Fluorosilisic Acid

The following information was generated from the
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system
(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on September 8, 2010.
Query: Records containing the term 16961 83 4
1
NAME: FLUOSILICIC ACID
HSN: 2018
RN: 16961-83-4
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:
HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The substance is corrosive to the eyes, the skin
and the respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the vapor
of this substance may cause lung edema. ...The symptoms of lung edema
often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are
aggravated by physical effort. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety
Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of November
5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER
REVIEWED**
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ On the morning of September 6, 1994, a tanker

truck spilling 4500 gallons of fluorosilicic acid on Interstate 4 near
Deltona, Florida, covering an area 600 feet long and 60 feet wide,
resulted in the evacuation of approximately 2300 people form their homes
into shelters. Later in the day, fumes were detected in the Deltona Woods
neighborhood; because the acid could by carried by the wind, everyone
within a mile radius was evacuated. ...More than 50 people went to
hospitals, complaining of skin and respiratory irritation, including
burning in the throat, and headaches. An individual riding in a truck with
his arm out the window experienced burning on his forearm. [Lancaster C;
The Orlando Sentinel September 7 : A.1 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED**
/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Can cause severe irritation to the lungs, nose and
throat if swallowed, can cause severe damage to throat and stomach.
...Prolonged exposure could result in bone changes, corrosive effect on
mucous membranes including ulceration of nose, throat and bronchial tubes,
cough, shock, pulmonary edema, Fluorosis, coma and death. [LCI
Ltd.Material Safety Data Sheet for Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4).
Available from, as of November 10, 2003:
http://www.lciltd.com/msds%5Cmsdshfs.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED**
/CASE REPORTS/ Risk of fluorosis was studied in 50 workers engaged for

approx 30 yr in production of phosphate fertilizers. Concentrations of
gaseous fluoride (HF, SiF4, and H2SrF6) ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 mg/cu m.
Increased bone density was found in 9 workers, but no signs of disability
were detected. [Fabbri L et al; Fluorosis hazard in the production of
phosphate fertilizers; Med Lav 69 (5): 594-604 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED**
HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

4-5(?). 4= Very toxic: Probable oral lethal dose (human) 50-5000 mg/kg,
between 1 tsp and 1 oz for 70 kg person (150 lb). 5= Extremely toxic:
Probable oral lethal dose (human) 5-50 mg/kg, between 7 drops and 1
teaspoon for 70 kg person (150 lb). [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C.
Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore:
Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. II-101] **PEER REVIEWED**
SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

...Extremely corrosive by skin contact and inhalation. [Lewis, R.J., Sr
(Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED**
EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:
EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER:

Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided here
for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R)
DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF
SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your
sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and
"as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or
implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy,
reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information
contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY
EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of
the POISINDEX(R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2010 Thomson
MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading,"
sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of
Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview, ***
FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.
LIFE SUPPORT:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
CLINICAL EFFECTS:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
A) In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms
predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness,
carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hyperkalemia. In severe poisonings, hypotension and
dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually results from
cardiac failure or respiratory muscle paralysis.
B) Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop
after inhalation.
C) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts
with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which
may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported
following massive overdoses.
0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
A) Cardiac dysrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may
be noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several
patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during
hemodialysis. QT prolongation secondary to hypocalcemia
can occur following fluoride toxicity.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
A) Respirations are first stimulated then depressed. Death
is usually from respiratory muscle paralysis. Following
inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
A) Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness
and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride
induced hypocalcemia.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
A) Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation,
hematemesis, and diarrhea can occur. These effects may
be delayed for several hours following oral exposure.
GI symptoms can develop following fluoride ingestions
of 3 mg/kg or more.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
A) An increase of hepatic enzymes have been reported
following sodium fluoride toxicity.
0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
A) Hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia may occur following
fluoride toxicity. Hypocalcemia is likely to develop
with acute exposure.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
A) Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following
dermal exposure to fluoride.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A) Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg
fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of
pregnancy has been reported to be safe.
0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY
0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY
A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS16984-48-8 (IARC,
2004):
1) IARC Classification
a) Listed as: Fluorides (inorganic, used in
drinking-water)
b) Carcinogen Rating: 3
1) The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not
classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.
This category is used most commonly for agents,
mixtures and exposure circumstances for which the
evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
and inadequate or limited in experimental animals.
Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the
evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans
but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed
in this category when there is strong evidence that
the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental
animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures
and exposure circumstances that do not fall into any
other group are also placed in this category.
0.2.23 OTHER
A) CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated
water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of
fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments,
and other crippling changes.
LABORATORY:
A) Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels
closely in symptomatic patients or those with significant
ingestions.
B) No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis)
is needed unless otherwise indicated.
C) Monitor ECG in significant intoxications. Electrolyte
abnormalities (e.g., hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia)
secondary to fluoride toxicity can result in cardiac
dysrhythmias.
TREATMENT OVERVIEW:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) ADMINISTER milk (1 to 2 glassfuls), calcium gluconate,
or calcium lactate to bind fluoride ion in the
gastrointestinal tract.
B) ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be
administered. BAD IDEA TO MIX Al with FLUORIDES(mf)
C) IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be
necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent
metals in serious overdosage.
D) Monitor ECG and vital signs closely.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist
ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled
beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A) OVERVIEW
1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
RANGE OF TOXICITY:
A) The average daily dietary fluoride intake for an adult
ranges from 0.5 to 5 milligrams as the anion.
B) The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of elemental
fluoride (not sodium fluoride).
C) Gastrointestinal symptoms have occurred following
ingestions of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Death has been
reported following ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride.
D) Accidental ingestion of sodium fluoride by children
usually does not present a serious risk if the amount of
fluoride ingested is less than 5 mg/kg. Fluoride
toothpaste typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of
fluoride per gram of toothpaste.
EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER:

Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided here
for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R)
DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF
SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your
sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and
"as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or
implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy,
reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information
contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY
EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of
the POISINDEX(R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2010 Thomson
MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading,"
sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of
Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview, ***
ACIDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.
LIFE SUPPORT:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
CLINICAL EFFECTS:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
A) USES: Household uses include toilet, metal and drain
cleaners, rust remover, in batteries, and as a primer
for artificial nails. Used in clandestine
methamphetamine labs (ie, hydrochloric and sulfuric
acid). Industrial uses include: metal refining,
plumbing, bleaching, engraving, plating, photography,
disinfection, munitions, fertilizer manufacture, metal
cleaning, and rust removal.
B) TOXICOLOGY: Acids cause coagulation necrosis. Hydrogen
ions desiccate epithelial cells, causing edema,
erythema, tissue sloughing and necrosis, with formation
of ulcers and eschars.
C) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Inadvertent ingestions occur with
moderate frequency in children, and are less common
than alkaline exposures. Serious exposures are rare in
the developed world (generally only seen with
deliberate ingestions), largely because only low
concentration acids are available in the home. Serious
effects are more common in developing countries.
D) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY: Patients with mild
ingestions may only develop irritation or Grade I
(superficial hyperemia and edema) burns of the
oropharynx, esophagus or stomach; acute or chronic
complications are unlikely. Patients with moderate
toxicity may develop Grade II burns (superficial
blisters, erosions and ulcerations) are at risk for
subsequent stricture formation, particularly gastric
outlet and esophageal. Some patients (particularly
young children) may develop upper airway edema.
2) SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY: May develop deep burns and
necrosis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Complications
often include perforation (esophageal, gastric, rarely
duodenal), fistula formation (tracheoesophageal,
aortoesophageal), and gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper
airway edema is common and often life threatening.
Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea and, rarely, fever
may develop. Other rare complications include
metabolic acidosis, hemolysis, renal failure,
disseminated intravascular coagulation, elevated liver
enzymes, and cardiovascular collapse. Stricture
formation (primarily gastric outlet and esophageal,
less often oral) is likely to develop long term.
Esophageal carcinoma is another long term
complication. Severe toxicity is generally limited to
deliberate ingestions in adults in the US, because
acidic products available in the home are generally of
low concentration.
a) PREDICTIVE: The grade of mucosal injury at endoscopy
is the strongest predictive factor for the occurrence
of systemic and GI complications and mortality.
Initial signs and symptoms may not reliably predict
the extent of GI burns.
3) INHALATION EXPOSURE: Mild exposure may cause dyspnea,
pleuritic chest pain, cough and bronchospasm. Severe
inhalation may cause upper airway edema and burns,
hypoxia, stridor, pneumonitis, tracheobronchitis, and
rarely acute lung injury or persistent pulmonary
function abnormalities. Pulmonary dysfunction similar
to asthma has been reported.
4) OCULAR EXPOSURE: Ocular exposure can produce severe
conjunctival irritation and chemosis, corneal
epithelial defects, limbal ischemia, permanent vision
loss and in severe cases perforation.
5) DERMAL EXPOSURE: A minor exposure can cause irritation
and partial thickness burns. More prolonged or a high
concentration exposure can cause full thickness burns.
Complications may include cellulitis, sepsis,
contractures, osteomyelitis, and systemic toxicity.
0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS
A) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) Shortness of breath may develop following inhalation
of acid vapors, mists or aerosols.
0.2.4 HEENT
1) Eye exposure may result in pain, swelling, corneal
erosions and blindness.
0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR
1) Cardiovascular collapse may develop soon after severe
poisonings.
0.2.6 RESPIRATORY
1) Inhalation may produce dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain,
upper airway edema, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia,
bronchospasm, pneumonitis, and persistent pulmonary
function abnormalities. Airway hyperreactivity has
also been reported.
a) The onset of respiratory symptoms may be delayed for
several hours.
2) Life threatening upper airway obstruction may develop
after ingestion of concentrated acid.
0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC
1) Abnormal neuropsychologic function has been reported
