[SS —= WHITEHEAD | Principia Mathematica Se, af =) eo) 0 FO ry ion) . (coun om @ = a5) Sah e & VOL. III$45.00 the set of 3 volumes PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA BY A.N. WHITEHEAD AND BERTRAND RUSSELL Principia Mathematica was first published in 1910-13; this is the fifth impression of the second edition of 1925-7. The Principia has long been recognized as one of the intellectual landmarks of the century. It was the first book to show clearly the close relationship between mathematics and formal logic. Starting froma minimal number of axioms, White- head and Russell display the structure of both kinds of thought. No other book has had such an influence on the subse- quent history of mathematical philosophy. £12, 12s. net the set of 3 volumesPRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA BY ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD AND BERTRAND RUSSELL, F.R.S. VOLUME III SECOND EDITION CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1968PUBLISHED BY THE S¥NDIOS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W.1 American Branch : 32 East 57th Street, New York 22, N.Y. West African Office: P.O. Box 33, Ibadan, Nigeria Firat Edition 1910 ‘Second Edition 1927 Reprinted 1980 1960 1963 Firet printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Oambridge Reprinted by offeet-litho by Messre Lowe d& Brydone (Printers) Ltd., London, N.W.10PREFACE TO VOLUME III T= present volume continues the theory of series begun in Volume II, and then proceeds to the theory of measurement. Geometry we have found it necessary to reserve for a separate final volume, In the theory of well-ordered series and compact series, we have followed Cantor closely, except in dealing with Zermelo's theorem (#257—8), and in cases where Cantor’s work tacitly assumes the multiplicative axiom. Thus what novelty there is, is in the main negative. In particular, the multi- plicative axiom is required in all known proofs of the fundamental proposition that the limit of a progression of ordinals of the second class (i.e. applicable to series whose fields have &, terms) is an ordinal of the second class (cf. #265). In consequence of this fact, a very large part of the recognized theory of transfinite ordinals must be considered doubtful. Part VI, on the theory of ratio and measurement, on the other hand, is new, though it is a development of the method initiated in Euclid Book V and continued by Burali-Forti* Among other points in our treatment of quantity to which we wish to draw attention we may mention the following. (1) We regard our quantities as in a generalized sense “vectors,” and therefore we regard ratios as holding between relations. (2) The hypothesis that the vectors concerned in any context form a group, which has generally been made prominent in such investigations, sinks with us into a very subordinate position, being sometimes not verified at all, and at other times consequence of other more fruitful hypotheses. (3) We have developed @ theory of ratios and real numbers which is prior to our theory of measure- ment, and yet is not purely arithmetical, ie. does not treat ratios as mere couples of integers, but as relations between actual quantities such as two distances or two periods of time. (4) In our theory of “vector families,” which are families of the kind to which some form of measurement is * Ct. Peano's Formulaire, x, (1895), pp. 28—57.vi PREFACE applicable, we have been able to develop a very large part of their properties before introducing numbers; thus the theory of measurement results from the combination of two other theories, one a pure arithmetic of ratios and real numbers without reference to vectors, the other a pure theory of vectors without reference to ratios or real numbers. (5) With a view to geometrical applications, we have devoted a special Section to cyclic families, such as the angles about a given point in a given plane. The theory of measurement developed in Part VI will be required in the next volume for the introduction of coordinates in Geometry. We have to thank various friends for their kindness in bringing to our notice mistakes and misprints noted in the Errata, both in this and in previous volumes. ALN. W. BR 15 February 1913CONTENTS OF VOLUME III PAK PART V. SERIES (continued). Szoron D, Weut-onverep Seams sees 2 a 1 +250. Elementary properties of well-ordered series 5. 4 +251. Ordinal numbers . a oo es a s 2 » 1B #252. Segments of well-ordered series . © 6 | swe a +253. Sectional relations of well-ordered series. u # 32 +254. Greater and less among well-ordered series =. 0. ww #255. Greater and less among ordinal numbers ©. se 58 +256, ‘The series of ordinals. . | > ee o 28 +257. The transfinite ancestral relation . wo ee 3 ol +258. Zermelo’s theorem... Boa co Pe 8 #259. Inductively defined correlations eo 2 8 - 108 Seotton E, Fintre anp Invrnire Srntes anp Onpivats . » ss 108 ¥260. On finite intervals in a series. = & . 109 #261. Finite and infinite series =. oo. 2 «2 6 28 #262 Finite ordinals 2. wwe we ee WT #263, Progressions . * © # SS w w &@ 143, #264. Derivatives of well-ordered series 5 - 186 +265, ‘The series of alephs 2. § . 169 Section F. Compact Serres, Rattowan Series, axp Conmmvovs Sears = 179 *210. Compact series. foe He bom a 80 #271. Median classes in series 3 OR 186 +212 Similarity of position © =... w -. 11 +273, Rational series. ee 199 #274. On series of finite sub-classes of & series 207 +215, Continuous series. os 8 #276. On series of infinite wubclawes of amerien =. 5 || R81 PART VI. QUANTITY. Summary of Part VI as Seotron A. GENERALIZATION OF NUMBER . . 234 +300. Positive and negative integers,’ and numerical relations 335 +301. Numerically defined powers of relations 244 +302 On relative primes — 251 +303, Ratios 260viii RaRRE #310. 311. +312, +313. Multiplication of real numbers #314. Real numbers as relations Sxcriox B, Vector-FaMiuiss se ek +330. Elementary properties of vector-families #331. Connected families . +332 On the representative of a relation in a family . 4333. Open families gi +334. Serial families e & # +335. Initial families. +396. The series of vectors : 4837, Multiples and submultiples of vectors, Seovon C. Measuneuest 2 2. wk. +350. Ratios of members of a family +351. Submultipliable fami . +352, Rational multiples of « given vector #353. Rational families . . +354. Rational nets +356, Messurement by real numbers +359, Exivtenco-theorems for vector-families Section D. Qyouc Fammums 9. 6 ewe *370. Elementary properties of cyclic families «| - . #371. The series of vectors . # 2372, Intogral sections of the series of vectors _ +373. Submultiples of identity 4374, Principal submultiples . 4375. Principal ratios CONTENTS The series of ratios Multiplication of simple ratios ‘Addition of simple ratios Goueralized ratios. . ‘Addition of generalized ratios ‘Multiplication of generalized ratios The series of real numbers... Addition of concordant’ real numbers . Algebraic addition of real numbers PAGE 278 299 296 316 320 337 333 336 339 367 376 383 390 393 403 412 418 423 431 436 442 452 457 462 470 475 485 487SECTION D. WELL-ORDERED SERIES. Summary of Section D. A “well-ordered ” series is one which is such that every existent class contained in it has a first term, or, what comes to the same thing, one which is such that every class which has successors has a sequent. We will calla relation in general well-ordered if every existent class contained in its field has one or more minima. Then a well-ordered series is a series which is a well-ordered relation. Well-ordered series have many important properties not possessed by series in general. A well-ordered series is Dedekindian, except for the fact that it may have mo last term; ie. every section having a last term is Dedekindian. A well-ordered series which is not null has a first term, and every term of the series (except the last, if there is one) has an immediate successor. A very important property of well-ordered series is that they obey an extended form of mathematical induction, which we shall call “ transfinite induction,” namely the fullowing: If ¢ is a class such that the sequent (if any) of any class contained in o and in the series is a member of g, then the whole series is contained in g, (It will be observed that A is contained in a, and therefore, by #20614, B‘P is a member of a.) This differs from ordinary mathematical induction by the fact that, instead of dealing with the successors of single terms, it deals with the successors of classes. A closely analogous property, which holds for all well-ordered relations, whether serial or not, is the following. If o is a class such that, whenever P‘z Ca, where « is any member of O*P, a itself belongs to a, then C'PCa. If P is well-ordered, this property holds for all a's; and conversely, if this property holds for all c's, P is well-ordered. Hence this property is equivalent to well-orderedness. If P is a well-ordered series, minp selects one term out of each member of Clex‘O'P. Hence C*P, which is minp‘Clex‘C*P, is a member of the multiplicative class of Clex‘C*P ; hence the multiplicative class of Cl ex‘O‘P exists, and therefore the multiplicative class of any class contained in Clex‘O*P exists (by #88°22). It follows that if s‘« can be well-ordered, and A-~ex, the multiplicative class of « exists; and that, if every class can be Raw mL2 SERIES [PART V well-ordered, the multiplicative axiom holds. The converse of this latter proposition also holds, as has been proved by Zermelo (cf. ¥258). Another important set of properties of well-ordered series results from #208-41 ff. Two ordinally similar well-ordered series can only be correlated in one way; and no proper section of a well-ordered series is ordinally similar to the whole series. (A “proper” section is a section not the whole.) From the uniqueness of the correlator of two similar well-ordered series, it follows that all the uses of the multiplicative axiom in #164 can be avoided if the fields of the relations concerned consist of well-ordered series, Le. taking *164'45, which is the fundamental proposition in this subject, we have, without assuming the multiplicative axiom, P,QeReltexel .3:q! Paiior Qa Ri'smor. =. P smorsmor Q, whenever C“P and C*Q consist of well-ordered series. Hence, under this hypothesis, the multiplicative axiom disappears from the hypotheses of all the consequences of #16445. Ordinal numbers (4251) are defined as the relation-numbers of well- ordered series. (This definition is in accordance with usage: otherwise, there would be no special reason against defining “ordinal numbers” as the relation-numbers of series in general. The relation-numbers of series will be called serial numbers.) Sums of an ordinal number of ordinal numbers are ordinal numbers, but products of an ordinal number of ordinal numbers are not in general ordinal numbers. The product of an ordinal number of serial numbers is a serial number, and the product of an ordinal number (not zero) of ordinal numbers other than zero is not zero, ie. a product of ordinal numbers, in which the number of factors is an ordinal number, does not vanish unless one of the factors vanishes. (For relations in general, the corresponding proposition requires the multiplicative axiom.) If y is an ordinal number, and p is any serial number, wexp,» (ie, p’ as it would naturally be called) is a serial number; but if ¢>1, wexp,y is not an ordinal number unless » is finite. The theory of sections and segments (#252, #253) is much simplified for well-ordered series, owing to the fact that every proper section has a sequent. Proper sections are identical with proper segments, and both are identical with BceP, The series of sections, §‘Pg, is PP OP, The series of segments, s‘P, is P3P or PSP-4»C'P according as there ia or is not a fant term of CP, The series of sectional relations, Py, is PEPXPE CP P; ite domain is PECB«op, and its field is PLP OP ver. If reC*P, Pt Pex is never similar to P.SECTION D] WELL-ORDERED SERIES 3 The theory of greater and less among well-ordered series and ordinal numbers is dealt with in #254 and #255. Cantor has proved, by means of segments, that of any two different ordinal numbers one must be the greater. This is proved by showing that of any two well-ordered series which are not similar, one must be similar to a segment of the other. We define an ordinal numtber a as less than another £ if series P and Q can be found such that P is an and Q is a @ and P is similar to some relation contained in Q, but not to Q. It can be proved that all the ordinals less than Nr‘Q belong, one each, to the proper segments of Q. Hence to say that the ordinal number of P is less than that of Q is equivalent to saying that there is a proper segment of Q to which P is similar. When two series have the same ordinal, they also have the same cardinal, im virtue of #151-18, but the converse does not hold. When the cardinal number of one series is greater than that of the other, so is the ordinal number. When two classes can be well-ordered, any well-ordering will make the one class similar to a part of the other, or the other similar to a part of the one, in virtue of the properties of segments of well-ordered series. Hence of two different cardinals each of which is applicable to classes which can be well-ordered, one must be the greater—a property which cannot be proved concerning cardinals in general. In #256 we deal with the series of ordinals in order of magnitude. We show that this is a well-ordered series. and that the series of all ordinalsof a given type has an ordinal number which is greater than any of the ordinals of the given type. This constitutes the solution of Burali-Forti’s paradox concerning the greatest ordinal: there is no greatest ordinal in any one type, and all the ordinals of a given type are surpassed by ordinals of higher types. #257, #258 and #259 deal with “transfinite induction” and its appli- cations, of which the most important is Zermelo’s theorem, namely, #25834. bpwel. D1 Sea ‘Clexp (GP). Pe. OP =p. S= minp f Clexy where 2 is the class of well-ordered series. This proposition leads to the following : #25838. b:weC*Mul.=.gtea‘Clextn Te. a class can be well-ordered or is a unit class when, and only when, a selection can be made from its existent sub-classes. Hence we arrive at #25837. +: Multax.=.0“Qv1=Cls Te. the multiplicative axiom is equivalent to the assumption that every class can be well-ordered or consists of a single member. The proof of Zermelo’s theorem uses an extension to transfinite induction of the ideas.of #90 and #91, which is explained in #257.#250. ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES. Summary of #250. A relation is called “well-ordered” when every existent sub-class of its field has one or more minima. A well-ordered series is defined as a well- ordered relation which is a series. We shall denote the class of well-ordered relations by “Bord,” which is an abbreviation for “ bene ordinata” or “bien ordonnée.” The class of well-ordered series will be denoted by 2. Thus our definitions are Bord =P (Clex‘0‘PC U‘minp) Df, 2. =Ser a Bord Df. Well-ordered relations other than series will be seldom referred to after the present number. By applying the definition of “ Bord” to unit classes, it appears that a well-ordered relation must be contained in diversity (#250104). A well- ordered relation is one whose existent upper sections all have minima (#250102). Hence by #211°17, #250103. | : Pe Bord P,.¢ Bord Hence by #250104, #250105. | : Pe Bord. . PJ By considering couples, it can be shown (#250111) that a well-ordered relation in which no class has more than one minimum is connected; hence by #20416 and #250°105, it is a series. Thus we have #250125. t: PeQ.=. EM minp“Cl ex‘C'P, Ie. a well-ordered series is a relation such that every existent sub-class of the field has a unique minimum. This might have been taken as the definition of 9. By the definition of 2 we have "250121. | :.PeQ.=:PeSer:aCOP.q!a.>,.E!minp‘a: PeSer: glanO'P.2,.Etminy'e Applying this to C&P we have #25013. F:PeQ—A.>.E1 BPSECTION D] ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 5 We have also #250141. t:PeQ.>. Pac #28017, +: P,QeX-—vA.D: PsmorQ.=. Pf O'Psmor Qt AQ ‘This proposition justifies the subtraction of i from the beginning, and is useful in the theory of segments of well-ordered series. ‘We have next (#250:2—243) an important set of propositions on P, when PeQ, The most useful of these is #25021. :Pe2.3.D‘P=D*P, Le. in « well-ordered series every term except the last (if any) has an immediate successor. (It is not in general the case that every term except the first has an immediate predecessor.) Another useful proposition is #250242 b: PeQ.>. P=P,o P,|P ‘The next set of propositions (#250°3—362) is concerned with “ trans- finite induction.” We have #25038. | .O—connex n B fa COP na. Du .sogr'a Ca 1, OP Ce} Te. a well-ordered series is a connected relation P such that the whole field of P is contained in every class « which is such that the sequent (if any) of every sub-class of O*P ng is a member of ¢. 425035. +. Bord = BieeOP. Biz o.d..2¢0:2,.0P Co} Ic. a well-ordered relation is a relation P whose field is contained in every class @ which contains every member of O‘P whose predecessors are all contained in c. We may say that a property is “ transfinitely hereditary” in P if it belongs to the sequents of all classes composed of members of O‘P which possess the property. In virtue of #25033, if P is well-ordered, every transfinitely hereditary property belongs to every member of C‘P, and conversely. ‘Our next set of propositions (#250'4—44) is concerned with A and couples. We prove that Ae (#2504) and that ety.D.efyeQ (#250°41). #250'5—54 are concerned with selections. We have #2505. f:PeQ.D. minp f Cl ex*0"P eea'Clex‘C*P , 'C*P = Prod‘Cl ex! OP whence #25051. rae O"N.D. gt ea‘Clex‘a ‘Observe that O. is the class of those classes that can be well-ordered. From #250°51 we deduce #25054. f:C“Oul=Cls.3. Mult ax The converse, which is Zermelo’s theorem, is proved in *258.6 ‘SERIES [Part Vv #250°6—67 are concerned with consequences of #208. We show that two well-ordered series cannot have more than one correlator (#250°6) ; that if P is a well-ordered series, and @ is contained in a proper section of P, PE is not similar to P (#25065); and that if P is any well-ordered relation, and a is any class such that there are terms in C“P which are later than any member of a C*P, then P is not similar to Pf @ (W25067). #25001. Bord=P (Clex‘('PCC'minp) Df #25002, 0 =Sern Bord pf 92501. F: Pe Bord. =. Clex‘O*PC U'minp ((#25001)] #250101 bs. PeBord.=:qtanO'P.2..qtminp‘a [#2501 . #20515] *260:102. Bord . =. sect’P — A C O4ninp Dem. b.¥2501. Dt: Pe Bord >, sect*P— A CO*minp a) +. #20519. F. min (P,,)fa= min (P,,)' Pye [¥205°68] = inp P_fa (2) F.x90381. #21113. 3b: g@lanOP. >. Pyttac sect — 1A (3) S —— F. (8). Db: sect P— A COming. Dzgq lan OP... qt ming (Pye). (2) De gt min (Py). [*205-26] 2a! minpfa : [4250-101] 3: PeBord () . (1). (4). 2. Prop #250103, +: Pe Bord #250104. | . Bord C RI Dem. F.42501. 3h: PeBord.weO'P.2.2eminp'tte. [#205194] 2.0 (Px): Dt. Prop #250105. +: PeBord.>.P,,@ J [#250103104] #25011, | 3: Peconnex.3:. PeBord.=:q tan C‘P.D,. El minpa: aCO*P.gla.,.E!min ‘ae Pye Bord [#250102 #21117) (#2501101 . #20532) #250111. t:. Pe Bord .3:Peconnex .=.minpe1— Cls Dem. + #2501 .#71-1.3 b iP ¢ Bord.minpe1—>Cls.31.2,yeOP.D 2(etevcty) — P(e tyyel: [™54-4) Dieeve'y—-PUcvrty)str.v. ey vty — Pete vty) =uy (1)SECTION D] ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES F.(1). Dh: Pe Bord. minpe1—+Cls.2,yeCP .aty.D: yePuwtrvey).v.ceP(Ueurty): [#250:104) DiePy.v.yPx 2) F. (2). #202103.3 +: Pe Bord. minpe1— Cls. >. P econnex (3) } .(8).#205'31..9 +. Prop #250112. + : Pe connex nm Bord. =. E! minp**Cl ex‘0*P Dem. +. #2501111. +s Peconnex n Bord.=.minpe1—+Cls.Clex‘O'P C U*minp. [w71-16) = El! minp“C'minp. Clex‘O'P C Uminp. [2051516] =.E! minp“Clex‘C'P: DF. Prop #250113. + .connex a Bord = 0 Dem. +. #2041 . (4250/02). +. Cconnex m Bord Qa) + #250105. : Peconnex a Bord. >. Pe connex « Py GJ. [20416] >. PeSer (2) F . (2). (#25002). #: P econnex a Bord. >. Pe (8) F.(1).(8). +. Prop #25012, +: PeO #250121. t:. PeQ. PeSera Bord [(#250:02)] 1aC OP. gta... El minga: eSer:g!aa CP. 2,.E!minyfa [*2501211] 9250122. +: Pe Ser: gq! CP n p'P"(an OP). >, .E!seqe'a Dem. +. #206713 . #250121 .> bie Pe. 3: PeSer:g! OPaptP(an OP).2,.El seqya (1) +. #20462. f:PeSer.gtan OP.>.g!P ap P“p'P(an OP). (40-62) Dd. gi OP ap PCr p'P(ancP)} (2) +. (2).#101 62 bi. PeSer:g! OP np!P(an O'P).>,.E! seqea: 3: Blan OP.>,.E! seqp{O*P n p'P(an OP} {#206:131-34] 2,-E! minp‘a: [#250121] >: Pe (3) F.(1)-(3). 3+. Prop8 SERIES (part Vv #250°123. ti. Pe DM — 44 Dem. F.#250°122. 9 bk. PeSer:gtp'P(an (*P). 9,.Etseqe'a:d.PeQ a) +. #406 . #2452. bing Ip*P“(an C&P) .D,.E tseqp'a: >. Et seqe'A. [«206:18) Dae @) . #250122 . 44062. 3 Hi PeQ.2:PeSerigtanOP.g 1p Pan OP). >. Bt ocgete (3) F.n20614. Db ran OP = A.D. s0qpa= BP i PeSer: g1p*P“(an O'P).2,. Et seqe'a (205-12) = minsOP (4) + 433-24. #250121 .2h: PeQ—A.D. Et minpCP (6) fa (4).(5) Dts PeQ—UvAsanC'P=A.2.E! seqr'a (6) F.(3).(6).> © be Pe@—A. 3: PeSer: gq! p'P (an CP).>, «Et seqe'a (7) F.(1).(2).(7). Fe Prop #250124. +: Pe .=. Pe Ser. sect*P— OP C O'seqr Dem. F.4250122 #211703. D+: Pe... PeSer. seot(P— MCP C U'seqr (1) be #2117. Dh: PeSer. sect(P — 'O.P C CO'seqp. 3: Besect*P—i'A . Dy. E tseqp'(C'P ~ A). [211-723] Dy. Et ming (#250'102'12] D:Peo (2) .(1) .(2). D+. Prop #250125. t: Pe Q Eliminp“Clex‘O'P [#250°112'113] The above proposition might be demonstrated, independently of #250'112°113, as follows: (a) If EttminpClex‘C*P, it follows that xe C*P.>.E! minp‘t‘z, whence eC'P.2.~(#Px), whence PG. (6) If Ett minpClex‘C*P, it follows that ayeCP.e¢y.d.Et ming (eu tty), whence it follows that a@Py.~(yPa).v.yPa.~(aPy). Hence P econnex. GJ. (c) IfE! minpCl ex‘C*P, it follows that wPy.yP2.>. Et ming (ue vty ve),SECTION D] ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 9 whence 2Py.yPz.>.~(zP2), and by P*GJ (which has just been proved) 2Py.yPz.D.a#2. Hence, since, by (b), P econnex, we must have «Py .yPz.>.2Pz, ie. Pe trans. Hence. E !tminp“Cl ex‘O*P. >. Pe Ser. Hence the above proposition is obvious. #250126. Pe Q. Et maxp'a.~E! soqe'a. 2. BP ea. BP = maxp'a Dem. F .¥250128. Transp. Dh: Hp. 2.0 g tp Puan CP). (#20565) 2.wg!Pimaxy'a. [#33-4] >-maxyta~ e DIP. (#93-103)] 2 mmaxy'ae BP. [#20252] > .maxp'a= BYP: 2+. Prop #25013. b: PeQ-cth.>.E1 BP Dem. F .483:24. 2: Hp. d.qi OP. [250-121] >. Et minpCP. [205-12] >. E! BP 23+. Prop #250131. F:.PeQ.3:q!P. 2. EL BP Dem. F .#98102 43324. EI BP.D. qt P q) F. (1).