The 14th IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Persona1,lndoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings

Performance Analysis of PAPR in MC-CDMA

Using Golay Code

Luan Yingzi Li Jiandoiig

Information Science Institute Information Science Institute
Xidian University Xidian University
Xi'an.China Xi'an,China
luanyz@pub.xaon line.Com j d l i@pcn.xidian,edu.cn

.4h,~rwcl-A main disadvantage of multicarrier modulatioii is
that it erhihits a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This
paper analyzes the PAPR complementary cumulative
disrributiun function of MC-CDMA signal by using Golay code
BS spreading code. which is compared with that of Walsh-
Hadmard code, and the performances of two systems in
niultipath channel are analyzed. Simulation results show that the
uplink PAPR of MC-CDMA system using Golay code a s
spreading code is reduced 3dB and there is no performance
lost compared with that using WH code.
K ~ v , , ~ o n l . ~ -IWC-CDMA; peuk-tu-overage mtiu(PAPR);
co,,tple,rrwrrrirl.v ciiiiiululive distribiirioii fiirrctio~~(CCDF ): Coluy
code: IVtI codc; r n u l l i ~ d clro,znc/
t
1. IN'IIIOVIJCTION
The iiiore and inore important role that the multimedia
arid computet- cominunication acts as iii today's world inakes
tlie wireless mobile recearch face i i e w challenges. The great
iiced for liigh speed transportation pi-omotes the exploration o f
iiiulticari-icr inodularion.
MC-CDMA is tit-st proposed in the PIMRC'93 held in
JAPAN. It combines OFDM and C D M A . M C - C D M A signal
can be conveniently transceived with IFFT(FFT). without
increasing tlie complexity o f transceiver. It achieves high
sprctriiiii efficiency due to overlapping. I t s coding scheme.
PAI'K. synchronization and the receiver design have gained a
Ibt o f research. This paper focuses on the PAPR problem of
MC-CDMA..
There is a broad research on how to decrease the PAPR
of iiiulticarrier signal. It includes the following methods:
coding""]. phasing offset'", clipping"], partial transmit
ssquence'" and selected 'napping, pre-distortion etc. Past
researcli iiiostly considers OFDM scheme. Here we focus on
MC-CDMA system.
MC-CDMA lias high bandwidth efficiency, but at the
same riiiie the uplink PAPR o f WH inulticarrier signal is very
high. thus inakes WH code M C - C D M A difficult to be
eliiployed in practical application. While the good
performance o f Golay code used in O F D M attracts our
iiotilication. This promotes us consider to use it as the
spi-eading code o f MC-CDMA. This paper analyzes the PAPR
of Gola! code MC-CDMA and WH code MC-CDMA, and
compare the BER(bit error rate) performance of these two
schemes.
The content i s as following: the second section is the
detail complementation o f the M C - C D M A transceiver and the
definition of the peak-to-average complementary cumulative
function. The third section i s the general introduction o f Golay
code. The fourth section is the simulation results. And the fifth
i s the conclusion.
11. MODELOF MULTIUSER MC-CDMA
A. MC-CDMA Irnnsceiver
First the data stream o f BPSK signal is serialiparallel to
M groups. then performing the frequency spreading o f gain N:
Through the NM length IFFT; (see Fig.1). then forming tlie
following symbol:
k=O
.
where C ,,,,k , , = b,,,,ko,ahl,ia
,,. i i s the index o f the IFFT
block,; = 0, ..., m,w i s the user number, n is the time domain
discrete sample, k i s the subcarrier number, k=I ....,NM. NM
i s the length of IFFT, b,,,,ko6M,j
i s the transmitted data bit o f
the ill' IFFT block of the w"'user. k%M is the residue of k
that i s divided by M, representing the group number o f the
transmitted data,a,b,,k i s the spread chip o f the w"' user in the
k'" subcarrier. It is Golay code, the length o f which is NM, A,
is the transmit amplitude of the w'" user. When the PAPR
problem is in research, we must consider oversampling-factor.
paper[h]indicates that oversampling factor equals 4(p=4) is
enough.
Hence the I D F T o f length pNM is:
/;=0
n=O,l,pNM-l (2)
In wireless channel model. there are lnore than one path
from the transmitter to the receiver. The time delay and
propagation factor of different paths are generally time-