following hydrochloric acid exposure from a leaking
tanker truck.
0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL
1) Ingestion of acids may result in burns,
gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, perforations,
dilation, edema, necrosis, vomiting, stenosis,
fistula, and duodenal/jejunal injury.
0.2.9 HEPATIC
1) Systemic toxicity may result in acute hepatic injury.
Hepatic injury has been reported following chronic
exposure to chromic acid.
0.2.10 GENITOURINARY
1) Renal failure is a rare complication of severe
poisonings. Hemoglobinuria may develop secondary to
hemolysis. Nephritis may develop after hydrochloric
acid ingestion.
0.2.11 ACID-BASE
1) Metabolic acidosis may develop following significant
acid ingestion.
0.2.12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
1) Massive fluid and electrolyte shifts may occur with
extensive dermal or gastrointestinal burns.
Hyperkalemia may occur with hemolysis.
Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and hyperchloremia
have been reported.
0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC
1) Hemolysis may occur following significant acid
ingestion. Disseminated intravascular coagulation has
been reported.
0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC
1) Chemical burns to the skin are often associated with
concurrent thermal burns and trauma. Complications
seen with thermal burns including cellulitis, sepsis,
contractures, osteomyelitis, may occur as well as
systemic toxicity from absorbed acid. Deep or
extensive burns may require grafting.
2) Alopecia was reported following application of an
acidic formulation of a hair-relaxing product.
3) Arterial injection of hydrochloric acid into the right
inguinal area resulted in ischemia and ecchymosis of
the right lower extremity as well as severe necrosis
of the muscles.
0.2.14.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
A) Prolonged or repeated exposure to chromic acid mist can
result in dermatitis. Ulcerations may also occur.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
A) Single doses of dibromoacetic acid has resulted in
reductions of sperm and serum testosterone in
experimental animals. Repeated or single oral
administration of monobromoacetic acid did not produce
effects on male rat reproductive organs or sperm.
LABORATORY:
A) Obtain a complete blood count and electrolytes in all
patients with significant burns after acid ingestion.
B) In patients with signs and symptoms suggesting severe
burns, perforation, or bleeding (or adults with
deliberate, high volume or high concentration
ingestions), obtain renal function tests, liver enzymes,
serial CBC, INR, PT, PTT, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation
products, type and crossmatch for blood, and monitor
urine output and urinalysis. Serum lactate and base
deficit may also be useful in these patients.
C) Monitor pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases in
patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of upper
airway edema or burns.
D) Obtain an upright chest x-ray in patients with signs and
symptoms suggesting severe burns, perforation, or
bleeding (or adults with deliberate, high volume or high
concentration ingestions) to evaluate for
pneumomediastinum or free air under the diaphragm. The
absence of these findings DOES NOT rule out the
possibility of necrosis or perforation of the esophagus
or stomach. Obtain a chest radiograph in patients with
pulmonary signs or symptoms.
E) Several weeks after ingestion, barium contrast
radiographs of the upper GI tract are useful in patients
who sustained grade 2 or 3 burns, to evaluate for
strictures.
TREATMENT OVERVIEW:
0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE
A) DILUTION
1) Dilute with 4 to 8 ounces of water may be useful if it
can be performed shortly after ingestion in patients
who are able to swallow, with no vomiting or
respiratory distress; then the patient should be NPO
until assessed for the need for endoscopy.
Neutralization, activated charcoal, ipecac and gastric
lavage are all contraindicated.
B) MILD TO MODERATE ORAL TOXICITY
1) Within the first 12 hours of exposure, if burns are
absent or grade I severity, patient may be discharged
when able to tolerate liquids and soft foods by mouth.
If mild grade II burns, admit for intravenous fluids,
slowly advance diet as tolerated. Perform barium
swallow or repeat endoscopy several weeks after
ingestion (sooner if difficulty swallowing) to evaluate
for stricture formation.
C) SEVERE ORAL TOXICITY
1) Resuscitate with 0.9% saline; blood products may be
necessary. Early airway management in patients with
upper airway edema or respiratory distress. Early
(within 12 hours) gastrointestinal endoscopy to
evaluate for burns. Early bronchoscopy in patients with
respiratory distress or upper airway edema. Early
surgical consultation for patients with severe grade II
or grade III burns, large deliberate ingestions, or
signs, symptoms or laboratory findings concerning for
tissue necrosis or perforation.
D) ENDOSCOPY
1) Should be performed as soon as possible (preferably
within 12 hours, not more than 24 hours) in any patient
with acid ingestion. The grade of mucosal injury at
endoscopy is the strongest predictive factor for the
occurrence of systemic and GI complications and
mortality. The absence of visible oral burns does NOT
reliably exclude the presence of esophageal burns.
E) AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
1) Aggressive airway management in patients with