#25013. 24. Prop #25014 +: Pe Bord. >.RI‘PC Bord Dem. F .250°1. 205-26. > Pe Bord .Q@P.3.ClexO*PCC'minp. ming hClex*C'QE ming. (1) [#60-42.#35-64] >. Clex‘C*QC Clex'C*P . ‘ming a ClexC*QEC'ming (2) +. (1) .(2). #2244621 .3+: Pe Bord. Q¢P.>.Clex‘O'Q C ‘ming. [#2501] 2. QeBord: IF. Prop w250141. Pe M.D. Ph ae [250-14 . #2044) #250142. +: Pe Bord. >. RIP nconnex C2 Dem. F.#25014.+:Hp .>.RItPaconnex C Bord n connex [#250-113] €Q:5+. Prop10 ‘SBRIES [Part v #25015. +: Pe .E1BP.>.PeDed Dew: => F.9250101.3t:. Hp. qian OP.>,.qtmingfa qa) +.920614. Dti.Hp.D:anO*P=A.>,.q! precpa (2) F.(1).(2). Db :Hp-D.(@).qt(minp'aw prece'a). [2141] >. PeDed. [#21414] >. PeDed: DF. Prop #250151. Fs PeO.2eM'P.D. PL Pytzre Ded Dem. + .#250141.2t: Hp.>. PE Pe'eef a b.420541. IH: Hp.d. BeOnv(PE Pyte) = mary Pete (*205:197] =tie. [53-3] >. Et BCnv(Pt Pg‘) (2) F.(1).(2).825015. >. Prop #250152. FO Csemi Ded [#2147 . #250124) #25016. +: PeQ. qian OP. >. Pimin‘a=pP(an OP) (#20565 . #250121] 425017. Fs. P.QeM-th.D: PsmorQ.=. PE O*Psmor Qrag [420447 . 425013] This proposition is useful in connection with the series of segmental relations in a well-ordered series, for the series of proper segmental relations in a well-ordered series is (ax will be proved later) PEBIPL OP, and this is ordinally similar to P[G‘P. Hence, by the above proposition, two well-ordered series which are not null are ordinally similar when, and only when, the series of their segmental relations are ordinally similar. #2502. +: PeBord.>.D‘P=D(P+P*) Dem. F834. DhiweDP.s.g 1 Pc a) F-42501 420516. 3b :. Pe Bord. 3: gq! Pir. =. qt minp Pi. [m205-251] -weD( PP? (2) b.(1). (2). Db. Prop MwSECTION D] ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES nu #25021. +:PeQ.3.D‘P=D*P, [*201°63 . #2502] In virtue of this proposition, every term of a well-ordered series (except the last, if any) has an immediate successor. #25022, +: PeSern Ded. D‘P =D‘P,.2.PeQ-vA Dem. b.#214101.D+:Hp.sE!max;fa. >. Etseqe'a_ Wd) F.m20645. DF: Hp. maxpfaeD‘P. >. Et seqp'maxp'a. [206-46] D-Etseqp'a (2) F.(1).(2). Dk. Hp. 3: s(maxpfa = BP)... E! seqp'a: [493-118] Din (BP ea)... E tseqp'a: [20251102145] 1 gtp'P'(an OP). 2. Et seqr'a: [4250-123] D:PeM-VAs.2 +. Prop #25023. +: Pe .E!BP.=. PeSera Ded. D'P=D'P, Dem. b.#25022.4214-5. Dk: PeSern Ded. D‘P=D‘P,.>. Pe .E1 BP ql) 92501521. It: PeQ. ELBP.2. PeSern Ded. D'P=D‘P, (2) F.(1).(2). DF. Prop #25024 1: Pe 0.9. P| P= PE DP Dem. F.2011. #1812, :. Hp.aP%s.2:yPe.d.yP%sy=a.2.yP%: [Transp] Dic (yPt).d.0(yP2). ye: [#201-63.4202-103] DiyPie.d.0Py @ F.(1)-#20163. Db: Hp.sP'.2Py.>-0Py.2yeDP (2) F. 0250-21. Di: Hp.e,yeD'P.cPy.D.(gqz).yPiz- [420163] >. (gz). yPz-2Py. [#941] D.0(P Py ) F .(2). (8). 2. Prop a2502AL, +: Pe 0.3. P,| P*=(U‘P,)] P [Proof as in #25024) #250242. F: PeO.>.P=P\oP,|P Dem. b.#20168. i: Hp.D:.2Py.=:ePy.v.eP [*250-21] aPyy.v.(gz).2P,z.aPty [#250241] =1aP,y.v. (qe). 2Pe.2Py:: +. Prop12 ‘SERIES [part v #260243. b: PeQ.D. PE OP, =(A'P,)1 (Piw P| P;) [Proof as in #250°242) The following propositions deal with the extended form of mathematical induction which is characteristic of well-ordered series. 42503. fs PeBord:aC Pao... seqpaCo 13.0 Co Den. > +. #250101. D+: Pe Bord.q !OP—-o.3.q ! minp(C*P — a). [205'14] _2 Ga). ee OP=0. Pato. [42064950104]. (g2).2¢ OP —o- Pee€ a. osenp(Ple) [13-195] 2. (qe,0) = Pix aC OP na. aeseypta—o. [¥1024) D.(qa).aC CP ao. g! seqpa—o a) F.(1). Transp... Prop > » = #250301. t: Pe connex.wg !minp'r .o = C6P— P'r.aC oD seqpiaCa Dem. > +. #205°122. #202501. DF: Hp. Dd. 0 CpiPMr. [«4067] D.r€ pPe a) F. #206134. +: Hp. xseqpa.>. PixC— p'Pta [4016] 6 pPo (a) C-r. [#37-462] Diare Pr, [#206:18.Hp] D.eeo: Db. Prop #25031, 1: Pe connex:.aC OP no. ,.seq'aC ody. PCa DP eM Dem. + .%250°301. > bis Peconnex .g! 'Pa ring tminp't c= OP Pip. >: aCe... seqp'aCe +g 10P—@ @) F.(1) «10-28. F:. Peconnes (gr). gq 1O'Par. wg! minp'r: >: (qa)1aCo.D,.seqpaCo gl CP —o 2) F.(2). Transp biz Peconner aC a. Du. setyp'aCa: 2. OP Conds qIOP ar. Dyg tring 's: [#250101] 3: PeBord (3) F.(8) #250118 ..+. PropSECTION D] KLEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 13 *250°32. 2. P econnex D1: Pe Bord. = :. _ aCOPna.d,.seqraCo:,.C'PCo [#250331] #25033. +. Q=connexn P lac C’Pne 2, «seqr'aC a: 2, CPCo} [25032113] #25034. bs PeBord :2eO'P. ParCo.Dge2eotd.CPCo Dem. b.#25011. 34: PeBord gq fC P—o.D.q! minp(OKP — [#20514] D.(g2).2e OP. Peo (1) F.(1). Transp «2+. Prop + #250341. bizwe OP. PiaCo. dz. meri, CP Cord. Pe Bord Dem. + 205-122 . #37-462. 2 higi@Par.wg! talng's «om OP Bey we OP. Pao .>. pve Pr sg tOP—o. (Hp) Divo. q!OP—o ay b.(1)-81028. 9b. (qr) gq tOPar.wgimop'r.D: (qo) :2eOP. PieCo.d,.2e02q!CP-o (2) + .(2). Transp. >t: Hp Di qt O'Par.d,.qtmop'r: [250101] 2: Pe Bord s+. Prop 4 = #25035, |. Bord = PireC'P. Piao. De.2601 Ie CP Co} (#2503441) > ¥ 1» PeQirxCa.giiaCP.d,.seqrXC oid. Pte Co #25036. Dem. be n250°121. 94: Pe O.g! PMo—o.3. EY minp(P“e —o) a) -w20514. 8746.2 bre=minh(P o—a).>. alan Fes. Peon (Pita =o)=A [924-311] D.gton Px. P'c—oC- Pe (2) Fe (2)."202501.3 FP eSer.2=ming((PMe—0).9.qtan Bie. Bee —o Cp Pilon OP). [#4016] D.gqion Pir. Pie —oC pPe(o a Piz). a [*40°61) >. Pe- oC Pon Fa) (3) F.(8). DF: Hp (3)... Pie C (on Pia) v P(o 9 Pia).14 SERIES [part v [x206171] Dem eqp(on Pn). 12) Digion Peven PirCo.~ {acqs(an Fez} Co} « [10°24] D.(GA)-ACa.qirn CP nm (Bege!hC 2) () F. (4). Transp. 3k: Hp. 3. +E! minp(P“o—¢). [(1).Transp] D. Pg =A: Db. Prop 4250361. t:. Pe. Pye Co th Cong tn CP). D,. limaxpnCod. Pisce Dem. > Ss +. #2064643. : Hp. A CoE! maxp'X..seqp'd = Py'maxpr. > [Hp] D.seqph Co Q) > > 2074.3: Hp. A Cong! (Am OP). ~ Et maxph.D.seqp = limaxp'h. = [Hp] Deseqeh Co (2) + (1). (2). Dk. Hp. dtr Cag! (An OP). Dp -seqenCor [425036] >: Pte Co. dt. Prop x = #250362. bi. PeD. PioCo:rxCo.gitaOP.d,.liminpACo:>. Pa Co | s2s0301 pe #i2r26 | P #2504 F. Ae D Dem. +. «60°33. DF. ClexC*A C ‘min (A) qa) (1) #2501, 4. A ¢ Bord (2) +. (2) #20424. DF. Prop #25041. Hrety.durhyeD Dem + «60:30. Dh .ClextCMa | yy seta vety vieerurty) (1) b.w20518. Dh: Hp.Paarly.d.minpe=e.mingtty=y (2) F.4205181. Dk: Hp(2).>. ming (eeu tty) =r 3) #1). (2).(3). DF Ap(2). >. Clext0(x | yy CTminy. [2501] 2.2] ye Bord (4) + (4), #20425... PropSECTION D] ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES ub y > #25042. +: PeQ-UA.D.E! 2p. 2p= P/BP. Popa BP. Pt Peap=A Dem. F, #12113. 5+ te=2p.n.e= PEBP qd) b.925013.2+:Hp.>. EI BP. {w250-21.42047] >. EN PB (2) F.(1).(2)- D4: Hp. .E12p. 2p= PyBeP (3) (*20471) 2. Pe2p= BP (4) [20035] >. PE PiQp=A (5) F.(8).(4) «(5). DF. Prop #25043. + .0,= On 00 }.#56104.3+: Pe0,.2.P=A. [#250-4.433-241] PeQX.CP=A. [«71:37.0541] 2. PeQn60: 9+. Prop #25044. + .2,= On 02 Dem. b.aS611. Dh: Pe2,.=:(qay).e¢y-Paidy: [250-41] Pe: (qz,y).e¢y.P=alys [#5611°38) Pen 02. PAP mA: [#20414] PeQn 22.94. Prop #2505. b:Pe®.D.minpf OlexOP c exClexO'P. UC*P = Prod‘Clex‘C*P [#20533 . #250°1 . #115°17) This proposition is of great importance, since it gives the existence- theorem for selections from any class of existent classes whose sum can be well-ordered (cf. *250°58, below). Obrerve that “ae CO” means “a is a class which can be well-ordered.” #25051. br xe00.9.qtes'Clexfa [250-5] #25052. b:aeC“2.BCa.d.qtesClex'B [#88'22'2.%250°51] #25053. breeeC"Q. Aner. d.qlea'e Dem. F, #602857, 2h: Hp. 2. «CClex‘s‘e. [¥88-22.8250°51] D qtate: Db. Prop 425084. F: O°. u1 = Cls. >. Mult ax F. #250°53.4834.Db:. Hp. D:Asex.2,.qleate: [#8837] >: Multax:, DF. Prop16 SERIES [part v The above proposition states that if every class which is not a unit class is the field of some well-ordered series, then the multiplicative axiom holds. The converse of this proposition has been proved by Zermelo (cf. #258'47). #2506. +: P,QeM. PsmorQ.3:PsmorQel [4208-41 . #250121] This proposition is very useful, since it enables us, when two similar series of similar well-ordered series are given, to pick out the correlators of all the pairs without assuming the multiplicative axiom. Je. given P, Qe Relexcl . Se Psmor Q.SGsmor, if Ne C*Q, the correlator of S‘N and W will be 1(S(V) amor Vif SN,NeO. This onables us to dispense with the multiplicative axiom in the hypotheses of #16444 and its con- sequences, whenever the relations concerned have fields whose members are well-ordered series. #25061. +: PeQ.>. Pamir P=u(IP OP) [208-42] #25062. +: Pe Bord. SecrorP.>.~ (qe). (Ste) Pa [4208-43] #25063. bi PeQn Cov“. . RKP a Ne'P=uP [4208-45] This proposition will be useful in showing that a jinite series is not similar to any proper part of itself, and is @ series which is well-ordered and has a converse which is also well-ordered, « #25064. +: Pe Bord. SecroP.>.0'Pnp'P“D'S= A [4208-46] In virtue of this proposition, a part of a well-ordered series can only be similar to the whole if the part extends to the end of the series. Thus eg. no proper section of a well-ordered series can be similar to the whole. #25065. +: P eM. aesect*P— OP. 8Ca.d.~ [P smor PLB] Dem. b.ad016. Dh: Hp. >. pPHOKPLa)C pPucyPE a) ay + .9211133.3+:Hp.avel.d.a=C(PLa). [#211°703] aa ipPeour ta). (Q)) D.q!p'P“O(Pt By (2) b .(2). 40662. 3b: Hp.awel gt P. Dg 1OP np PHOUP EB). [208-47] 2-~{Psmor(P[S)} (3) F w2111. 2413.3: P=A.D.sect*P OP =A (4) b.(4). Transp. Dt: Hp.d.q!P (5) + 920035 .w250104. 3+: Hp. P.ael.3.~{Psmor(PEA)} (6) + .(8). (5). (6). +. Prop *250651. b: Pe MX... Nr Pm P[M(sect*P —eO'P)= A [#25065]SECTION D] ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 7 4250052. |: Pe Bord. OCP. 10*P n p'P“O'Q. 2. ~(P smor Q) [208-47] #250608, t: Pe Bord. 10'P a p'P“(an ('P).D.~(Psmor Pa) b.x8741.DF.O(PLa) Cancer. < c [#4016] Db. p Pan OPC py PHO(P ba) a) FAQ). Dk: Hp.d.g!@PapP«C(Pp a). [250°652] Dd. [Psmor(Pba)}:2t. Prop #25066. +: Pe. aesect‘P. Psmor (Ptr a).2.a=C'P [#25065 . Transp] #25067, 1: PeM. ve OP. D.~{Psmor (PP F2)} Dem, b.4211302.34: Hp. >. Plresect!P a) + .420052. Dh: Hp.>d. Pe fOP (2) F. (1). (2)+ #25065. 4. Prop ¥2507, Fs PeQ. zie OP. Des PL Py’ eM: PeSer Dem. b.m250141. Db: ReQ.DrzeOP.2s. PL Pewee ay +. #250121. > ceOP. glanC(PE Pyit) + Iejes As Et min (PE Py‘a)'a: [#202-55] D: ee‘ P na. Dgq-E! min (PE Py'n)'as 3 FiweOP.3,. PE Pye [4205-27] Dy.+ Et ming‘a: [¥1023) Dig! G*Paa.d..E! minga @ F . #205-18 420252. 3: Pe Ser-a=BP.>.Et ming’ (3) F. (2) (8). Dh iereOP. de. PE PyiceN: PeSerid: qian C'P.>,.E! minyfa: [250-121 D:P ea @) F.(1).(4). DF. Prop This proposition is used in proving that the series of ordinals in order of magnitude is well-ordered (#2563). We prove first that if Pe, the ordinals up to and including Nr‘P are well-ordered; thence, by the above proposition, it follows that the whole series of ordinals is well-ordered. R& WwW. IL#251. ORDINAL NUMBERS, Summary of #251. The name “ordinal numbers” is commonly confined to the relation- numbers of well-ordered series, and will be so confined in what follows. The relation-numbers of series in general are commonly called “order-types*.” Thus a is an order-type if ae Nr‘Ser, and @ isan ordinal number if ae NréQ, In the present number we shall be concerned with a few of the simpler properties of ordinal numbers and of the sums, products, and powers of well- ordered series. We put NO=NrQ Df, where “NO” stands for “ordinal number.” We prove in this number that any relation similar to a well-ordered relation is well-ordered (#251°11), and therefore any relation similar to a well-ordered series is a well-ordered series (#251111), We prove #251.192-142. b:aeNO «l+aeNO #2511516. +. 