistan.These 71 Pakistani ships were handling the
entire interwing trade (East Pakistan-West Pakistan trade) and 14 % of the foreign
sea-borne trade and could carry 6600 passengers.In 1974,th e private shipping
companies were nationalized.To manage them Pakistan shipping corporation was
established.In 1979,the two corporations were merged under the name of Pakistan
National Shipping Corporation (PNSC).The PNSC's development programme includes
the acquisition of a bulk carrier for shipments of rock phosphate,an edible oil tanker
for shipments of palm oil,four bulk carriers for shipments of iron ore and coal
imported by Pakistan Steel and three container vessels for handling containerized
general cargo trade.
At present there are 22 vessels owned by PNSC.The corporation has a dead weight of
352,716 tons.During the first half of the year ending December31,1991 the
corporation handled 2.74 million freight tonnes of cargo as against 2.77 million freight
tons during the previous-half year ending December 31,1990.
1. Karachi Port:
Located west of the Indus Delta on the Arabian Sea coast,Karachi Port has served
Pakistan since its inception.Karachi is a natural harbour sheltered behind the island of
Keamari and a break-water at Manora. Karachi,a major port by world standards,is
Pakistan's only large port.It has a vast hinterland comprising not merely Pakistan and
that part of Kashmir which is not under indian occupation but also Afghanistan.The
port has more than 25 berths,plus a petroleum dock.The East Wharf ,constructed over
50 years ago,has been modernized.The West Wharves and a dry dock for the
construction and repair of ships have been built since independence.The ports dry
general cargo handling capacity,though considerably increased in the past,is still less
than the actual amount of cargo handled,the two respectively being C and over 14
million tons per annum.As a result,the harbour is very crowded,with most ships
double-berthed,and long delays in entering the port are usual .Much has been done to
improve the port in four projects .The fourth project of Karachi port included,among
other works,the construction of 75,000 dead weight oil tanker berth.It has improve
the old handling capacity of the port from 5 to 10 million tonnes per annum.A master
plan had been prepared for the development of the port and the first set of 8
berths,with modern container terminals,was completed by 1987-88.The dry general
cargo handling capacity of the port improved by 2 million tonnes.
Cargo Handling:
During the first nine months of the Financial year ending March 1992,the Karachi port
handled a cargo volume of 14.7 million tons (11 million tons of import and 3.7 million
tons of export) ,which is 4.2% above the corresponding period of the previous year.
Cargo Handling:
Cargo handled at Port Bin Qasim during July March 1991-92 was 5.768 million
tonnes,including 5.152 million tonnes of import and 0.616 million tonnes of export
goods.
The year 1991-92 was estimated to have closed with a balance of payment deficit of
dollar 2.6 billion plus.Indeed as far as one may go back the balance of payment has
been in the red, with the figure hovering over dollar 1 billion through out the last ten
years or so.
1.Cotton:
Cotton ranks at the top of the export list of Pakistan.Pakistan occupies first position
in Asia and second position in the world as an exporter of cotton and cotton
products.Export of Raw cotton,cotton cloth and cotton yarn together contribute
approximately 40 to 42% to the total export earning of Pakistan.Karachi with the
cotton growing hinterland has almost the monopoly of the trade.
2.Rice:
Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading exporters of rice .In the previous years
rice was at the top of our export list but due to fluctuation in the world market,its
demand has decreased.Best qualities like Basmati and Irri-6 are exported.Pakistan
exports rice to almost all the Gulf States and Middle Eastern,European,East Asian and
some African countries.
7.Petroleum Products:
There are 3 oil refineries in Pakistan where crude petroleum is imported and a
number of petroleum products are being produced.Some of the surplus products are
exported to India,Turkey,Sri Lanka,Singapore etc.
8.Sports Goods:
Pakistan has a worthy name in exporting sports goods to more than 100
countries,principally to W.Germany,U.K.,Italy,U.S.A.,France etc.
9.Surgical Instruments:
Pakistan is also exporting surgical equipments to China,Japan,America and Canada.
Besides the above mentioned items,Pakistan exports a number of miscellaneous items
like raw wool,Tobacco,Fruits,Vegetables etc . to various countries.
CHIEF IMPORT ITEMS OF PAKISTAN
Following are the main items of our country:
1.Mineral Oil:
Our country is not self sufficient in our mineral oil requirements.The present oil production of
our own country meets only about 24% of the country's requirements.So to meet the
deficiency,we have to import a large amount of mineral oil from other countries.We import
mineral oil from Saudi Arabia,Iran,U.A.E and other Middle East countries.
2.Machinery:
As our country is in its developing stage,we have to import different kinds of machinery to meet
the demands of various industries.The machines are usually imported from Japan,U.S.A. and
Europeian countries.
3.Edible Oil:
The production of edible oil is is not sufficient to meet the demand of our Ghee
industry.Although the government has taken various measures to boost up the production of oil
seeds,but inspite of those our country is still deficient in edible oil so we have to import enough
amount of edible oil e.g. soyabean oil from U.S.A. and Palm oil from Malaysia and Indonesia.