deliberate ingestions or any indication of upper airway
injury. Severe edema may make intubation difficult; be
prepared for surgical airway management
(cricothyroidotomy) in patients with severe upper
airway edema.
F) BRONCHOSPASM
1) Treat with oxygen, inhaled beta agonists and consider
systemic corticosteroids
G) CORTICOSTEROIDS
1) The use of corticosteroids to prevent stricture
formation is controversial. Corticosteroids should not
be used in patients with grade I or grade III injury,
as there is no evidence that it is effective. Evidence
for grade II burns is conflicting, and the risk of
perforation and infection is increased with steroid
use, so routine use is not recommended.
H) STRICTURE
1) A barium swallow or repeat endoscopy should be
performed several weeks after ingestion in any patient
with grade II or III burns or with difficulty
swallowing to evaluate for stricture formation.
Recurrent dilation may be required. Some authors
advocate early stent placement in these patients to
prevent stricture formation.
I) SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
1) Immediate surgical consultation should be obtained on
any patient with grade III or severe grade II burns on
endoscopy, significant abdominal pain, metabolic
acidosis, hypotension, coagulopathy, or a history of
large ingestion. Early laparotomy can identify tissue
necrosis and impending or unrecognized perforation,
early resection and repair in these patients is
associated with improved outcome.
J) PATIENT DISPOSITION
1) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: Patients with an acid ingestion
should be sent to a health care facility for
evaluation. Patients with an endoscopic evaluation that
demonstrates no burns or only minor grade I burns and
who can tolerate oral intake can be discharged to home.
2) ADMISSION CRITERIA: Symptomatic patients, and those
with endoscopically demonstrated grade II or higher
burns should be admitted. Patients with respiratory
distress, grade III burns, or extensive grade II burns,
acidosis, hemodynamic instability, gastrointestinal
bleeding, or large ingestions should be admitted to an
intensive care setting.
K) PITFALLS
1) The absence of oral burns does NOT reliably exclude the
possibility of significant esophageal burns.
2) Patients may have severe tissue necrosis and impending
perforation requiring early surgical intervention
without having severe hypotension, rigid abdomen, or
radiographic evidence of intraperitoneal air.
3) Patients with any evidence of upper airway involvement
require early airway management before airway edema
progresses.
4) The extent of eye injury (degree of corneal
opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not be
apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn. All
patients with acidic eye injury should be evaluated by
an ophthalmologist.
L) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1) Alkaline corrosive ingestion, gastrointestinal
hemorrhage, or perforated viscus.
0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE
A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist
ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled
beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.
B) INHALATION: Administer oxygen. If respiratory symptoms
develop obtain chest x-ray, monitor pulse oximetry
and/or blood gases. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta
agonists. If acute lung injury develops, consider PEEP.
Evaluate for esophageal, dermal and eye burns as
indicated.
0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE
A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of room temperature water for at least 15
minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a
health care facility.
B) MEDICAL FACILITY: Irrigate with sterile 0.9% saline for
at least an hour or until the cul-de-sacs are free of
particulate matter and returned to neutrality (confirm
with pH paper).
C) EYE ASSESSMENT: The extent of eye injury (degree of
corneal opacification and perilimbal whitening) may not
be apparent for 48 to 72 hours after the burn.
0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE
A) OVERVIEW
1) DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and
jewelry; wash exposed area with copious amounts of
water. A physician may need to examine the area if
irritation or pain persists.
RANGE OF TOXICITY:
A) TOXICITY: Serious burns are less likely if the pH > 3.
Injury is usually greater with either a large ingestion
(usually deliberate), or a high concentration acid
(usually not a household product). With highly
concentrated liquids (eg, 20N), severe burns may occur in
up to 100% of all patients.
B) In a case series of unintentional caustic ingestions
(mixed liquid and solid, acids and bases) among children,
the incidence of significant esophageal or gastric burns
was 5% to 35%. However, adults with deliberate acid
ingestions are more likely to develop significant
esophageal and/or gastric burns (40% to 95%).
ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:
NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats given fluorosilicic acid (430
mg/kg), somnolence and/or general depressed activity was observed.
[CDC/NIOSH; The Registry for Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances-
Silicate (2-), hexafluoro-, dihydrogen (16961-83-4). Available from, as of
November 10, 2003: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/vv7d80e8.html ] **PEER
REVIEWED**
/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Fluoride (F) is