0,,2,eNO #25124. tra, BeNO.3.a+B8eNO a+ieNO We prove that if P is a well-ordered series of mutually exclusive well- ordered series, 3P is a well-ordered series (4251-21) ; that if P is a well- ordered series of series, [I‘P is a series (#2513); that if P is a series and Q is a well-ordered series, P? and P exp Q are series (#251°42) ; thatif P, Q are well-ordered series, so is P x Q (#251'55), and therefore the product of two ordinal numbers is an ordinal number (#25156). In virtue of the uniqueness of the correlator of two well-ordered series, we have #25161. | :.P, Qe Rel exel. C6PCN.3: gq! (Pamor Q)o Ri'smor whenee, without assuming the multiplicative axiom, Psmor smor Q * We shall also speak of them as ‘serial numbers,”SECTION D] ORDINAL NUMBERS 19 #251621. +: OP CO. gq! (Pamir Q) nm Ri'sinor. >. ENr’P==Nr'Q. Nr P= Ng #25165. t:aeNO-«A.B8eNR. Pe8.C'PCa.d. ENP = 8 Xa. NP =aexp,8 Finally, we have propositions (#251°771) showing that the existence of an. existent © in any type is equivalent to the existence of 2, in that type, and therefore holds for every type of homogeneous relations, except (possibly, 80 far as our primitive propositions can show) in the type of relations of individuals to individuals, #25101. NO=NrQ Df #911. biaeNO.=.(qP).PeM.a=Ne'P [(#25101)] #25111, fb: Pe Bord. Psmor Q.>.Qe Bord Dem. bk .#205°8 .#250°1 . 437431. 2 + bi. Pe Bord. Se Pamor Q. 22a CP. gta. Dae gt ming’ Sa [437-639-431] 2: BeSHClextOP. ANB -Dgeg tmilng [471491] D:AeClexSHOP.Iy..g Lming Bs [#L51-11-131.#37-25] D1 BeClex'CQ.Ipeg Fining’s + [#2502] 2: QeBord:. 2. Prop #251111. ks Pe. PsmorQ.>.QeM [w2511] . #20421] #25112. +: Pe Bord.>.NrtP C Bord [#25111] #251121. : Pe. 2.Nr’PCQ [#251111] #251122. b:aeNO.3.aCQ [#2511211] #25113, +b: Pe Bord.z~eC'P.=, Poze Bord Dem. > b, #20583 242501. D+:Hp.g!C'P aa. d.q!tmin(P 4 2)a a) > F. 205831. Dh: Hp.C(P 42) na=uz.d.gtmin(P+2)'a (2) beards. Dh: Hp.g!O(P-p2)na. qi@tPaa.v.C'Paa=A.qitzaa: [#16114] DiqiOPna.v.C(Pprsynaaue (3) F.(1) 0 (2) (3). > F: a! min(P4y 2)a (4) Bord »z~eO!P.3.P4eze0 Bord () HL 104, #20041. Db: Pe ee Bord D. Pe Burd ese OP (6) F665). (6). DF. Prop20 SERIES [part v #251131. b: PeQ.zre C8 P+rzeQ [#20451 . «251-13] €NO.=.a¢ieNO LAP. =. Phred. Nr‘P+ieNO qa) +. #251111. #18112.3F:PeO [4181-11.(#181-01).#251-131] [#181°3.4251-1] F. (1). #2511. +. Prop #25114 b: Pe Bord. 2~eO'P.=.2¢ Pe Bord Dem. +. #205°832 . #16112. bi Hp.D:2wea.>. min (2 P)'a= mingle: [#250101] 32g! (an CP). 2wea. deg! min (eh Pyfa a + #205833 . #16112.) tiHp.zea.g!P.D.q!min(s¢ Pyfa @® F.().(2).9 bi Hp.ti!P.Diqtan (eet P).D..q tain (24+ Py'ar [#250101] 3:24 PeBord (3) F.#161201.#2504, Dt: P=A. 2.24 Pe Bord (4) (8). (4). Di Pe Bord.zveCtP.D.24 Pe Bord (5) F . #250°14104. #20041 .D +: 24+ Pe Bord. >. PeBord.zwe("P (6) F.(5). (6). DF. Prop #251141. +: PeQizveCP.z.zq PD [#204°51 . 251-14) 4251142, t:aeNO.=.i+aeNO [Proof as in #251°132] #25115. | .0,¢NO [#2504 9153-11] *25116. +.2,¢NO [#250°41 . #153211] WOLAT. biety.ete.yte.D.ahyteeO [4251131 .#25041] #251171. | .2,+1¢NO [#25116-132] #2512. : Pe Rel*oxel n Bord . («PC Bord .. 3‘P e Bord Dem. Fe wl6223, 0 Dhigtan CEP. d.qgtan Feo, [#37-264] Dig !OP a Pea @ F. 43746. 4335.31: QeFa.d.qtan OQ @) F. (1). (2) #250101 .3 fs. Hp.> Hglan ORP.2. (AQ) ,Qming Pag tning'a. [¥205°85] D.q!min (S'P\a @) F. (3). #250101. 34. PropSECTION D] ORDINAL NUMBERS 21 #25121. F:PeReltexclaD.O'PCN.D.E!P eX [w20452 . *251-2] #251211. +: Nr‘PeNO.Nr“C‘PCNO.>.ENr'PeNO Dem. F.18216162. DhrHp.>. Nr] 3PeNO.] Pe Rel* excl (a) b -#18205-11 - #15165. 9+: Hp.>.Ne“o"] iP C NO (2) bo (1). (2). #251122. +: Hp.D.]iPeReltexclnd.c-PiPca. [4251-21] 2.2 JiPen. [251-1.(#183:01)] D.ENrPeNO:3F. Prop #25122 +: P,Qe Bord. (‘Pa C'Q=A.>.PHQe Bord Dem. , 1623, #16342.2+: Hp.«(P=A.Q=A).2. P | QeBord. C(P | Q)C Bord. P| Qe Rel? excl . EXPL Q)=PHQ. [251-2] >. PQ « Bord a) F.4160-21. #2504.3t:P=A.Q=A.>.P4Qe Bord (2) F.(1).(2). 2. Prop #25123, F:P,QeD. OPaOQ=A.r.PHQED [wBO“S . 4251-22] #25124. +:a,8e¢NO.D.a+feNO Dem. F. #251111. #1807211. brP,QeM.D.] (An OQHIP eD.(AnOP)]iuiQeD. C84 (An OQ)UP n O(An OP) L55Q= A. [¥251-28.(#18101)] 2. P+QeQ. [#1803.02511] >.Nr‘P4}Nr'QeNO q) F.(1).#25L1. 3. Prop #25125. F: PEQeD.=.P,QeQ.OPaCQaa Dem. bea2045. DE: PAQED.D.P,QeSer. OP a OQRA a) b.(1)- #20584. Dh PHQEM. Dg! OPna.d..q!minga: [#25011] 2: Pe Bord @) f (1). #205841. Db: PHQeN.I: = a ta—OP nO(PHQ).D. gt ming(a— CP):22 SERIES [PART [#16014.(1)] DigqianO'Q.Ie.q!ming(a-CP). [*205:15.(1)] Sql wegen [#250101] D:QeBord F.(1).(2).(3)- DF: PHQEN.D.P,QeD.OP nOQ=A F. (4) 251-23. Prop #95126. bra,8eNO-v'A.=.a¢BeNO-@A [425125] 42518. Pe. C*PCSer.D. Pe Ser [420457 £42501] #20131. + EM BOP .>. BEC Pe FOP Dem. b.w71571.3+:Hp.>.Bp C'Pel + Cls. (Bp O'P) = CP F.493'103.9+.BGF F.(1). (2).98014.94. Prop 925132, Fr EM BOP. gt P. >. BECP = BOP Dem, ~ b.0172162.D+: Hp. >. Bel'P = Bs P [82-21] =«(Bf OP): Dt . Prop #25133. b:O°PCO—VA. PD. qt P. BP OP = BAP [#250°13 . #25132) #25134. +: Pe Reltexcl. COPCQ—WA. Dd. qt ea OKCP Dem. F. #25193. 4179162: Hp. q!P.>.q! Prod‘P. [#173161] D.q! Prodso“e"P [115-1] Dig! efO“OP F.48815.3h: PHA. Dd. ql eas'OOOP F.(1). (2). . Prop #25135, bs: Pe. 53. @) (4) a) 2) qa) (2) aP uf = 14,8 CCP: (qe). 20a—B.an Pr=Bn Pes F.#1702.3 , , bia, Be ClC*P s(qz).2ea—B. an Pe = Ba Pist> .aPyB + .#17023-1 . *250°121.> ay fit Hp.:.aPy8.D10,8eClG'P:(qs).2ea—B.anPr=8a Ps (2) +. (1).(2). DF. PropSECTION D] ORDINAL NUMBERS 23 #251301. ti Pe. Dn aP.B.=t . Pe a Ae CHOP: (q2).2¢8- aan P'c=Bn Pic [425135 . #170101] #25136. 1: Pe... PyeSer Dem. be#l7017 Dt. Pa GJ ay F.w25195. 2h: Hp. aPu@+ Pay ->+ 3 > > > (a2,w).20a—B.weB—y.an P't=BaPs. Ba Pwaya Pw (2) + «20114. 2 > 2 = ti. Hp. zea—B .weQ—y-an Piz=fan Ps. Bn Py =ya Pw.r: 4, ~ 2Pw.d.2¢a-y.anP2=ym Pt (3) 4 b.820114. DF. Hp(3).3:wPz.D.wea—y.an Plw aya Pew () F. (2) (8). (4). #202104. 4251°35.D+:.Hp.D1aPy 8. APay-D-aPay (5) #250121. b:Hp.a,8eClOP.a+8->.(q2)-z= ming*{(e— 8) v(B—a)} . 3 = [205-14] D.(qz2).2e{(2—-f)v(B-«)}.an P's=BaPs. [9251-35] 3.a(Pyu Pa) B (6) F.(1).(5).(6). DF. Prop #251361. b: Pe 0.9. PyeSer [#25186 . #170101] #25137, 1 PeO.2.Py=Py [#25135 . #1712] #251371. bs PeO.D. P= Py (#25137. #170101. 4171-101] #2514. +: Pe Rel*arithm a Bord . OP € Bord . O*2«P C Bord. 2. E‘E‘P ¢ Bord Dem. b.a2512.2: Hp. >. 2‘Pe Rel? exel n Bord. OS‘P C Bord. [9251-2] >. 8Pe Bord : D+. Prop #25141. +: Pe Reltarithma®.CePCO. OS PCO... SSP eD [204°54 . 251-4] #25142, +: PeSer.QeQ.>.P%,(PexpQ)eSer [20459. #2501] #95143. braeNR.aCSer.BeNO.>.(aexp-A)eNR. (wexp,8) CSer [9186-13 . 251-42] 925144 b:aeNO-1'0,,8eNO—1'0,.>.a0xp,B+0- Dem. + .#165°27.> biHp. Pea. QeRe2oPLIQeQ—KA. OP LIQCN—-eh. [¥251°33.41761] > .71(P exp Q) a) F. (1) #18613. D+. Prop24 SERIES [part v #2515. :q!P.QeBord.>.P 4 5QeBord [#165-25. «251-11] #25151 1: G1 P.QeM.D.PLiQen [4165-25 . 204-21 . 251-5] #25152. F:PeBord.d.C'PLIQCBord [4105-26 . «291-19] #25193. +: PeM..0P 1300 [¥165°26 . #20422. 425152] a25154. +: P,QeBord.>.Px Qe Bord Dem. #16521. #251552. F:Hp-a!Q.>-Q1iP eRel excl m Bord. 0 | $PC Bord. (¥251-2.41661]>. Px Qe Bord a) F . #16613 . #2504.3+:Q=A.2.Px Qe Bord (2) F.(1)+(2)e24. Prop #25155. F:P,QeM.5.Px Qe [#251°54 . #204°55] #25156. b:a,8eNO.D.axXBeNO [w18413.*251551] #2516. +: P,QeRelexel. CPC M. Se Paar Qn Ri'smor « BR (GN). MeOQ.r= (SW aT N] 62. UP meca'n. itu e P amar amor Q Dem. F.#2506. #251111.3+:Hp.d.nC1. [483-43] DetPuecn. (1) [¥16443] >. see PsmorsmorQ (2) F. (1). (2). DF. Prop #25161. |: P,Qe Relexcl.OOPCO.D: q!(Psmor Q) 9 Ri‘smor Psmor smorQ Dem. 42516 .Db: Hp. q!(P smor Q)a Ritsmor.>.PsmorsmorQ (1) (1). #16417... Prop #25162. | : Hp #25161. q! Pamor Qn Ri‘smor.>. EP smor Q. I‘P smor 11*Q. ENrP==ZNrQ. NP = INQ Dem. F. #164151. 425161 .>+: Hp. >. =*P smor 3Q ql) F. ¥172-44, #25161. 2+: Hp.2. M‘Psmor INQ (2) F. (1). #18313. Dr: Hp.>.ENrP=sNreQ (3) F. (2). «1851. Dt:Hp. >. INP = NrQ () #.(1).(2).(8). (4). DF. PropSECTION D] ORDINAL NUMBERS 25 In the above proposition, the hypothesis “2, Qe RePexel” is unnecessary for SNMP =SNQ and WNP =TINrQ, as appears from #18314 and #18512, Thus we have #251621. F: OP CO. g!(P sm0F Q) a Ri'smor. >. INL? = SN. INP =O Nv Dem, F135 165 .#182-05-162. at ree LP sivor Pakitsmor a) F.(1). #151162. DhrHp.D-a Nl Wy swide( P3Q),o Rismor 2) b.(1).#251-111. #18216. :Hp.>. oy eco Liv. Lie Rekexel (3) F. (2) (8). #251-62 183-14. #18512... Prop #25163. b:aeNO-UA.BeNR. PeRek excl. Pe@.CPCa.d. SPeBXa. ENP = ska Dem. F.w164-47. #1652721, brHp.Qea.a40,.3.QLiPeA.CQLPCal.Q|iPeRel excl. [#16447] D-A!(Q | iP) smIOF P a Ri'smor. P,Q | #P e Rel exel- [4251-61] >. (Q4 5P)smor smor P. [a164151."1601] >. (P x QrsmorSP. [¥18413] Dd. VP epra a) (1). Dk: Hp.a$0..D. Pe Axa (2) b.#16242. Transp. +: Hp.a=0,.9.¥¢P=A. [418416 D.EPepra (3) F.(2).(8). DF: Hp. d. Pe Axa w& [¥183-13] D.SNYP=Bxa (5) F.(4).(5). 2. Prop #25164. fs Hp #25163... 11Pe (a exp,8)« INP = aexp,8 [Proof as in #25163] #25165. F:aeNO-U'A\.82NR.Pe8.CPCa.d. ENP =P Xa. NEP Saexp,8 Dem. b . #18216 . #183°231. > biHp.Qea.d. JiPeRel excl. [iP eNP. 0° Fi PENQ, a)26 SERIES [part Vv [#25163] 2. 3Nv ]5P=NetPXNWQ. [#18314] 3. 2Nr'P=Nr'PXNrQ [#15245] =pxa @) F.(2).#10%3. Dt: Hp.d.=NrP=8 xa (3) F.(1).#251-64.3+:Hp.Qea.>. INré j 3P =(Nr'Q) exp, (Nr*P). [#185212] >. UNrP =(Nr‘Q) exp, (Nr‘P) [#15245] =aexp, 8 (4) F.(4).#1023. Dt:Hp.>.TINr'P=aexp,8 (5) F.(8).(5). 2. Prop In virtue of the above proposition, the usual relations of addition to multiplication, and of multiplication to exponentiation, when the summands or the factors are all equal, ean be established without the multiplicative axiom, provided the summands, or the factors, are ordinal numbers. #2617. FrgiQ-Anta.s.q!2,ntea.s.qlintasegl2 Dem. b.a6455. DkrgiQ-cAntia.=.(qP)-PeQ—-vA.CP Chia (1) F.420012.3F: Pe@—VA.D.(quy)-cyeOP.aty. [#153:-201.#55°3] D.q 12,9 RIP (2) F.(1) (2). Dkr gq 12 —eA atgiae dD. (GP)- OP C tia! 2, a RP. [483265] 2. (GQ) Qe OQCio'a. [64°55] Di Glen tela (3) F #2516192. 2g 12, tela D-G10-UA ata (4) +.(8).(4). DkrgiM-tAn bim6455. Dhig!2ntefa [+6362] [5426] k.(5). (6). (#6501). . Prop 425171. bigiO—Ant/Cls.g!O—cAntRel [4251-7 .*101-42-43] +Gt2 ntgfa (5) ‘at, y)-cty.a,yetfa. (ge.y). wey. Meu lyetia. sqi2ata 6) Mou#252. SEGMENTS OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES. Summary of #252. ‘The properties of sections and segments are greatly simplified in the case of series which are well-ordered, owing to the fact that every proper section has a sequent, whence it follows that the class of proper sections is P*“O"P ; and this is’also the class of proper segments. Hence also the series of proper sections or of proper segments is the series Pi P (#25287). ‘The series of all sections is PiP-430*P (25298); hence (#252381) Nr's'Pg=NvP4 i. ‘The most useful propositions in this number are (apart from the above) #25012. +: Ped. sect!P — MOP = D'P, — OP = BCP. sect! P= POOP v elP #25217. +: PeO—VA.D.sect*P— A= PHP uv tlP #252171. t: Pe N.D.sect*P —UA- UCP = Poa #252372. ti. PeQ.D:5'PeX: El BP.>.Nr's'P=NrP: WEI BP. .Nr'sP=NeP+i #2524 F:PeD.ACsect(P.gqin. D.prer 2621. b:PeQ.nesect*P—eC8P .D.Etseqe'a [#250124] #25211 +: PeQ.>.sect‘P — C'P =sect'P n C‘seqp Dem. +. #206182 .3+.O\Pwe C'seqp qd) F. (1). #2521... Prop28 SERIES [part y #25212, +:PeN.D. sect’? —UC"P = DP, =P = Pace .seot'P = Peep veeP F #21124. 825211. Dt: Hp.aesecttP—OP. 3. ae Dl (1) F.a21115. Dt: Hp.aeD—c'O'P.D.aesectP—vUP (2) F.C). (2) 2: Hp. d.seetP— CP = D'Pe— CP (3) > #211302 .#25211. 3+: Hp. >. sect*P — CP = Purp: (4) +. (3) .