0-7803-7822-9/03/$17.0002003 IEEE.
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 The 14mIEEE 2003 lntemational Symposiumon Persona1,lndoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings
varying in inobile environment. If we suppose that the channel
is detei-mined by its delay power profile. in the band-limited
case. time-varying multipath channel can be expressed by
lime-varying parameter and fixed finger delay line. Here we
suppose that the RMS(Root Mean Square) delay spread T, is
smaller than or equal to guard interval.
Because in MC-CDMA system the broadband i s divided
iiiin imany narrow subcarriers. the frequency selective channel
is converted into flat channel o f subcarrier. In addition the
coliei-ence time i s inucli larger than IFFT block interval, the
channel propagation i s also slow. The path gain and phase of
each subcarrier in a IFFT block interval[O, NMTy](T, is the
sampling interval) is constant(This i s the key hypothesis),
which is written as cc ,,., and 8,r,,, a ,,,, is the Rayleigh
distributed random variable. is uniformly distributed in
[0.2n]. tlieii- change speed is detei-mined by the maximum
Doppler frequency.
T h e channel impulse response is:
where c = I/ i e - ' ' '
i d
' . r, is the delay o f the /'I' path. it can be
supposed as integer times of the discrete samples. L+I is the
wliole number o f delay paths, r is the exponential decay factor.
For uplink channel. the initial delays o f different user
rI are dil'ferent. For downlink channel, h,,,.i(n)is independent
on 11'. The detector diagram i s as F i g 2 For downlink and
uplink channel. we employ different detection scheme. Two-
stage DEC-PIC (Decorrelaling-Parallel Interference
cancellation) multiuser detection is used in the uplink
cIianiieI"'I. (see Fig.3), one-stage MMSEC detection is used in
d~iwnlink.
N cunnr/otive distrihuiion funcfion of
The c~~mp1e~7ienrurj~
P.4PR
1-lie definition of Peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of
multicarrier signal s%\.;(n)is:
llie above equation is inore suitable to the uplink. but for
downlink. due to the superposition of inany users, so PAPR i s
written as:
The complementary cumulative distribution function
(CCDF 1 ot'l'APR is:
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Fc (x) = 1- Pr( PAPR < x) (6)
111. GENERATING GOI.AY COMPLEMENTARY CODE
A pair of sequences({A},{B)), {A}={a, ,n=I,...N}.
B={b,,,n=I, ...N } .ifthey satisfy the following condition:
({a,,],{bi,}) are called Golay complementary sequences pair.
one of them is called Golay complementary sequence.
The basic property of complementary sequences can be
expressed with the aid of the aperiodic autocorrelation
functions o f the code pair members. The code pair members
{ A } and {B} of length N have auto-correlation function
sidelobes with opposite polarity so that they cancel out when
they are summed. This is expressed by the relation
where S(k) i s the unit-impulse function at the origin
and k{lkl 5 N - 1) is the discrete delay variable. The length
o f a complementary sequence inust be expressible as a sum of,
at most, twosquares, i.e.2,4,8,I0,16,18,20,26,32,34,36,40.50
etc. A n exhaustive computer search was performed in order to
find all the basic complementary code pairs up to the length o f
26.These basic code pairs are usually called Kerne1s"l. Only
four kernels that satisfy the complementary propeny were
found are listed below (there existed two kernels for the code
length o f IO):
{ K h } = I I,{ K2b)=IO,
{ K l n a ) I = ~ n n ~ n , ~ n oOb]
o ~,=~nnoo,on~
.{~~ in
{Kina}z=ninin,nnoi IJKI ob}2=nnooi.ooi O I
{K26a}=n1nn1,l0lll,101n1,11lnn,ll ini,o,
~~~~~~=~n~in,ninon,n~~ii.~iion.i~~~
Starting from the basic kernel it is also possible to
synthesize longer sequences than these basic ones which were
found. I n the concatenation method, the elements a and b of
the code pair (A,B) members are appended as follows to create
a new pair (C,D) of sequences o f length 2N:
where * denotes the complementation o f a bit. In the
interleaving method, the elements of the code pair(A.B)
members are interleaved instead o f appended:
* *
{F}=ulbl u2h2 ... u N b N *
The methods described can be applied repeatedly as
Imany times as necessary to increase the sequence length. It i s