known to affect mineralizing tissues, but effects upon the developing
brain have not been previously considered. This study in Sprague-Dawley
rats compares behavior, body weight, plasma and brain F levels after
exposures during late gestation, at weaning or in adults. For prenatal
exposures, dams received injections (SC) of 0.13 mg/kg /sodium fluoride/
(NaF) or saline on gestational days 14-18 or 17-19. Weanlings received
drinking water containing 0, 75, 100, or 125 ppm F for 6 or 20 weeks, and
3 month-old adults received water containing 100 ppm F for 6 weeks.
Behavior was tested in a computer pattern recognition system that
classified acts in a novel environment and quantified act initiations,
total times and time structures. Fluoride exposures caused sex- and
dose-specific behavioral deficits with a common pattern. Males were most
sensitive to prenatal day 17-19 exposure, whereas females were more
sensitive to weanling and adult exposures. After fluoride ingestion, the
severity of the effect on behavior increased directly with plasma F levels
and F concentrations in specific brain regions. Such association is
important considering that plasma levels in this rat model (0.059 to 0.640
ppm F) are similar to those reported in humans exposed to high levels of
fluoride. /Fluoride in drinking water/ [Mullenix PJ et al; Neurotoxicol
Teratol 17 (2): 169-77 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7760776"
target=new>PubMed Abstract
NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