(4). #21126. +. Prop In dealing with sections and segments of well-ordered series, it is necessary to distinguish series with a last term from such as have no last term If x series bas no last term, C4? = POP, so that CPeD‘P.. But if a > scries has a last term, C‘P~weD‘P,; in this case, DPe= P“C'P, Thus = D'Px is either P“C'P or sect!P, according ax there is or is not a last term. In either case, > sect’ P = PHOP u 'l'P, as lias been already proved in #252°12. #25218, Fs Pe OD. EL BP.D. sect!P— UCP = D'Pe= POOP, = sect'P= D*Pev uP = PHP u etCrP Dem. +. #250°21 #21136. +: Hp. >. sect*‘P—D*‘Pe=u'C'P. [#24-492."211-15] D.sect§P— ‘P= D*P, qy > [#25212] =P“uP (2) F.(1).@). #21126... Prop y = #25214. b:PeN.~ EL BP. >. sect(P= DiPe= PEC P UP [#25021 . #211361 . #252°12) 25218. Pe... DPe= POD'P ve DP Dem. % > aw F25213. 2h: Hp Et BP. >. D'Pe= PAD? vo ePBP [#202524] = Pe veD'P a) b.#25214. 3+: Hp.~ EIB... DP. = P“D'P v DIP Q) + .(1)-(@). 34. Prop ¥25216, Pe N—2,.3. D* Pe =sect( PE DP) Dem. b.#20427) Db: Hp.d.DiPrel. I 5] D.C4PE DP) =DP, my [a250° 141425212] D.scet( > DU) = PE DIPeDEP veDe 1 =PepepueDp =DtPes DF. PropSECTION D] SEGMENTS OF WELL-ORDERED SELES 29 25217, b:PeM—UA.D. sect P == PP HCP Dem. + .#252:12.3+:Hp.d.sect*P — v= (Bucy HAY VEE [#3341] = POP y PDF. Prop #25217L br Pe M.D. s0ct*P— eA — UP = Peele? Dem. = b. 925212. 3b: Hp. Dd. (scot! — HOP) — 6A = Peep 5 [33-41] = PHP: d+. Prop > #2523. Fr Pe QD. 3. Dis*Pg= PHCHP [4212171 . #25212) #25931, bs PeQ.g 1 Pod. Ott Py = PHC P vice? [4212-172 . #25212] #252311, Pe. 1 P. >. U's*Pym PUP v tC? [#212171 . #25217) > #25232. b:PeO.D.D'stP =P “DIP (212-132. #23215) 425293. b: PeQ—VA.D. O'g'P = PeD'P vu uDP [4212-133 . #25215] 425984 F:PeD. EI BP.D. Oe! = Puce Dem. =e F.#202524.3+:Hp.d. PB P=DP. 2 [#252'33] D.C5¢P = POP 23+. Prop & 2 #26235. b:PeQ—UA. WEL BP. 2. O5(P= POOP wir?’ [#212133 . #25214] > #25226, 1: eM. EIB'P.3.5P= Den. ~ b 212-95 #25234. 5+: Hp... PsP =(s'P) ECs) P [+36:33] =s'P: DF. Prop #25237, +: PeM.D.(6'P)E (UCP) = PSP Dem. F. 4863. Dh. GSP) E (—eO8P) = (s¢P) E (Crs — UCP) [¥212-133-134] =(P)EDP—uCP) (a) b. (1) #25212. Fs Hp. d.(s'P)E (—e'"P) = (s*P YE (PHC?) [4212-25] = PIP: D+. Prop30 SERIES [PART v #252371. Fi Pe OQ. WE! BP .D.5P=PiP-pOP Dem. b .#212-25 . #25232. Dr:Hp.> Bip =(s*P) EP (D*s*P) q) F #212133. Dt: Hp.q!P.3.C*P=BCav'stP (2) b. 025232. Dh:Hp.>.D'sP = PHO. [#20012.4204'34] D.D'sP vel 6) F.(1)-(2).8). 204461. Fs Hp. gf! P. >. PSP OP = 5¢P (4) F . #212°134 . 161-2. Db:Hp.P=A.3.5!P=A.PiPPOP=A (5) F. (4) «(5).2 Fs Prop #952372. bs. PeO@.3:5!Pe 0: E! BP. .Nr'sP=NeP: WE! BP. 2.Nr's(P = NeP4i Dem. f .925236.420435.3 h: Hp. EL BP .>.6*Psmor P. [25 1:111."152:321] D.s'PeD.Nr's*P=Nr'P (1) F #252371 . #20435 . #20052 .3 b:Hp.w EIB. >. Nrs(PoNrP $i. (2) [251-139] D.s'PeD @) F .(1). (2).(8). D4. Prop #25238. +: PeD.D.5'Py=PiPOP Dem. #25212, #21224. bit Hp. 31.0(s'Py) 8.214, Be POP UCP aC Bates [437-6.%200-52] => +~ > o> =i (Gey) ny cOP.a= Py, B= Pry, Pice Py. Pact Pry ev, (qa). ce CP a= Pir. B=0P: ne (az,y).2Py.a=P2.p=Py.v. > (a2). 2eOP.a=P'e.B=CP: —. —, (PiP)B.v.acOPiP. B= OP: a(P3P+4>C'P) Bz: D+. Prop [*204-33-34 [4150522] [#16111] #952381. b: Pe 0.3.5!PyeO.Nr'sPy = NP $i [#25238 . #20052. #20435 . #251191]SECTION D] SEGMENTS OF WELL-ORDERFD SERIES 31 #2524. +: PeM.rACsect'P. gir. D.prer Dem. F.#211441.2h:Hp.P=A.2.4=UA. [45301] D.prer (ly b.0210172. DF: Hp. Gq! P.D-XCO%SPy. TID. [#252381.¥250:121] D.Etmin (Py). [#210-222."211°67°66] Duper 2) b.(1). (2). F. Prop 925241. 1: PeQ.rCsect!P. gta. 2.8%er [Proof as in #2524] #25242. bs. PeM..(Cav's*Py)“o Co: ACo TIAA Cos Py Dies(A OS'Py) eos r. (Cav's'Py ya Co [#250°361 . #252381 . #212322] 425243. bs. Pe Od. (s'Py)ile Cot ACo MIRA Os! Py. Di. pha Os'Py)erz>. (Palio Co Dem. F.a212181. 2b. (Cav's*Py) smor (s‘Px) q) F (1). #252381 .D bs Hp. >. Cnv4s!P_ (2) F. (2). #21234 . #250362 . >. Prop#253. SECTIONAL RELATIONS OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES. Stemmary of #253. In the present nnmber we shall consider the properties of the relation Ps (defined in #213) when Pe. The relation P, has great importance in this case, owing to the fact (to be proved later) that Nr“*DéPy is the class of all ordinals less than Nr‘P, and that, if P,Q are any two well-ordered series, cither P is similar to a member of C*Qs, or Q is similar to a member of C*Ps, whence it follows that of any two unequal ordinals onc must be the greater, The present number cousists merely of the more elementary properties of FP, when PQ. The interesting properties connected with greater and less will be treated in the following number. The most useful propositions of the present number are the following : 25813. b: PeO.3. DP, = PEOPHP = Ph epegep #25818, FP 9.9.0, CPL PUP uP, OP, C0 Instead of C4 CPE“P“CP veP we shall have equality, unless Psd (#25315). #2532, 2 Pe Q-2,.3. Ne Pr=Ne(PPUP) Fi ‘The case when Pe 2, has tu be excluded, because then P[ (‘P= A. #25321. Fr P'e0.9.i 4 NP = NePFI proposition involves Nr‘P, = Nr‘P when P is finite, bus when P is infinite it involves Nr“P, = Nr‘P + i (cf, #26138), #25322, 2120.3. Ps D'P, amor PEP. #25324. :PeD.3.PseD #2534. F:PeN-UtA.>d. P.=Q (AR). P=QFR.v. (gx). P= Qtz} *253 421. Fk: PeQ. Qe DU .3.~(Qsmor P) #203844. bra BeNO-U'A.B40,.3.a4 840SECTION D] SECTIONAL RELATIONS OF WELI-ORDERED SERIES 33 This proposition marks a difference between ordinals and cardinals. An ordinal is always increased by the addition of anything at the end, whereas this is (often if not always) not the case with a cardinal if it is reflexive and greater than the addendum. The above propositivn ceases to be trae if we add 8 at the beginning instead of the end: 8 +a=awill be true if ais infinite and @X8 is not greater than a (For the definition of «, of. #263.) #25345. b:aeNO-'A=00,..a¢i¢a Similar remarks apply to this proposition as to #253-44. #25346. +: PeO.Q,ReC'P,.QsmorR.3.Q=R Te. no two different sections of a well-ordered series are similar, It follows from #253'46, that the series bf the ordinals of Proper sections of a well-ordered series P is similar to the series of proper sections, and therefore, by #253'22, to the series P with its first term omitted (#253°463). We have next a set of propositions (*253-5—-574) on the circumstances under which Nr‘P, = Nr‘P and those under which Nr‘P,=NrfP4i. As @ matter of fact, the former holds when P is finite, the latter when P is infinite, But the distinction of finite and infinite will not be introduced till the next section. In the present number, we prove that (assuming Pe) Ne P, =NeP if OP, =('P. Et BP, and if not, then NP) =NueP Fi (#253'56). This is proved by using P, as a correlator, (P, as a correlator moves every term one place down, except the first, which disappears.) For, if PeQ, we have P}P= PL D‘P (#258'5); hence we prove PE (*‘P,smor PE D‘P (#253'502),and hence, if (‘P,=('P, we obtain PE U‘Psmor Pf Dt P (#253'503). Hence by #2532 (with special consideration of the case when Pe 2,) we have the two propositions #26351, +: Pe .0'P,=C'P.E!BP.5.Nr‘P, = NriP #253511. b:PeO.0P =P. EL BPD. NitPy = NrP 41. NePLOP = NP But if there is a term, sny 2, belonging to (IP — (4D, use P, as a correlator for the predecessnrs of x; we thus find that, in this case, P smor PE (éP. Hence, by #253°2, Nr'P, = Nr¢P $i, The hypothesis (‘P, = @‘P.E! B«P means that there is:a last term, and every other term has an immediate successor. This, as we shall prove later, and as is indeed obvious, is equivalent to the assumption that P is finite but not null. From the above propositions it results immediately that #253873. b:. PeO.3:0'P,= = > 2 =:(ge,y)-ayeOP.g! Py Px.Q= PL Pe. R= PLP y.v. (qe).ceQ!P.Q=PEP2.R=P: [#211°61.*210-1] > > > > > > a9) 2, ye OP. Pac Py. Pat Py. Qu PLP. R= PLP yoy. (qz).ce OP .Q= PEP. R= P: > = [#20433:34] =: (qz,y).2,y eO'P.2Py.Q=Pf Pax. R=Pf Py.v. a (q2).ceO'P. Q= Pl Px. R=P (3) (3). #8814. DF. Prop #25312. F: Pe. Pwed.d.Py= (PP PIPE OP) pP Dem. b#204272.D+;Hp.>,'Prel. [4202554213151] >. PL“PeaeP cep Pippa aSECTION D] SECTIONAL RELATIONS OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 35 .(1)-925811,2 +i Hp.22.QP/R-=3 Q(PEPIPL GP) R.v.QeC(P PIPL UP).R= P+ [WGI] =: Q{(PESPSPp O*P)>P} Rud. Prop #253121. b: Pe 0.9. Poe PESPSPL OP Dem. +.#20052. Fr Hp.2.CPwe PtP. [43625] D.PweCP [SP/PEM'P: Db. Prop 425318. F: PeO.3.D'P,= PLPHaeP = PLAPucep Dem. be#213-141 « #252171. Hp. >. D¢P,= PEP“? @ 88722425013. brHp.g!P.>. PL“PCP= PyeBuary ePt Pap (33°41. Transp] =PYBeap eva @) F.425042.DFiHp. gt P.D-AePE PP (@) F.(2).(8). DE: Hp. iP. >. PYPuoP = Pyar #83241. 9k: P=A.D. PEMPHOP=A.PL“P“OP=A (5) b.(4). (6). DEtHp. >. PLSPMcP= Pl POOP 6 b.(1).(6). DF. Prop 425314. +: Pe M.D. OP, = (PL“Buas Pv Py — th = (PPYPOOP ve P)— tA em. F. 4218-162. 3: Hp..'P, = Pptsect*P — eA [#252-12.436-33] =(PtPecPePy-vA (1) [#253:13] =(PL“PeaP vitP)- vA (2) F.().(2). DF. Prop => > #25315, 1: PeQ—VA.D. OP, = PLP“ P uv UP =P pe PHCeP uP [#253°13'14] #25316. b:Pe—itA.>. BYP, A. BOP, =P [213-155-158 . 4250-13] 925817, F: Pe 0.9. P.ED‘P.= PLB PEO Dem. bw25811.3 nHp.2:.QPR oepP pray) Rv. QePL“PeaP. R=P [#258121] :.Q (Prt D‘Py) R=. Q(PESPIPL OP) Rit Db. Prop36 SERIES [PART Vv #20318. F: PeD . ROP C PrePeapy uP.CP CO Dem. +. #25311. = Fi: Hp. 32. QeCP,.D:(qu).ceUP.Q= PEP c.v.Q=P: [376] 3:QePEMPOaP uP a) b. (1). #250241. 3+: Hp.>.01P, C0 (2) F. (1). (2). D4. Prop 9253181. +: PeD.3.CP,CD'P, uP [42531813] #2532, b: Pe M—2,.9, NrP, = Nr(PE OP) +i Dem. b. #2532121, +: Hp.d.NréP,=NePEPiPEOP +i [w213-151.#252:171] =NrBiPpaPsi [#20434] = Ne(PE dP) 41: Db. Prop #25821. +: PeQ.d.14Nr'P,= Ne PHi Dem. f.#2582. It: Hp.Pwe2,.d.14NrPe= it Nr(PEOP) i [*20446:272) =Nr'P+i () .#21332.9h:Pe2,.>.14+Nr'P,=i+2, [#161-211] =24i (Hp] =NePii (2) F.(1).@).3+. Prop It would be an error to infer from the above proposition that Nr‘P,=Nr‘P, since addition of ordinals is not in general commutative. When PeQ, Nr‘Ps=Nr‘P holds when C‘P’ is finite, but not otherwise. When C*P is not finite, 1+ Nr‘P;= Nr‘Py, so that Nr‘P; = Nr‘P +i; but NrP+NrP+i. #25322. +: PeO.>.P,[ DP, amor Pf a‘P [258-17 . #213-151 . #252171 . #204°34) #25328, + :. PeD.:Nr“P=NrQ Psmor Q Nr'P,=Nr'Q: Pysmor Qe F. #18133. 3+: NrP=NrQ.2.NrP4i=NrQ41 a) F. (1) .#258-21..5 tt. Hp.:NrP=NrQ. [+1813] 4$Nr'P,=1+NrQs. Py = Nr'Qr:. DF. PropSECTION D] SECTIONAL RELATIONS OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 37 #25324 b:Pe0.3. Pre Dem, F .#253°2 . #25014] . #251-132.3h:Hp.Pwe2,.3.Nr‘PxeNO (1) #21832. #251-16.3+: Pe2,.3.Nr‘Pre NO (2) F.(1).@). D+: Hp.>.Nr‘PreNO. [251-122] 2.Pye9:Dh. Prop 020325. bs: P,Qe-eA.3:P:E DP, smor Qf DQ, «=. Psmor Q (253-22. #25017] #2593. 1: Pe .2.B\P= PL“PHO'P = PLP“? =D'P, [4213243 #25313] #25331, bs. Pe.3:QP:R Dem. + #213245 . #25313.) Ft. Hp.3:QP,R.=-ReC'P,. Qe R[CR CR. > = RePE“PHCP vlP. Qe RER OR [w882402188) =. ReCtPs Gt P.QeR rReor. , [4253-15] =-RePLPCP vuP Gt P.QeRPRCR (1) + .m37-20 48324. Dk: Qe REWROR.D.qt Re @) [1312] Dh: QeREOR CR. R= P.d.41P @) age. Dh: Re PL PCP .> 41 P “) + .(3).(4)- Dh Re PE OPHCeP oP. QeRLOROR. D. 4 1P (5) (1) .(3). 3, Prop #25532. 1: Pe O. ReC*P,.