4.Chemicals And Drugs:
The economy of our country mainly demands on agriculture,so to get higher yield from different
crops spray of various chemicals is essential.Thus to meet all these demands of our agricultural
sector,we have to import various kinds of chemicals and drugs from other countries.The
chemicals and drugs are mainly imported from Japan,Germany,U.S.A.,U.K., and other European
countries.
5.Dyes And Colours:
Various Industries of our country use a number of dyes and colours as raw material in their
products such as textile,inting etc. so to meet the demand of all these industries,various kinds of
colours and dyes are imported.These colours and dyes are mainly imported from Japan
,U.K.,U.S.A. etc.
6.Tea:
Our country produces a very small quantity of tea which is sufficient to meet the demand of our
country.So various tea companies port huge amount of tea.Tea is mainly imported from Sri
Lanka,Bangladesh,India and Kenya.
7.Electric Goods:
Different kinds of electrical goods are needed in our country .The local industries are not in in
the position to meet the required demand so we have to import a large number of electric goods
from Japan,S.A.,U.K. and other European countries.
8.Transport Equipments:
Our country needs different kinds of transport equipments e.g.
buses,cars,rickshaws,motorcycles.So demand of these are high and hence they are imported from
Japan,Italy and other countries.
9.Paper And Paper Products:
Before 1971,we had a number of paper mills our eastern wing and our requirements were
fulfilled from the eastern .Although,after 1971 some paper mills were set up in the wster
wing,are still deficient in paper especially in paper for newspaper industry.We have to import a
large amount of news print paper and other kinds of paper from Cnada,Japan,Sweden,U.S.A.
etc.
DIRECTION OF TRADE
The global concentration of Pakistan's trade can be broadly classified to the following major
groups of countries:
1.West European Countries:
In this group U.K.,France,W.Germany,Belgium,Nether lands and other Scandinavian countries
can be included:These countries are the main buyers of our export goods e.g.Cotton cloth ,
,carpets,rugs,sports goods and many other items and we import machines,electric
goods,chemicals and various other items from these countries.Our exports are less in comparison
to the imports from these countries and balance of trade is in favour of these countries.
2.Middle East Countries:
Saudi Arabia,Iraq,U.A.E. and other Arab countries can be included in this group.These countries
are the top buyers of our export goods,such as rice,cotton cloth and various other items,but due
to oil crises and Iran-Iraq war,our export to these countries has declined to some extent, but our
imports from these countries have increased enough.We import mineral oil and various other
items from these countries.Thus due to heavy imports from these countries,the balance of trade is
in their favour.
3.Asian Countries:
Japan,Hong Kong,China,Singapore,Malaysia,Indonesia and various other countries can be
included in this group.Our exports to these countries has been decreasing every year,and imports
have increase too much so due to these circumstance the balance of trade go in the favour of
these countries.Japan is the top buyer of our export goods in Asian countries,but we have to
import large amount of machinery,chemicals,transport equipments and various other items from
Japan.Besides Japan we do trade with others.Asian countries,such as we import palm oil from
Malaysia and Indonesia and Tea from Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
4.North American Countries:
U.S.A.,Mexico,Canada and other countries can be included in this group.The exports of our
country to North American group is not progressive,but we import so many kinds of goods,such
as machinery,electrical goods,soybean oil and requirements for our armed forces and various
other items,and our imports are about three times greater than our exports.So due to all these
conditions the balance of trade remains in favour of these countries.
5.R.C.D. Countries:
In this group are included Iran,Turkey and newly Independent Central Asian Republics namely
Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Azerbaijan and Turkmanistan.Pakistani exports to Turkey and Iran are
quite enough.Although all these countries are trying to make their balances of trade
favourable,but inspite of various measures taken by the concerned countries still Pakistan's
imports are greater than exports,so the balance of trade remains to the favour of these countries.
6.East European Countries:
This group includes countries of eastern Europe such as Poland, U.S.S.R., Romania, Hungary,
Yugoslavia, Greece and others.Such countries import large amount of our export goods such as
rice, cotton cloth, sports goods,carpets and various other items ,but our imports are
comparatively less than our exports,so balance of trade is in favour of our country.
Besides the above we do trade with so many African,central and South American countries and
also the various Asian and Oceania countries.
Short Questions
SHORT QUESTIONS
1.Area of Pakistan.
Ans.Area of Pakistan is 796095 sq.km. or 310403 miles.
3.Important Mountains.
Ans.The Himaliyas,The Karakoram,The Hindukush,The Suleman mountains,Koh Safes
etc.
4.Rivers of Pakistan.
Ans.The Indus,the Sutlej,the Ravi ,the Chenab,The Jhelum,River Swat,River
Kabul,River Bolan etc.
7.Passes of Pakistan.
Ans.Khyber Pass,Bolan Pass,Tochi Pass,Gomal Pass,Lawari Pass etc.
8.Deserts of Pakistan.
Ans.Thal Desert,Cholistan Desert,Nara Desert and Thar Desert.
14.Important Dams.
Ans.Mangla dam,Tarbela dam and Warsak dam.
15.Important Barrages.
Ans.Chashma Barrage,Guddu Barrage,Taunsa Barrage,Jinnah Barrage etc.