LD50 Rat oral 430 mg/kg [CDC/NIOSH; The Registry for Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances- Silicate (2-), hexafluoro-, dihydrogen (16961-83-4).
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/vv7d80e8.html ] **PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Guinea pig oral 200 mg/kg (1.39 mmol/kg) [LCI Ltd.Material Safety
Data Sheet for Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as of
November 10, 2003: http://www.lciltd.com/msds%5Cmsdshfs.htm ] **PEER
REVIEWED**
METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

In humans, the dominating route of fluoride absorption is via the
gastrointestinal tract. Airborne fluoride may also be inhaled. Fluoride
ions are released from readily soluble fluoride compounds, such as sodium
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, fluorosilicic acid and sodium
monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), and almost completely absorbed. ...The
absorptive process occurs by passive diffusion, and fluoride is absorbed
principally from both the stomach and the intestine. There is no
convincing evidence that active transport processes are involved. The
mechanism and the rate of gastric absorption of fluoride are related to
gastric acidity. Fluoride is mainly absorbed in the form of hydrogen
fluoride, which has a pKa of 3.45. That is, when ionic fluoride enters the
acidic environment of the stomach lumen, it is largely converted into
hydrogen fluoride. Most of the fluoride that is not absorbed from the
stomach will be rapidly absorbed from the small intestine. ...Fluoride
compounds that occur naturally or are added to drinking-water yield
fluoride ions, which are almost completely absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract. Thus, fluoride in drinking-water is generally
bioavailable. [WHO; Environ Health Criteria 227: Fluorides (2000).
http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED**
In workers exposed to gaseous fluoride (HF, SiF4, and H2SiF6) /at/ air
concentrations which ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 mg/cu m, urine fluoride
excretion ranged from 1.0 to 9.6 mg fluoride ion/L (controls 0.3-1.2).
[Fabbri L et al; Fluorosis hazard in the production of phosphate
fertilizers; Med Lav 69 (5): 594-604 (1978)] **PEER REVIEWED**
INTERACTIONS:
Morphological changes in the skin of animals were studied after
application of concentrated hydrofluoric and hexafluorosilicic acid. The
intact skin was not generally affected by these acids. Areas injured
before application of the acid showed, however, a continuous spreading of
necrosis in the deeper regions. The first histological changes were
noticed 1 hr after the application. Such early histological findings could
be seen long before any macroscopic reaction. The main characteristic
findings were the hypocellular necrosis and edema reaching as far as the
subcutis. The necrosis showed sharp leukocyte demarcations. [Alhassan A et
al; Z Rechtsmed 88 (4): 239-47 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a
PHARMACOLOGY:
INTERACTIONS:
Morphological changes in the skin of animals were studied after
application of concentrated hydrofluoric and hexafluorosilicic acid. The
intact skin was not generally affected by these acids. Areas injured
before application of the acid showed, however, a continuous spreading of
necrosis in the deeper regions. The first histological changes were
noticed 1 hr after the application. Such early histological findings could
be seen long before any macroscopic reaction. The main characteristic
findings were the hypocellular necrosis and edema reaching as far as the
subcutis. The necrosis showed sharp leukocyte demarcations. [Alhassan A et
al; Z Rechtsmed 88 (4): 239-47 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:
FDA REQUIREMENTS:
Fluosilicic acid is an indirect food additive for use only as a component
of adhesives. For use only as bonding agent for aluminum foil, stabilizer,
or preservative. Total fluoride from all sources not to exceed 1 percent
by weight of the finished adhesisve. [21 CFR 175.105; U.S. National
Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations. Available from, as of November 10, 2003:
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/ ] **PEER REVIEWED**
CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
MOLECULAR FORMULA:
F6-Si.2H **PEER REVIEWED**
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
144.11 [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
10th ed. Volumes 1-3 New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999., p.
V3 3208] **PEER REVIEWED**
COLOR/FORM:
Transparent, colorless, fuming liquid [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous
Properties of Industrial Materials. 10th ed. Volumes 1-3 New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999., p. V3 3208] **PEER REVIEWED**
ODOR:
Sour, pungent [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ:
Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED**
CORROSIVITY:
Attacks glass and stoneware [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED**
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3465 AT 25 DEG C/D [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc.,
1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED**
OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
When anhydrous dissociates almost instantly into SiF4 and HF; a 60-70%
solution solidifies around 19 deg C forming crystalline dihydrate; may be
distilled without decomposition only as 13.3% aqueous solution; fairly
strong acid; the more concentrated solutions (but not the anhydrous
liquid) can be stored in glass, although some etching will take place
around the surface; usually stored in iron containers. [O'Neil, M.J.
(ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,
Density @ 17.5 deg C: 5% solution, 1.0407; 10% solution, 1.0834; 15%