>.PéR= RE“RCR= DR, [213:246 . *253°13] #20333, F:.PeM.3:Q(PPD'P)R [213-247 . #253-13] If @ is any ordinal number, and Pea, the ordinal numbers of the sectional relations of P are all those ordinals which can be made equal to a by being added to, ie all ordinals 8 such that, for a suitable y, a=f+4y. (Here y must be an ordinal or i.) Further, in virtue of #25067, no member of D‘P; is similar to P; hence, if a is an ordinal, and a=f+y, where y+0,, it follows that a+. (Observe that a4-y does not follow from B+0,.a=B+y.) These and kindred propositions, which are important in the theory of ordinals, are now to be proved. #2534 bi PeD—VA.2.0Ps=Q (qR)» P=QER. V6 (qe). P= Qe} (#213-41 . #25013]38 SERIES (PaRT Vv ¥263401. 1: PeD.>. PLSPHOP v uP = Q (qh). P=Q $ Rav. (qe). P=Q-pa| Dem. F.#253'415.3+:Hp.q!P.>. PLOPeep uP =Of(qR).P=Q$-R-v.(g2).P=Q-+a} (1) F.n3729 Dh PHA. PEOPOP uP ach (2) F.w16014.499°941.3h:.P=A.D:P=QPR.=.Q=A.R=A: [#10281] D:(qR).P=aQtR.=.QuA (3) F.w16113.#93241. 9h: P=A.D:P=Qive.s.Q= [¥10:24-23] Di(qe)-P=Qpa.=.Q=A (4) F.(8).(4). his PaA.D:.(GR). P=QER.v. (qo). PaQpar=. Qua. [@)] =.QePLPCPuuP (5) F.(1).(6). 3k. Prop #253402. F: PeQ—U'A.D. D'Py= Q{(qk). REA. P=Q4R.v. (qa). P= Q42} b. 0253164.3 Fit Hp.3:.QeD'P,.=:Q4P:(qR). P=Q4R.v.(qe).P=Q+2 (1) b .416114. #2004134: Hp.P=Qhe.d.ceOP.ane0Q. [#1314] D.Q+P @) + .4160-21.34:Q4$P.P=QER.>.qIR (3) + . #16014. #2004. 3 biHp.P=Q4R.qtR.d.qiOPaCR.ngiOQn OR. [#1314] >.P+@ (4) F. (3). (4). biHp.3:.Q4P:(qR).P=Q.R:=.(qR).R+A.P=Q4R (5) F.(1).(2).45). Dk i: Hp. Ds Qe D*P,.=: (aR). R+A.P=Q4R.v. (qa). P=Qise:: Db. Prop #20341. b:.PeQ.QeCP,.3: (qa).aeNO.Nr‘P =Nr‘Q ¢a.v.Nr‘P=Nr'Qii Dem. f.02183.3h.Hp.d:PHA: [#253-4] D:(qR).P=Q4R.v.(qa).P=Q-pa: [211-283.4200-41] 2:(qR).P=QER.CQnCR=A.v. (qa). P=Q+pa.aneCQ: [¥180'32.#18132] > : (qR). Nr‘P = Nr‘Q+ Nr‘R.v.NrP=NrQ+¢i: [#25126] 2 (qa). aeNO.Nr'P=Nr'Q4a.v.Nr'P=NrQ+iz. Db. PropSECTION D] SECTIONAL RELATIONS OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 39 #25342. +:PeM.3.NrPaD*Ps=A [*250°651 . #213°141] #253421, b: Pe. QeD'P,.D.~(Qamor P) [4253-42] => 2 #25343, +3. PeQ.a,yeQ'P.: PL Pramor PE Py.=.2=y Dem. ~ > F.w25311. 3h: Hp.#Py.>.(PL Pa) PPL Py). [213-245] 2.PE PreeD(P c Pye [253-421] 2. — (PL Pez) smor(P [ P*y)} a) Similarly b: Hp. yPe.D.~{(Pt Pte) amor (Pt P*y)} @) F.(1).(2).9 bi. Hp.2: (PE Pez) amor (PE Py). 9.~(ePy).~(yP2)- [™202-103) Dezmy @) F.(3)-#15113.3+. Prop #253431. bs P£QeO.G!Q.9.NeP+Nr(P $Q) Dem. #253402. 3+:Hp.>.PeD(P$Q): qa) F.(1).#253421. 9. Prop #253432. b: PyozeQ. 1 P.D.NeP4Nr(Pto2) [#253402'421] #20344. ba,8eNO-UA.840,.2.04+ 840 Dem. b.251-1.#15534.5 +: Hp.>.(qP,Q).P,QeND.a=NrP.B=NrQ. 71Q- [#1803] 2(aP,Q):P, QeM.a=NeP.B=Ner'Q-G!Q-a+8=Nr(P+Q) (1) } #18012 . #253°431 . (#18001) . > Fi P,QeQ.GqlQ. 2. Nre(P+Q$Nr'P. [#15516] D>. Nr(P + Q)+NoeriP (2) re @).(@).> b:Hp.>.(qP,Q)-P,QeD.a=Nu'P. B=Nw'Q. a+ BtNeP. [#13195]>.a4 84a:3+. Prop #20845, b:aeNO-v'A-10,.2.a¢ifa [Proof as in #25344, using #253'432-instead of #253:431) #25846. +: Pe.Q,ReO'P,. QemorR.2.Q=R Dem, F, «25342116. 2+: Hp.Q=P.2.R=Q qd) F.4253-16.D+:Hp.Q+¢P.R4P.3.Q,ReD‘Py. [9258-13] >.(qay).myeO'P.Q=Pt Pe. R=Pt Py. [*253-43.Hp] >.Q=R (2) F.(1).@). DF . Prop40 SERIES [part Vv #253461. bs Pe Q.>.Nr[C'Pse1l Dem, f. 4253-46 .DF: Hp. Q, ReC*Py. Nr'Q=NrR.D.Q= RB: It. Prop #253462, Fr Pe 2.2. Nr (Pt) BRA'P et. NesP PSP UP sor PEP [4253-43] #253463, Pe 2.2. Nv (Ps D‘P)) smor Pst D¢Py . Nei(PsBD‘P ) smor PE UP (#253-4621722] #25347. b:PeN-eA.D. Nr“OtP, =& ((q8) a+ 8=Nr'P.v.atiaNr‘P| [4253-4] #253471. b:PeD.D. Nr(D'P, v 'P) = @ {(q8).a4+8=NYP.v.a4i=Nr'P} [¥253-401-13] The following propositions are concerned in proving that NrP, is either Nr‘P or Nr‘P41. This is proved by nsing P, as a correlator. ‘The methods employed anticipate the discussion of finite and infinite series; in fact, when P is finite, Nr*Py=Ne'P, and when P is infinite, Nr‘P, =Ne'P $1. But it is important at this stage to know that Nr‘P, is either equal to or greater than Nr‘P, and the propositions are therefore inserted here. #2585. F:Pe2.2.PiP=PL DP Dem. b .20163 . «25-411. 3+:: Hp. 32. P=Pio Ps, [#15011] 2:.0(PiP)w y, 2) :@PyytyP\e.v.yP:wPyst [*204-7] =1(q2).2P,w.wPyz.v.(9y,2).2P,y -yPte.wPye [#250-21-24] =:2P,w.weD'P.v.(qy). «Py -y,weD'P.yPw: [#33°14.434-1] a (Pio P,| P)w.weD*P: [#33-14."250°242] = : 2. we D‘P. «Pw: DF. Prop #253501. b: Pe... PSP =PE AP, Dem. + #250242. 3+: Hp.d.P,!P=P, PoP, PP [#71-191.62047] =IPGP,o(a'P,)1P. [#150-1.450°65] 2. PSP =(@P,)1 Pe (OP)1P P, [*250°243] = PLOP,: DF. PropSECTION D] | SECTIONAL RELATIONS GF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 41 #253502. F: Pe... PE C'P, smor PE DP Dem. f .4253°5..815036.9+ Hp.d.PEDP=Pi(PPGP) (1) F152]. #2047.3+:Hp.2.P,i (PEP, smor PEG, (2) F(t). (2). 4b. Prop #253503. F: Pe. 0'P,=0'P.3. PL OP smor PE D‘P [2 02) This propocition shows that if P is a well-ordered series in which every term except the first has an immediate predecessor, the series obtained by omitting the last term (if any) is similar to that obtained by omitting the first term. The converse also holds, as will be shown later. The hypothesis PeX.A'P,=C'P is equivalent to the hypothesis that P ix finite or « pro- gression. (Here a progression is not what was defined as“ Prog” in #121, but what Cantor calls w; ie. if Re Prog, Ry is a progression in our present sense.) #25351, b: Pe. CP, =C'P. EL BP .>.Nr'P, = NP Dem. F.¥2532. Dt: Hp.Pwe2,..NrePy= Nr(PEOP) $i [¥253°503] =Ni(PEDP) +i [4204461272] = NP 0) F .m21332. 3b: Pe2,.D.NetP, = NeP Q) F.(1).(2). 34. Prop #253511. b: Pe O.0'P,= OP. WELBY.D. Nr P, = NrtP $i. Net pasP=NeP Dem. b. #93-103 #20252. :Hp.2.P[PD'P=P. [4253-503] D.NVYPEGP=NeP. (1) [4253-2] D.NYP,=NeP +i @) F.(1).(2). DF. Prop #25352, F: Pe Q.a =minp'(*P-C'‘P,).>. > ye ee OP PoC OP, Pt Piz = Pin. PP 'e = Pir - BP Dem. #20514. DHrHp.d.d'Pa Peay, qd) = oS f.w250242.9h: Hp.d. Pr= Pir PhP . [433-41.Hp] =P Pie, @) ¥ 5 [*72-501.%204-7] >. PP = Pen aP, 3) F.(). 0 DRL Hp.d.0Pa Pad Pn PnP, is [121308] = OP Pe ) woe: ay (8). (4). DheHp. >. PPrem Porn OP [33'15.4202'59] = Pir BP (3) F.(1). (2). (5). Db. Prop42 ‘SERIES [Part Vv 9253521. t: PeQ.ceOP-OP,.2. Pe, UP vel. Dem. +. #201°66. DH: PeO.Peel.d.cOP, qd) F. (1). Transp. 3+: Hp. D.P'awel @) #4201662. Dk: Hp.d.d'Pwel (3) F.(2).(8). DF. Prop 4259822, F: Pe. 2m minp(U'P—O'P,).S=P,fPeolp Pgte.d. Si(PEO'P)=P Dem. + .434°25°26 . #50551. > F:Hp.d.S9(PE OP) =(P, PPeysPt OP o(I PPy'e)sP w > < ere Pip Fo) |PlEp Pgeo lt Pye P| Pal P, e “ [50-061.015096.095452]= (7, [Pe)'Po Pp Py'eo Pit Pe| PP Paee < Py‘e} Pt Pe|P, > e => & [74141.4253'52.4200°381]=(P, | P'z)iP o Pt Pye Péx] P,| PP Py'e [#250'242, Hp] =(P,}P2)iPe PE Pgcu Pc] PP Pe‘ [#15036] =(P5P)t P“P'aw Pt Pg'co Pia PI Pega [#258:5:52] = Pt Pow Pt Pgicw Pir] Pt Pete ([#85'413.%200'381] =Pt (Pau Pye) [#202101] =P:>+. Prop #25353, +: PcO.e=min,(U‘P-G'P).>. 4 Pf Pow I} Pate e {P amaot (Pt O*P)} Dem. F.#2047 .#200381.:Hp.>. P,P Poul P'ecl+1 (1) +. #253°52 . #50552. 3 + > - b:Hp.>.0(P,P Pool p Peis) = (Pee — BP) v Pg'e [w202101) =OP-uBP [#93:103) =a°P [#20255.4253:521) =O(Pt d‘P) (2) #253522. 5h:Hp.>.(P,p Peel} Pq'e)(PEOP)=P (8) F.(1). (2).(8) #15111. 3+. Prop #25354 b: PeO.q!0'P—O*P,.>. Psmor PE OP Dem. b. #250121. 3+: Hp. >. E! minp'('P - UP,) @ +. (1). #25858. 3+. PropSECTION D] SECTIONAL RELATIONS OF WELL-ORDERED SERIES 43 #25355. +: PeQ.q!G'P- O‘P,.>.Nr'Py= NrP+i Dem, F. 9253'521 . #204272. +: Hp.>. Pwe2, Q) F. (1). #253542. Prop #25836. +s. Pe .3:0'P, = OP. EL BP.D.Nr'Py = NreP: ~ (UP, = CPE) BP).3. Ne P, = NAP +i ([#253°51:511°55) #25857, b:PeQ.0'P,=O'P.ELBP.3. i4NrP=NrP+i.i-NeP+NrP Dem. F. #25851. 3+: Hp.>.NrP,=NrP. [9253-21] D.14NMP=NeP+i. @ [253-45] 2.14 NP 4+NrP (2) t.(1).(2). D+. Prop #253071. Fs Pe Mew (C'P= OP EIB P).2.14NMP =NriP Dem. b..#258°56. 3F: Hp. 3. Nr'P,=Ne'PLi. [#25321] D.i4NrPLi=NrP+i. [#18133] 2.14NrP =NeP: 3+. Prop #969572. +: PeQ—v\.~ (EP, = OP. EI BP).>.14 NYP +NYPHi [#258'571°45] #253579. F:. Pe Q.3:0'P,=O'P. EIB P.= 1+ NrP+NeP [925357571] #253574. b:. PeQ—eA.D: OP, =P. EVBP.= i¢NrvP=NeP+i [#253°57°572)#254. GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERIES. Summary of #254. In the present number we have to prove that of any two well-ordered series one must be similar to a sectional relation of the other. From this it will follow that of any two unequal ordinals one must’ be the greater. ‘The Propositions of the present number are due to Cantor*. Our procedure is as follows We define a relation “RPi_Q,” meaning “R is a proper section of P, and is similar to Q” ine, RP mQ-=.ReDP,. RemorQ. In virtue of #25346, if P,Qe, Py, ¢1—Cls (#25422) and Pom f D'Qe€1—+1 (#254222), Thus if 9 is any proper section of Q which is similar to some proper section of Py. the proper section of P to which it is similar is P,,‘S. It is easy to prove that P,,5Qst D‘Q, is a section of 2; and if DP, C U'Q,q, ie. if every proper section of P is similar to some proper section of Q, we shall have (#254261) Ps DP, = Pym i Qet D‘Qh. Hence it follows (#25427) that if, further, D‘Q; C U‘Pyq, we shall have P.[ DP, smor QE DQ, ie. by #253°25, PsmorQ (#25431), Thus (A) if every proper section of P is similar to some proper section of Q, and vice versa, then P is similar to Q. Consider next the case in which every proper section of P is similar to @ proper section of Q (ie, D‘PyCC‘Qym), but not vice versa, so that a! DQ;-C*Pyy. It is easy to prove that, under this hypothesis, if SeDQ;-G'Pyq, then D'P; C OSyq (#25492), But if.8 is the minimum (in the order Qj) of the class D‘Q;—(‘Pyq, then D‘S;C O‘P,q. Hence, by (A), Hi Ssmor P (#254321), Thus (B) if every proper section of P is similar to a proper section of Q, but not vice versa, then P is similar to a proper section of Q (#25433). + atath. Annaten, Vol. 49.SECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERIES 45, From (B), by transposition, we find that if every proper section of P is r to a proper’ section of Q, but P itself is not similar to any proper section of Q, then every proper section of Q is similar to a proper section of P, whence, by (A), P is similar to Q (#25434), Hence, if there are Proper sections of P which are not similar to any proper section of Q, the smallest of such sections (say P’) must be sitnilar to Q, since it is uot itself similar to any proper section of Q, but all its proper sections are similar tu Proper sectinns of Q. Hence (C) if there are proper sections of P which are not similar to any proper section of Q, then there is a proper section of P which is similar to"Q. ie. FP, QeQ.q 1 DP,- a4 D-QeM' Puy (*254°35), Thus either (1) q!D‘P,—C'Q,,, in which case Qe(‘Pyy, or (2) q1DQ,—-C*P,q, in which case PeC'Q,,, or (3) DXP,CO4Q,,, and DQ, C G'Pyy, in which case, by (A), Psmor@. Thus (D) if P and Q are any two well-ordered series, either they are similar or one is similar to a proper section of the other (#25437). We now proceed to define one well-urdered series P as less than another well-ordered series Q if P is similar to a part of Q, but not to Q, ie. we put less= PQ {P,Q eM. qt RIQa NP .~(PsmorQ)} Dt (Observe that we have RI¢Q in this definition, not 1)*Q,.) It follows from (D) that, P and Q being well-ordered series, if P-and Q are not similar, one must be less than the other (#254-+). It follows also from #25065 that if P is similar to a proper section of Q Q cannot be less than P (#254181). Hence P is less than Q when, and only when, P is similar to & proper section of @, ie. Ples Q.=.P,QeQ. PeM'Q,, (#25441). Hence if each of two well-ordered series is ximilar to a part of the other, the two series are similar (#254-45); and in any other case, one of them is similar to a proper section of the other. From the above results we easily obtain the fullowing propositions, which are useful in the ordinal theory of finite and infinite. #25451. fF: Plessy.