Math118 (M.

Kohandel)
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Outline (week 2)

2.1 Trigonometric integrals

Integrals involving sine and cosine (8.3)

Integral involving tangent and secant (8.3)

2.2 Trigonometric substitution (8.4)

2.3 Completing the square (8.5)

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 Math118 (M. Kohandel)
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2.1 Trigonometric integrals

Integrals involving sine and cosine: We already know how to evaluate integrals  sin nxdx ,
 cos nxdx ,  sin x cos xdx (change of variable u  sin x ) and  cos
n n
x sin xdx (change of variable
u  cos x ). Here, we evaluate integrals of the more general form  sin m x cos n xdx .

Case 1: If m or n is odd: (a) split off the factor with the odd power, (b) use the identity
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 , and (c) integrate using the change of variable; see the examples below. For example
if m  2k  1 (odd) , then

I   sin 2 k 1 x cos n xdx   (sin 2 x) k cos n x sin xdx   (1  cos 2 x) k cos n x sin xdx

u  cos x  I    (1  u 2 ) k u n du

Example 2.1: Evaluate  sin 5 x cos 2 xdx

I   sin 5 x cos 2 xdx   sin x sin 4 x cos 2 xdx   sin x(1  cos 2 x) 2 cos 2 xdx
u  cos x  du   sin xdx  I    (1  u 2 ) 2 u 2 du    (u 2  2u 4  u 6 )du
u3 u5 u7 cos3 x cos5 x cos 7 x
 2  C   2  C
3 5 7 3 5 7

Example 2.2: Evaluate  cos 3 xdx

u3
 cos xdx   cos x cos xdx   cos x(1  sin x)dx   (1  u )du  u  C
3 2 2 2

3
sin 3 x
 sin x  C (u  sin x  du  cos xdx)
3

Case 2: If m and n are both even, we use the double angle identities

1 1 1
sin x cos x  sin 2 x , sin 2 x  (1  cos 2 x) , cos 2 x  (1  cos 2 x)
2 2 2

Example 2.3: Evaluate (a)  sin 2 xdx and (b)  sin 2 x cos 2 xdx

1 x 1
 sin xdx   (1  cos 2 x)dx   cos 2 x  C
2

2 2 2

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1 1 1
 sinx cos 2 xdx   (1  cos 2 x). (1  cos 2 x)dx   (1  cos 2 2 x)dx
2

2 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 x 1
  [1  (1  cos 4 x)]dx   (  cos 4 x)dx   sin 4 x  C
4 2 4 2 2 8 32

For the second integral, we could also use the first identity, i.e.

1 1 1 1 1
(sin x cos x) 2  ( sin 2 x) 2  (sin 2 2 x)  (  cos 4 x) .
2 4 4 2 2

Note: If the arguments in sine and cosine are not the same, we use the product identities, for example

1 1 cos 5 x
 sin 2 x cos 3xdx  2  (sin 5x  sin x)dx  2 ( 5
 cos x)  C

1
sin A cos B  [sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)]
2

 sec xdx  tan x  C

2
Integrals involving tangent and secant: We note that and

 tan x sec xdx  sec x  C .  tan  sec

n
Integrals x sec 2 xdx and n
x tan xdx can be also evaluated by
change of variables ( u  tan x and u  sec x , respectively). Here we evaluate integrals of the more
general form  tan m x sec n xdx (a useful identity is sec 2 x  1  tan 2 x ). A similar method can be used
for integrals involving cotangent and cosecant.

 tan 
3
Example 2.4: Evaluate (a) x sec7 xdx ( m is odd), (b) tan x sec 4 xdx ( n is even), and (c)

 tan
2
x sec xdx ( m is even and n is odd).

 tan x sec7 xdx   tan 2 x sec6 x sec x tan xdx   (sec 2 x  1) sec6 x sec x tan xdx
3
(a)
1 1 1 1
  (u 2  1)u 6 du  u 9  u 7  C  sec9 x  sec7 x  C
9 7 9 7
(b)  tan x sec 4 xdx   (tan x)1/ 2 sec 2 x sec 2 xdx   (tan x)1/ 2 (1  tan 2 x) sec 2 xdx
2 2 2 2
  u1/ 2 (1  u 2 )du  u 3 / 2  u 7 / 2  C  (tan x) 3 / 2  (tan x) 7 / 2  C
3 7 3 7
(c)  tan x sec xdx   (sec x  1) sec xdx   sec xdx   sec xdx
2 2 3

We need to evaluate  sec3 xdx (integration by part) and  sec xdx (tricky).