 The 14IhIEEE 2003 International Symposium on Persona1,lndoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings
also possible to perform code inodification for synthesized
i c e The complementary propeity is preserved
s c c ~ ~ ~ e ~pairs.
dui-ing code modification as well as during code synthesis.
'llie allowed modification are: time reversal of code{A} ,time
i-evei-sal of code{B).time reversal o f both codes,
conipleineiiration of.even bils of both codes. complementation
o f odd bits of both codes. complementation of code(A),
c~iiiplemeiitation of code {E}. complementation of both
codes. atid exchange ofcode(A} with code{B}.
Shapiro and Rudin construct a kind o f sequence,
bclon$ing to the subset of Colay complementary sequence,
h i - sliort. is called S-R sequence, this sequence has all the
properties as Golay code. and it is easy to coristruct181.in the
simulation. we used this kind ofcode.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
We assume the transmission rate is 3Mb/s, M=8, N=32,
o\wsampling factor p=4. the total number of active user i s 32,
the IFFT block rate i s (3/8)Mblocksls, It is assumed
/;,2 1 O M . then ,f,T = 0.000027 , the IFFT interval
T=780 /I.Y . multipath channel model is two-ray uniform
disiributed. suppose the delayed path o f the channel is 2011s. it
corresponds to equation (3) r=O, L = 1 . Users are
disritigiiislied by diffei-ent Golay code, it i s being compared
with that of using W H code.
Fig. 4 is the comparisoii of PAPR complementary
c i ~ ~ i i i ~ l a t distribution
ive fiinction o f two systems using Golay
code and WH code. By computing we obtained that the
avcrage PAPR o f uplink M C - C D M A transmitted signal using
Colay code is 9.27dB. but the average PAPR of W H code
MC-CDMA signal i s 12.637dB. So PAPR of Golay code
reduces about 3dB.but in the downlink the average PAPR
using Golay is close to that o f using WH code, equaling to
7.66dB.
Then we analyze the performance characteristic of two
systems. respectively corresponding t o uplink and downlink
cliatitiel. In the uplink channel (DEC-PIC) multiuser detection
is iised. in the downlink MMSEC single user single stage
detection is used. Fig. 5 is the simulation results. From Fig. 5,
can see that the MC-CDMA system using Golay code is
better than or almost the same as that of using W H code.
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V. CONCLUSION
I t is a good method to use Colay code as spreading code
in M C - C D M A system, it can reduce the high PAPR o f W H
code MC-CDMA uplink signal from 12dB to 9dB. and having
no BER performance degradation.
ACtiN0WLI:DCiMtN.r
This work was supported by the China 863
program(2001AA12303 I) and TRAPOYT(the Teaching and
Research Award Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in
Higher Education Institutions of MOE. People's Republic o f
China).
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w with crest fiictor"[.l]. IEEE trans on ~ i r u i t and
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 The 14" IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Persona1,lndoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings

.......
Data from
111
user to I Spreadi
lnte cycl
basestation ing in
rlea O/A
*-b;T- vin

j
CY
domain
I
i
ix.
PIS
l
.......
-. I
NM-
r-k - ~

Fig. I MC-CDMA symbol of the w'l' user transmitter diagram

i r

NM-I I
1
:j --t
the
desired
user
bit

.......
L
Fig.2 MC-CDMA receiver diagram

4 ,
Gain conesponding to the iO+ml~l,
subcarrirroftheOib user

Go.,,,.,

timi corresponding to the

((N-i iMtm)ili
data o i spreading subcairicr of!he Oil, user
the inlh subblocks of I
subblock other users
nfcach
i ofthem16
I v
subblock o i
Ihc Oil2 user

Fig. 2 The inth subblock multiuser DEC-PIC detection diagram

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The 14IhIEEE 2003 InternationalSymposium on Persona1,lndoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings

.Ay. ........&...............
30 20 30 40 50

xidB1 WB)

(a)Uplink (b) Downlink

Fig. 4 Comparison of PAPR CCDF o f t w o systems using Golay code and WH code in the uplink and downlink.

w
E Bm
m

(a)Uplink (b) Downlink

Fig. 5 BER performance comparison of two systems in the uplink and downlink

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