=-P,QeQ.RIPaNrQ=A Ie. one well-ordered series is less than anothur when, and only when, iw part of it is similar to the other. 925452, bs PeQ.aC CP. gq! (Pn p* Pad. PE ales P Le. any part of a well-ordered series which stops short of the end is less than the whule series46 SERIES [PART V #26455, F:.Qless P.a:P,Qe:(qR). RemorQ. REP. gl O'Pap POR Te. one well-ordered series is less than another when, and only when, it is similar to a part of the other which stops short of the end. #25401. less = PO {P,Qe0.gIRIQn Nr‘P.~(PsmorQ)} Df #25402. P..=(D‘P;)]smor Df #2541. :PlessQ.=.P,Qe2.gIBIQaNrP.~(PsmorQ) [(#25401)] #204101. +: P,Qe0.P CQ. ~(P amor Q) +>. Pless Q [w2541) #25411. b:RP.Q.=.ReD'P,. RemorQ [(#25402)] #284111. + .B,.Q= DP a Nr'Q [425411] #26412. b:QeC'P,,.=.GID'PraNeQ [#254111] #254121. + .D‘P, CO‘P,,, [#254712 . #152'3] #25413, + :.Psmor P’. QsmorQ’. 3: PlesQ.=. P’ less Q’ (w151°15 . #152321 . #254'1] #25414 +: SeDQ,.TePsmorQ.>.TiSeD‘P, n NS Dem. f #213141 .>+:Hp.>.(qg).Besect'Q—KA—0Q.S=QEB (1) + .¥15037. Dh:Hp.S=QPe.2-TIS=(TIQ) ™B [¥151-11] PLrg (2) F.a2127. DhrHp. AesectQ. 2.7 BesectP (3) F.a8743. Dh: Hp. Aesect(Q—A.2.g1 TB (4) + .#15022. DErHp. TB=COP.2. B= TCQ: [*72481] DksHp. T“B=C'P. Besect'Q.2.8=C0Q: [Transp] DtzHp. Besect*Q—C'Q. 2.1 BECP (6) F.(8).(4).(5)-> k:Hp.Besect"Q— eA = 10°Q.3. TBe seot*P =A = 10P (6) F.(1).(2).(6). DF Hp. >. (qa) .aesect'P—vA- CP. TIS=Pla. [213141] 2. TiS eD'P, (1) 415121. Dt: Hp.>.(75S)smorS. (8) + .(7).(8). D+. Prop #254141, +: P smor Q.> DQ, COPyq - D‘Ps C OQun Dem. F.42541214. Db. Hp. D1 Se DQ .2.8e OU Pyy a) F.(1).#151-14.3+. Prop 4254142. bs Re CP, .D- Run © Pam Dem. F.4213241 D+: Hp. >.D‘R,C D¢P, a) F.(1). #25411. D+. PropSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERIES 47 #254143, +: Qe O'Pmys D+ 0°: C OP Dem. + #25412. +: Hp.>.(qR).ReD*P;. Remor Q. [9254141] D.(qR). Re DP, . D‘Qr CO Ren + [254142] >. DQ, CO'Pya + [21916.Hp] D. Qf (sect*Q— tA) CU*Pyn « [2131] 2. CQ, COP: Dt. Prop 4254144: P=A.D. P= A [¥2133.¥25411] 25418, £1. Qo CS. G1 BP. Py CJD! YET Pry = Or CO Pen Dem. F.#254°143. Dk: QeM'Pra- 2. O°Q C OPem a) F.#213'142 4211-26... Hp-7!Q-3:QeCQet [#22441] 3:0Q, COP D-QeA' Pim (2) 921118. Dkr Hp.d.q!sect*P al. [200-35] Dd. Ae PP (sect*P— uA). [#213-16] D.AcD‘P,. [4254-121] D-AcUPyy @) F. (2).(3)- Dh: Hp. D2 OQ, CO Pyne D+ Qe T' Pam (4) F. (1). (4). >. Prop 425416. Fs. QsmorQ’. 3: Pent Q= Pf Q! : QeC'Pan + + Dem. Ye A Pon > a Fe w254101 #152921 «9 Fis Hp. 2: Pm'Q= Pan‘ i > q@) [#1312] Dig! PnfQs 2-H! PenfQ': [«93-41] 3:QeU'P,y=-Q'eC'Pin (2) F.(1). (2). Prop #254161. t: Psmor P’. 2+ ‘Puy =P’ Dem, binQ5414. Db: Te Pamor P's SeD‘P'nNr'Q. >. TS eD*Py o NrQ: [#25412] ¢ Pamor P's QeC'P q+ 2+ Qe Pan? (#15112) smor P’, 6 C‘P ‘mm CO Pam Q) F.(1).#15114. DF: Pamor P’. 3.0! Pag COP sen (2) F.(1).(2). DF. Prop #254162, | :. Psmor P’. Qsmor Q’.3: QeO'Pum (#254°16-161] #254163. F: Re Qa D+ OE Ben CO Qon Dem. Qe OP vn F.425412.F: Hp.D.(qS). RsmorS. SeD‘Q- (4254161149) D.(GS) « U¢Ryq = USym « TSpn © TQam * [#13'195] D.C Rig C OQym? DF. Prop43 SERIES [PART Vv #254164. FDP, COQyy « D/ D'Py = Pay (D!Q, 9 E Pag) = Pg DQ Dem. F.a25411. 2: Hp. Re D‘Py. 2. (qS).S DQ. Rsmor 8. [#25411] D.(qS).8 DQ. RPS [437-1] D. Re Pf DQ a) F.425411. DF. Pyat DQ, C DEP, 2) F.(1). (2), DF: Hp.>. D'P, = P,, DQ, [437-26] = Prm(D'Q: 9 U' Py) t+. Prop #95417. b: Pe. QeD'P,. REQ.D.~(Rsmor P) Dem. +.420421.3+:PeO. REP. RemorP. 3. Re Ser. [204-41] D.R=PLOR Q) F .#250°65 . Transp . > F:PeQ. RamorP. R= Pt OR. D.~ (ga). aesect(P XP. OR Ca. [4211133-44] .~ (4 Q)- Qe PE “(sect*P— OP). REQ, (w213 141] 2.~(c1Q)-QeDP, REQ (2) F.(1).(2). DF: PeM, Remor P. REP.I.~(qQ).QeD'P,. REQ (3) +.(3). Transp. 3. Prop #25418. F:QeD‘Py.2.~(PlessQ) [#25417-1] #254181. +: QeC' Py. Ds CP less Q) Dem. }. #2561812. 3+:Hp.>.(qk). RsmorQ.~(P less R). D.~(Pless Q): 3h. Prop #254182. Pe. QeD*Ps.2.QlessP [k254°101 . #253°42118)] #2542. k: Pe. QeA'Pyys ds Qless P Dem. F. 425611. 3+: Hp.2.(qR). ReD‘P,. RemorQ. [#254182] D.(qR). Ress P. Remor Q. [425413] > .Qless P: 3+. Prop #25421. 1: PeD. QeM’,,.REQ.ReENQ.D. RlessP Dem. F625412. 5b: Hp.3.(qS,7).Se DEP, . Me SsinorQ. [4151-21.#15031) Se DP, . TeSéinorQ. TR smor k. TRES. [425417] 5K smor R. TIRE P.~ (THR smor P). [*151-17] D.(q 7’). T3Rsmor R. TIRE P.~(Rsmor P). [#2541] D. Kless Pi D+. PropSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERLES #25422, +t: PeM.D. Pel >Cls Dem. b.w25411. Db 2. RP igs SPan Qs DR, SeD'Ps. Remor Ss 2:Pe0.>.R=8 a [253-46] F.(1).Comm. >. Prop #264221. +: Pe. 2.0'P,, C2 Dem. b. #25412 . #25313 .2 b:Hp.Qe'Pyy-D.(qR,a).R= Pha. Remor Q. [#250'141.4251-111] >. QeQ:D+.Prop #254222. 1: P,Qe2.2. Pm fDQell Dem. be eQ5411. 36. R (Pam fDQs)S. R(Pamf D'Qs) 8’. 35 S,S’e D*Q;. Ramor S. Rsmor 8’: a) [253-46] 3:QeN.2.8=8" .(1).Comm .3: Hp. 2. P,P D'QeCls—1 (2) F. (2) #25422. Db. Prop #254223, . Cav Pua f D'Qs) = Qual D'Ps Dem. b 425411. 34: R(P,,f DQ) 5.5. ReDPy. Se DQ, Rsmor 8. SeDQ.ReD'P,.Ssmor Rk. [#15114] [#25411] 2.8 (Qf DP) Ri 2+. Prop #254224. b: Qe. Et PyyS. Se D'Qrs Ds S= Qan’ Pan Dem. F.9254223. bt. Hp. 2 SQem(Pam'S) «= +(Pun'S) Pam (1) (1). #8082. #25422, 24. Prop 25423. F: Pe. QeM'Pyy. D+ PetO@t(D'Pra NrQ) [425422111] 425424 bs P, Qe. Re D6Psa A Quy Se RVR a D'P,. 3.8 Qua, Dem. +. #21324. +: Hp.2.SeD‘R,. (#254143. Hp] 2. SeOQq i Dts Prop Raw. mW.50 SERIES [part Vv »Re DQ: #254241. Fs. PeO.Q, Re CPy.D: Re MQa- Dem, F.#254121. 3+: ReDQ,.2.Re1'Qre a) F #254142. 3+: Hp. QeCRs-3. Qua € Bye (2) }.425842. Dh: Re QD. Rve I Rye (3) +. (2).(8). Dk: Hp. QeCR. 2. Re A Quy (4) F.(4). Transp .(3).2 Fz Hp. Re W'Qrus Ds QveO Rr. QeR. [m213:245] D.~(QPR).Q4R. [¥213:153.Hp] D.RP.Q. [#213245] >. ReD'Q (5) F.(1). (6). DF. Prop #254242. F: Qe 0. Te Pamor Q.SeDQ.D. TIS = Pya'S f.425414.3+: Hp. 2.755 ¢ DP, a Nr's. [#25411] 2. (TiS) Pym Ss [m25422.0251111] 9. TiS = P'S: Db. Prop #254243. + : Qe. SeD‘Q,. Te Pamor S.8'Q,5.3. TiS’ = Pya‘S’ Dem. b .#213'245 #25318. 3+: Hp.d.Se0.S' eDsS,. [254-242] 3. TiS’ = P'S’: D+. Prop #954244. FP, QeD. SeDQen U'Prms Te (Pyq'S) SMFS. S'QS.D. TiS = Pyg\S. T38' = Pya'S".(T3S’) P,(T3S) Dem. b.4254248. 3+: Hp. R= P'S. 3. 739! = B18! (i) .925411. Dt:Hp(1).d.ReD'P,. (2) [4254142] D+ Bim © Pam (3) F. (1). (8). 425422. : Hp(1).>. 755’ = P,, 18’ (4) F.a15111. Dr: Hp(1).>.R=758. (5) ((2)] 2. TiS e DP (6) F. (1) «(5). 425411. D+: Hp(1).>. Tis’ eD(Tis) (7) F. (6).(7).#213-244 . DF: Hp(1).D. (7%8") P, (38) (8) F.(5). Dk: Hp.d. 28 = P.nS (9) F.(9).(4). (8). DF. Prop #254245, 1: P,Q, SeD*Qr nm OU Pyns S'QrS+ D+ (Pan'S) Ps (Pam) Dem. F #2542211 «+: Hp. 2. (Pam‘S) smor S () F. (1) #254244. +. PropSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERIES 51 #25425. +2. P,QeO.S,8’eD'Qy em O' Pay D2 S'QeS += +(Pen'S’) Pr (Para'S) Dem. b 9254245. Ds. Hp.3:8'Q,8. 2. (Pra'S’) Ps (Pya'S) () h(a) Paw SPS 8.2 Fs. Hp. 32 (Pyn'S’) Ps (Paen'S) + 2 = (Qu Pam‘S’) Qs (Qumn‘ Prm‘S) [254-224] 2.8'Q,8 (2) F.().(2).2F. Prop #25426, +: P,Qe0.2. Qf (DQ 0 OPmm) = Cami(Psh D'Ps) Dem. F.9254-25.D bi: Hp. Ds. 8" (Qt (D'Qr0 O'Pam)} S 8,8’ eD'Q, A UPya « (Pun!) Ps (Pen) # [925422] = 18,8’ «DQ: (QR, RB’). RPyqS /R’PyqS'. R'P:R + [0254223] = : (QR, RB’). SQultS'Qunk's R, R'e DP, R'PsR: [#15011] =:8’{Q:i(P: D'P,)} Ss: Db. Prop #254261. Fs P, Qe. DQ, COP, >. Ql DQ: = Quail Ps D'Ps) [4254-26] #26427, +: P,QeM.D*P,C OQ + D'Q: COPen D+ Qum f CCP: E DP) € (Qs t D*Q,) soe (P, ft D‘P,) Dem. F4254222. Dt: Hp. >. Qu [O(PsED‘Py)el>1 (1) F.a8741. Db: Hp.d.C¢P,[D‘P,) CO Qe (2) F . (1). (2).m254261 .#15122.2 +. Prop In virtue of the above proposition, we have, when its hypothesis is realized, (Qs [ D*Q,) smor (Ps D‘Ps), whence, by *253°25, Qsmor P. This proposition is the converse of #254141. In the above proposition we take Q,,fC(P:t D‘Ps) as the correlator, rather than Q,., | D€Ps, so as not to have to make an exeeption for the case when Pe2,. For if Pe2,, D&P,e1, but Ps[ D'P;= A. Thus Q,q [ D'Ps is not a correlator in this case. ‘The following propositions, down to the end of the present number, are important, and give the foundations of the theory of inequality between well- ordered series and between ordinals.52 “SERIES (part v 925431. F: P,Qe 0. DPC TQyy- D'QeC UP yy, «2 smor Q Dem, , }.#25627. Db. Hp.3:(P,[ D&P,) smor (Qet.D'Q,): [4253-25] DiG!P.4!Q.D. PsmorQ qa +. #254144.3+:Hp.P=A.>. DQ =A. [#213302] D.Q=A. [#153101] 2. PsmorQ (2) Similarly +: Hp.Q=A.D. PsmorQ (3) F.(1). (2).(3). 94. Prop #254311, bP, Qe 2.2: DPC Qe DQ CUP, [425431141] #25432, bP, Qe 2. DPyC O Quen + SED Qe — CU Pay De D'Pe CO Syn Dem. 425494. Db: Hp. R,S’e D'Q, 8G RR eO'Pyy .D. 8’ OP, (1) F.(1). Transp .3+: Hp. ReD‘Q, 9 UPD. (SER). [213-21] > RS. [254-22'11.#213°245] D.(P,,,‘R)smor #. Re D‘S,. [425412] D« (Pan! BR) € T'S, (2) F. (2). 487-61. 5+: Hp. >. Prat (D'Qe en O'Pyn) C OS [#254164] 2. DP, COSyq2 D+. Prop #264321. +: P,QeD.D‘P, COQ. - S=min (Qs)(D*Q, — O' Py) « 3.SsmorP Dem. =.PsmorQ F. 920514, D4; Hp. 2. G'S COPey « [213-246] >.DS,CaP,, @ b.#25492. 34: Hp. >. D'P,CCS,,, @) F. (1). (2) #25431. F. Prop #25433. 2 P,QeO. DP,COQ,,,..g!D*Q, -A'P,..d. Pe AO,, b #25324. +: Hp. >. Etmin(Q,)(D'Q,—OP,,). [*254321] D.(gS)-S DQ. Ssmor P. [#25411] 2. P eC Qin? DF. Prop #25434. b= P,Q eM. Pre Quy D'Pr C O'Qyq- D- P smor Q Dem. .m25493 . Transp. DF: Hp. D'Qs C U'Pyye D'Ps © OQaan« [25431] >. PemorQ: D+. PropSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELIL-ORDERED SERIES 53 #25435, +: P,QeM.q1DQs—OPyq. 2 PeTQam Dem. F. 0258-24. 2b: Hp. 2. Et min(Q.)'{D'Qr— O*Pa,) [¥205-14] 2. GS). SeDQ— OP yy, . GS CUP yy « [w213-246] D-(GS).SeDQe— OP. DIS; CT Pay « [¥254°34] 2.(qS) Se DQ, . Ssmor P. [x25411] 2. PeA'Q,, 2 Dt. Prop #25436, FP, Qe. qt DQ,—O'Pyy-D- CP; COQ [825435148] #25437, b 2. P,QeM.D: PsmorQ.v. Pe OQ +V¥- Qe O'Pan Dem. be 31. 3+: Hp. DP, COQ, « DQ: € O*Py, » -. Psmor Q (1) 5435. D+: Hp.q! DQ —- OP, . 3D. PeCQan (2) #25435. 3b: Hp. op! DOP, — OQ, D- Qe U'Pan (3) b.(1).(2).(3). DF . Prop This proposition is the most important on the relations of two well- ordered series to each other's segments. It shows that of every two well-ordered series which are not similar, one must be similar to a segment of the other. #254400 Fs. P.Qe M.D: PlessQ.v.PsmorQ.v.Qless P Dem. + .42542. D+: Ap. Pe I Qun. D-P less Q qd) + 42542. D+: Hp. Qed*P,,,. >. QlessP (2) F.#25437. Db: Hp. Pw eOQan »Q~eO'Pyq+ +P smorQ (3) +.(1).(2).@). DF. Prop — > #254401. bs. P,Q e 0.5: less‘ P =less'Q «=~ Psmor Q Dem.. > > b.*2541. Db: Hp. less‘P = less'Q. >. ~(P less Q). ~(Q less P). [254-4] >. PsmorQ qa) > + .#*25413. +: Hp. Psmor Q.2. less‘ P=less‘Q (2) + .(1). (2). DF. Prop #25441. b: Pleas Q.=.P,Qe 0. PeO'Qyy = Qe. P eC Qay Dem, be 92542. DHrQeN. PeA'Quy- D+ P less Q Q) F#254°181. Dt: QeA'Pym+D+~(P less Q) @ F.#258°421 DtrQeN. Re D'Q;. Psmor R.I-~(Psmor Q): [¥27411] DH:QeQ. PeC'Pyy »+~(Psmor Q) 3) F. (2). (8) «#2544.Dt2QeQ. PeM' Py. >. PlessQ (4) F.(1).(4)- Dr: PlessQ.2.Qe2.PeC'Qan [*2541]54 SERIES [rapt v #25442, |. less CJ. leas’ € less Dem, b.w254¢1. Dk: PlessQ.3.~ (PsmorQ). [4151-13] >.P+Q Q) b. #254163 DE: Re O Qe «Se U'Ryy DST Qym t [¥254-41] Dh: Rless Q. SlessR.D.Sless Q (2) F.(1).(2).2 Fs Prop ‘The relation “less” fails to generate a series, because it is not connected, two similar well-ordered series being neither greater nor less than each other. On the other hand, the relation Nriless is serial, since two similar well- ordered series both contribute the same term to the field of Nr#less, and therefore connection does not fail. The relation Nr‘less will be dealt with in the next number. #25443, :QeM—A.D.AleseQ [w2541.w2504 w15211] #254431. |. (less = 0 —1.A.. C*less C2 Dem, 425443. DH:QeN—VA.D. Ales Q qa) b.