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 sec xdx  sec x tan x   sec x tan 2 xdx  sec x tan x   sec x(sec2 x  1)dx
3

(u  sec x , dv  sec 2 xdx  du  sec x tan xdx , v  tan x)

  sec3 xdx  sec x tan x   sec3 xdx   sec xdx  2 sec3 xdx  sec x tan x   sec xdx

This also require the evaluation of

sec x  tan x sec 2 x  sec x tan x

 sec xdx   sec x( sec x  tan x
)dx  
sec x  tan x
dx  ln | sec x  tan x | C

Finally, we obtain

1 1
 tan x sec xdx  sec x tan x  ln | sec x  tan x | C
2

2 2

2.2 Trigonometric substitution

When an integrand contains integer powers of x and integer powers of x2  a2 , a 2  x 2 , and

a 2  x 2 , we may be able to evaluate the integral by means of a trigonometric substitution (change of
variable). The important formulas are sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 and 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x .

Two simple cases:

dx cos d cos d

I   I  
x sin 
     C  sin 1 x  C ( / 2     / 2)
1 x 2
1  sin  2 | cos  |
dx sec 2 d
I  x  tan 
  I      C  tan 1 x  C ( / 2     / 2)
1 x 2
1  tan 
2

In generals, we can use the following strategies. For integrand containing

(1) a2  x2  x  a sin  , where   / 2     / 2

( 2) a2  x2  x  a tan  , where   / 2     / 2
(3) x2  a2  x  a sec , where 0     / 2, -   x   / 2

Note 1: If the expressions one and three appear in the denominator of an integrand, the equalities don't
stand anymore.

Note 2: After carrying out the integration in  it is necessary to return to the original variable; It is
easier to use a reference right triangle to express trigonometric functions in terms of x .

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9  x2
Example 2.5: Evaluate  x2
dx

Let x  3 sin  , where   / 2     / 2 , then dx  3 cosd

9  x 2  9  9 sin 2   3 | cos  | 3 cos  (cos   0 for   / 2     / 2)

Thus, we obtain

9  x2 3 cos  cos 2 
 x 2
dx   9 sin 
2
3 cos d    sin 
2
d   cot 2 d   (csc 2   1)d   cot     C

Use a reference right triangle,

9  x2 9  x2 x
 2
dx    sin 1  C
x x 3

dx
Example 2.6: Evaluate x 2
x2  4

Let x  2 tan  , where   / 2     / 2 , then dx  2 sec 2 d

x 2  4  4(tan 2   1)  2 sec 2   2 | sec | 2 sec

Thus, we obtain

1 2 sec 2 d 1 sec

x 2
x2  4
dx    
(4 tan  )(2 sec ) 4 tan 2 
2
d

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To evaluate this integral, we write it in terms of sine and cosine functions,

1 1 (1 / cos ) 1 cos 1 du
x 2
x2  4
dx  
4 (sin  / cos  )
2 2
d   2 d   2
4 sin  4 u
(u  sin  )

1 1 1 x2  4
 ( )C   C   C
4 u 4 sin  4x

dx
Example 2.6: Evaluate  x2  4
(a > 0)

Let x  a sec  , where -   x   / 2 or 0     / 2 , then dx  a sec tan d

x 2  a 2  a 2 (sec 2   1)  a tan 2   a | tan  | a tan 

Thus, we obtain
dx a sec  tan d
 x a
2 2

a tan 
  sec d  ln | sec   tan  | C

x x2  a2
 ln |  | C  ln | x  x 2  a 2 |  (C  ln a)
a a  
C 1

2.3 Completing the square: Integrands containing square roots ax 2  bx  c can be transformed into
a function for which trigonometric substitution is appropriate by first completing the square.

xdx
Example 2.7: Evaluate  3  2x  x2

First we note that 3  2 x  x 2  ( x 2  2 x  3)  [( x  1) 2  4]  4  ( x  1) 2 . We use the substitution

x  1  2 sin  , then dx  2 cos d . Thus, we obtain

xdx xdx 2 sin   1

 3  2x  x2

4  ( x  1) 2

4  4 sin 2 
(2 cos  )d   (2 sin   1)d

x 1 2 x 1
 2 cos     C  2 1  sin 2     C  2 1  ( )  sin 1 ( )C
2 2