#2541 42513. DE: Q=A.D.Q~ Ces (2) Fe a2541, Dr. Cless C2 3) F.(3).(2). Transp . >. Clos € 0-1 (4) .(1).(4). Dr. Ces = 9-16 (6) F.(8).(3).34. Prop In order to obtain O*less =, we need, as appears from (1) in the above proof, q!Q—cA. In virtue of #251°7, this requires q!2. By #101-42-43, this holds if “less” has its field defined as belonging to a class-type or a relation-type. If, however, “less” has its field defined as composed of individuals, the primitive propositions assumed in the present work do not enable us to prove q!2, nor therefore to prove q ! less, It should be observed that “less,” like “sm” and “smor,” is significant when it is not homogeneous ; but “ C*less ” is only significant for homogeneous typical determinations of “less,” because only homogeneous relations have fields. #204432. gD. =. qlless Ate at tela. =. gq 1 O-vAntea Dem. b.wQ5L-7.D bs gt Q.=.gqiO-Antea. ay [254-43] =. (9Q)-QeN-tAnte'a-AlessQ. [#5537] >. (GQ). AlesQ. AL QC tat hota. [0553] Du Bless A tata f tesla @)SECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERIES 55 635-103. Dh: Gt less A tafe f teat. D. (GP, Q)- PlessQ. P, Qeta'a. [254431] Digi M-~cAntyfa. (@] D-at2. 8) F.(1).(2).(3). DF. Prop #254433. | . op less A ty‘Cls f fy'Cls. of | less A tog'Rel T tog'Rel [#254432 . #101-49-43] 254434. |: fy! less. =. Cless =.=. Bless = A Dem. F. 4250°4, #3324. DH: Cless= 2,3. q2less ay +. #93°102 433-24. DF : Bless= A.D. q Hess (2) be w254-48. Dr:QeN—KA.D.AlessQ (8) +. (3). DkigqiQ—A.d. Ac Diless. (#254431) 2. A=Brtess (4) F.(4). #254431. DhrqQ!O-UA.D.Cilew=2 (5) . (1). (2). (4). (5). DF. Prop > e #25444 |: Pe Cless. >. Cless = less‘P v Nr‘P v less‘P Dem. F.w25413. 9 Db: Hp. >. NPC Coss qa b.(1).433152. Db: Hp. >. lew'P u NitP vloas'P C C'less @) b.a2541. Sk. Cleas CN. [254-4] Ds. Pe Clos. 3: Qe C*less. 2. Q cleastP v NP lees'P (8) F.(2). (8). F. Prop 425445. +: P,Qe0.q1 RP aNrQ.q! RIQaNrP.>.PemorQ Dem. f .W25442. DF: Pless Q.2.~(Qless P) () b.a2541. Dh: P.QeM.gIRKQa NP. ~(Pamor Q). >. PlessQ. (a) >.~(Qless Py. [*2541. Transp] D. vq! RIP aNrQ (2) + .(2). Transp. F. Prop This proposition is the analogue, for ordinals, of the Schréder-Bernstein theorem.56 ‘SERIES [PART Vv #25446, +: PlessQ.=.P,QeQ. gq! RIQaNP.w gt REP a NrQ Dem. F.e15211 6134.3 FP, QeQ.q I RIQn NeiP. wg! RMP a Nr). >. P,QeQ. gf RIQa NP. ~(Psmor)- 0 [254-1] >. Pless ay F.*254145.. Transp. Fi: PlessQ.3.P,QeQ. qt Ri Qa NrP. wg! RiP aNrQ 2) b.(1).(2). DF. Prop #25447, |: Pe 0.2, Pr=less[ OP; Dem. fb. 4213-245. Dh: Hp.d:RPQ.=.ReD'Q. QeC'Ps. [#254121] D.ReTQuy + [*254-41] 2. RlessQ a) F. #254181, Transp. +: Hp. Q, ReC*Py. RlessQ.2.QreC'Run » [#254121] D.QreDIR, (2) (2). #21325. *25442.D+: Hp.Q, Re C+P,. RlessQ.2.Re DQ, [*213-245] 2-RPQ (3) F.(1).(8).DF. Prop #2545, bi P,QeQ. 2: RUPaANrQ=A.=.q!RiQa Nr'P.~(PsmorQ).=.PlessQ F d5446 Dt: Hp. RPA NrQ=A.3.~(QlesP) (1) F.61°34. #15211. 2+: PsmorQ.2.PeRKPaNrQ (2) F.(2). Transp. DE: RIP a NrQ=A.>.~(Psmor Q) (3) F.(1)+(8). #2544, 24: Hp. REP aNr'QaA.2. Pless@ (4) F25446. Dt: PlessQ.2. RMP aNrQ=A (5) F.(4).(3). Dt: Hp.d:RiMPaNrQ=A.=. Pless Q. [42541] 2.g! RINQa NP .~(PsmorQ):. fF. Prop #25451. +: PlessQ P,QeQ. RUPANrQ= A [¥25451] #95452: Pe. aCO'P.g! OP ap PHa.d. PL aless P Dem. b. 4250141. 2+: Hp.d. Pp aed a) fF, «250653. 2+: Hp.2.~(P Pasmor P) (2) F. (1). (2).#254'101 .34. PropSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG WELL-ORDERED SERIES 57 #25453, +: P,QeN.QEP.qgtOP apPHog.>. Qless P Dem. + .#250652.DF: Hp. .~(Qsmor P) @ +. (1). #254101. 3. Prop #25464. FP, QeM. RemorQ.REP.giC'P ap PHCR. >. Qless P [#25453'13] #25455, | :.Qless P.2:P,Qe0:(qR). RamorQ.RGP .giC'Pap' POOR Dem. b.w25441. 96: Qless P.D: P,QeM :(qR). Remor Q. R eD‘R;+ [#21318] 9+ P,Qe0:(@R). RemorQ.REP.g! CP np PHCR (1) +. (1). #25454. 3b. Prop#255. GREATER AND LESS AMONG ORDINAL NUMBERS. Summary of #255. If P and Q are well-ordered series, we say that Nr‘P is less than Nr‘Q if P,is tess than Q. Thus if y and y are ordinal numbers, we say that p is less than p if there are well-ordered series P, Q, such that «= Nr‘P and y= Nr‘Q and P is less than Q. In order to exclude the case where, in the type concerned, we have NrfP=A or NrQ=A, we assume p=Nor‘P and v=Nyr'Q. Thus we put pv.=.(gP,Q).m=NyatP.v=NetQ. P less Q, ie. we put <=Nyrless Df. In order to be able to speak of Nr‘P (where the type of “Nr” is left ambiguous) as greater or less than Nr‘(), we put BNrQ.=.Q less P P,QeN.QeM' Pras P,QeD. gi DP, a Nr'QSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG ORDINAL NUMBERS 59 so that #255171, ie PeQ.Dipa@NeP os. peNrDP,— UA and mure generally, #255172. :. PeQ.>: B unless o=0, (#255'32,321), but « + v is often equal to ». Ifa, 8, y are ordinals, and a> 8, we shall have bad yt (w255°961), ax ADB if af0,-840, (w255°571), axy>Bxy if y+0, (#25558), yX BDz if y is of the form 544 (#255573), yXa>7XB ify is of the form 8+ i (255582). From the above propositions it follows that if @, 8, 7 are ordinals, ytu=ytf.2.0=f8 (4255;565, where 8 may be substituted for smor'4 whenever significance permits; cf. note to #120°51), which gives the uniqueness of subtraction from the end (subtraction from the beginning is not unique); axy=BXy-2.a=f unless y=0, (#255°59), which gives the uniqueness of division by an end-factor ; yxXa=yXB.d.a=8 if y=541 (#255591), which gives the uniqueness of division by a beginning-factor of the form bhi. We do not have generally a, B,yeN,O.acP.d.aexppy << Bexpry, because wexp,y and exp,y are in general not ordinal numbers, since series having these numbers are in general not well-ordered. Thus the theory of ordinal inequality has only a restricted application to exponentiation. This subject cannot be adequately dealt with until we have considered finite and infinite series. If @ is an ordinal, Ca is the corresponding cardinal, ie. the cardinal number of terms in a series whose ordinal number is @ Thus the cardinal numbers of classes which can be well-ordered are C*NO, ie. #2557. +. No“C“O= 0“NO60 SERIES [PART V It is evident thay #25571, +: PlessQ.2.NeOP ENe("Q whence, by #2544, #25573, +:.P,QeN.3: Net"P< Ne‘C"Q. v. NofC*P = Ne'O'Q.v. NotO*P > No‘C"Q whence also #25574, bia, Be O“NO-VA.D:aB Thus if two classes can both be well-ordered, they either have the same cardinal, or the cardinal of one is less than that of the other. We have #25575. +: P.QeD.NcCO'P =Cnvic Df *25503. NO=NOaN,R Df Thus “N,O” means “homogeneous ordinals.” In virtue of ¥155°3422, this is the same as “ordinals other than A.” It is not, however, strictly correct to put N,Q = NO — ‘A, because if the “NO” on the right is derived from an ascending Nr, it will not contain all the ordinals in the type to which it takes us, but only those which are not too big to be derived from the lower type from which “Nr” starts. Thus in this case N,O will be a larger class than NO-«'A. If, however, the “ Nr” from which the “NO” on the right is derived is homogeneous or descending, we shall have N,O =NO-c'A. #25504. <= NvQ.v.NvQ>NrP [¥255°113'108} #25512. bia dy.sinveNO: Pep. Qev.2p,9- dt RP a NQ. wg REQa NYP #255121. bp v.=taveN Or Pew. 2p. AQ) Qeveg 1RIP a NrQ. vg i RKQa NYP #25513, Nr‘P > NriQ.=.P,QeQ. gt RIltPa NrQ. wg tBIQaNeP #255131. NP > Nr‘Q. =. Nr'PSNivQ. Ne Pt NeQ [#25513 . 4254-45] H2BU4. bp v= (GP, Q)- P, Qe D. p=NaP. v= Nor'Q. NP N“Q e255U4L biped ves sede vee tsmor y [625513114] #25515, biped yes .pve NO. gtsRMpasmory.~ gts!Rl“yasmor’p, #25516. br.u,veNjO.D: p>. mony D p> smor'y. = . sory > smor ty #20517, be Ni PD NetQ. =. Qlews P.=.P, Qe. Qe" Pa. P.QeQ.gt DP, a Nr“ Hens os ue b #255713 . #25446. 5+: NréP > Nr“ Qless P. ql) [425441] P,Qe2.QeU' Pry @) [#25412] P.QeQ.G!DPraNrQ (3) F.(1).(2).(8). DF. Prop #205171. bs. Pe MQ. Dip NYP. =. pe Nr )!Py— UA Dem. Fes25514. 2b: Hp. Dim Nr Ps =. (GQ). ma No'Q. NrQaNrP. [525517] (HQ) m= Nor'Q.QeO.g DP, aNrQ. [#1521] (GQ, Ry w= Nat. Qe. Qsinor R. Re DP, . (QR) w= NVR. REO RED Pagtp. [#25318.4376] Soe Ni“ DU, —eA 2. DE. PropSECTION D] GREATER AND LESS AMONG ORDINAL NUMBERS 63 #255172, bi PeM.t w@NeP.=.(qa).aCCP qi OP ny P apa Nr Plage " F .#211-703. #213141. $2 QeD'Py.d.(qa)-aCOP. gt Pap Pta.Q=Pta (1) b.(1) #255171. Dh Hp .w @NXP.2. (q2).aCOP.qiOPapPa.p=NrPlagty @) b.w250:653 #25447. beHp.aCO'P.g!OPn piPa.>.Phaless P. [25517] D.NePpacNrP (8) F. (2). @).DF- Prop ¥255173. t Pe Q.: NvQ. Fi NrQ< NP. a: PeD .Na‘QeNr“D'P, — UA? (87-6.0155°22] PeQ:(qR). ReD'P;. Nex Q=NrR: (w155°16] PeQ:(qR). ReD'Ps. Ne Q=NeR; [«37°6] =: PeQ.NefQeNr“D'P; :. DF. Prop #255175. tN Q 0 and <1, and this latter series is part of the series of rationals, but is not similar to the series of rationals, since it has a last term, which the series of rationals has not, #25522. +: P,QeO.q! RMP oNr'Q.=.NrP > NriQ 255221. bs. NrP Be NvQ. =: P,QeM: (GR). REP. RsmorQ #255222. +:QEP.P,Qe2.3.Nr’PSNrQ #25523, +: NriP > Nr‘Q. Nr‘Q > Nr‘P P,QeQ.Nr‘P =Nr'Q #25524. bs piv. =.(qP,Q).p=NeP.v=Nyr'Q. NPS NrQ #255241, tip dv.=.(G P,Q). w= NotP v= Ner'Q.P,QeX .q! RifPa NrQ #255242. b:.p,veNO.D:pdev.=.(qP,Q). Pew. Qev. gq! RIP a NrQ #255243. b:.iey.s: (aP,Q): P,QeO.p=Nur'P.v=Nyr'Q: (qk). REP. RsmorQ 255244, ts. pve NO-2: weve =.smor“p Sy. s. pS smory. =. smor“p > smory #25525. bi piev.v > p.=.u,ve NO. smorp = smor''y #25527, bo Nr'P << NrQ es. NrfP S Nr‘Q. Nr*P + Nr“Q #25528. | : Nr'P > NriQ. =. NrfP > Nr'Q.. ~ (Nr‘Q > Nr‘P). =. P,QeQ.~(NrQSNr'P) [#255°13-22-21] #20281 bp > v= pv. ~ (ve yw)=mveNO.r (vy) [255114] #25529. Fs Nr? Nr‘Q.2:P,Qe 2:(qa).ceNO vei. Nr'P=NrQio Dem. .#255°175 . #253471 .D bi. Ne'PS>Nr'Q.=: Pe: (qo). Nr'Qio=Nr'P.v.NrQ+i=NrP: [#251'132:26] =: Pe :(qw).NrQ, ae NO. Nr'Q+a=Nr'P.v. NrQeNO.Nr'Q+i= NriP: P, Qe: (qu). ceNO.Nr'Q+a=Nr'P.v. NreQ+i=NrP: [(#255-298)] =: P,QeM:(qu).eeNO vell .Nr‘P=Nr'Qta 1.5. Prop [4251-1111] #25631. bw dv.styveN,O:(qu)-weNOuri.pavte [4255°3:14] #25532, bi.n0eNO.divtedv.=.040, Bad. Dt:Hp.w$0,.2.vdi¢v (1) 55°31. Dt: Hp.d.vt+ady (2) F.(1). (2). 141. D+: Hp.o$0,.2.viodv (3) be e255141. DhiHp.viw>v.d.vta+4smory. [+1806] >.740, (4) + .(3). (4). DF. Prop #255321. bi. ve NO. D:y40,.5-v+i Dv Dem. be 4253-45. Dr: Hp.v$0,.d.v+itv qq) b. «25531. Dr: Hp.d.vdidy 2) +. (1).(2).#255°141.2+:Hp.v+0,.2.vti dy (3) b. #255741. Dh: Hp.v4idv.d.v4i+emory. [«1612] Dd.» £0, @) + .(3). (4). DF. Prop 420533, bi. Dy. wve NO: (qa). weNO-10,.pevtwevevt0,porti Dem. b . #25531. bape. [425532321] =Sip,veN,O: (qa). ee NO-10,.p=vda.v.vt0,.p=vti:.D+. Prop RaW. TI, veNOrlge).c NOpevdopdvivipavtlpr:66 ‘SERIES [Part Vv e554 bipbyv>o..poo #25541, bipSv.vgo.d.p~So #25542. bom (u >). (uu) #25543. bipdy.n(udo). I. bo) #255431. bi pi>v.aeNO.n(udo).d.c Dv [25543114] ¥25544. bi vipa .n (uo). d.~(u dr) #QBS44L. tivo. peNV.n (ua). Dvd p [4255-44114] #25545. bipiev.vd>o.d.p>o #25546. bip>v.vd>o.d.po>o 425547. bipbvvdo.d.pooe #255471. tipi Sw.d.pao #255482. kip dev.s.p,veNO.0(>yp) #255483. tip v.=.pveNO-n(v . (ay). (BP) Py. BP +y. [#56°11.4553] >. (ay). (BP) | ye2,0 RIP. [#13:195] D.q!2, oP. [4255-22] D.NeeP > 2, a F 4255-92. Db: NP 2,.3.PeO.g12,n RIP, [=61:361] >.PeM-UA @) Fe (1). (2). DF. Prop #25503, b:eNO—v0,.=.n 2, [*25552] 425554. F.2D. st y=0,.v.n=2, Dem. F .255°53.. Transp . #255281 .D':2,>p.=-e=0 (ay F.(1).#255°105 . DF. Prop