solution, 1.1281; 20% solution, 1.1748; 25% solution, 1.2235; 30%
solution, 1.2742; 34% solution, 1.3162. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck
Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th
Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740]
**PEER REVIEWED**
CORROSIVE; DENSITY: 1.4634 AT 25 DEG C; DECOMP AT BP /60.97% SOLN/ [Weast,

R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton,
Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED**
DECOMP AT MP; DELIQUESCENT; WHITE CRYSTALS; SOL IN ALKALI; SOL IN COLD AND
HOT WATER /DIHYDRATE/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93]
**PEER REVIEWED**
SOL IN COLD & HOT WATER; SLIGHTLY IN ALKALI /60.97% SOLN/ [Weast, R.C.
(ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida:
CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93] **PEER REVIEWED**
CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:
DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health:
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause
severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe
burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or
inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or
toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive
and/or toxic and cause pollution. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the
Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident.
Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or

Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may
decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are
oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may
explode when heated. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public

Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate
precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at
least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet)
for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low
areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the
Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident.
Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically
recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal
protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited
protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill
situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. [U.S.
Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide
book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous
Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a
fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. [U.S.
Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide
book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous
Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire:

Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical,
CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area
if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal;
do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in
case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. [U.S. Department of
Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First
Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous
Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill

or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or
flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled
material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you
can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or
confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other
non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER
INSIDE CONTAINERS. [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C.
2004] **QC REVIEWED**
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First

Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give
artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use
mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give
artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a
one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer
oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing
and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or
eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact,
avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance
may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s)
involved and take precautions to protect themselves. [U.S. Department of
Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First
Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous
Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004] **QC REVIEWED**
SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

...Extremely corrosive by skin contact and inhalation. [Lewis, R.J., Sr
(Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 511] **PEER REVIEWED**
FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES:

In case of fire in the surroundings: all extinguishing agents allowed.
[IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid.
(October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003:
http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ] **PEER REVIEWED**
TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:

Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. [IPCS, CEC;
International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995).
HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

Will react with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes.
[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed.
Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2926] **PEER
REVIEWED**
The solution in water is a strong acid, it reacts violently with bases and
is corrosive. ...Attacks glass and stoneware. This substance (anhydrous
form) dissociates almost instantly into silicon tetrafluoride and
corrosive and toxic hydrogen fluoride. [IPCS, CEC; International Chemical
Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available from, as of
November 5, 2003: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1233.htm ]
**PEER REVIEWED**
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION:
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /fluorides/. [Lewis,
R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes
1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996., p. 2926] **PEER
REVIEWED**
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

Workers handling dangerous substances should be supplied with eye and face
protection, respiratory protective equipment, protective clothing /as well
as/ foot and leg protection. Additional protection may be provided by use
of lanolin as barrier cream. /fluorine & compounds/ [International
Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols.
I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 894]
**PEER REVIEWED**
PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry
is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact
lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including
the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure,
the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.
However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive
properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to
the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In
any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when
contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**
Processes in which there is potential exposure hazard should be equipped

with local exhaust ventilation and should, where possible, be mechanized.
Workers should not consume food or beverages in workplace and rigorous
personal hygiene should be observed before meals are taken. /fluorine
& compounds/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of
Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland:
International Labour Office, 1983., p. 894] **PEER REVIEWED**
STABILITY/SHELF LIFE:
Fumes in air /dihydrate/. [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p. B-93]
**PEER REVIEWED**
Fumes in air /60.97% solution/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry

and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983-84., p.
B-93] **PEER REVIEWED**
SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for
transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance
... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged,
marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized
by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR
171.2; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code
of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of October 22, 2002:
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/ ] **PEER REVIEWED**
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods

Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to
IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier
regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting
hazardous materials. [International Air Transport Association. Dangerous
Goods Regulations 44th ed. 2003. International Air Transport Association,
Montreal, Canada., p. 189] **PEER REVIEWED**
STORAGE CONDITIONS:
The more concentrated solution (but not the anhydrous liquid) can be
stored in glass, although some etching will take place around the surface.
Usually stored in iron containers. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index -
An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition,
Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER
REVIEWED**
/Store/ separated from strong bases, food and feedstuffs. Well closed.
[IPCS, CEC; International Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid.
(October 1995). Available from, as of November 5, 2003:
CLEANUP METHODS:
Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable iron containers as far as
possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to
safe place (extra personal protection: complete protective clothing
including self-contained breathing apparatus). [IPCS, CEC; International
Chemical Safety Card on Fluorosilicic acid. (October 1995). Available
from, as of November 5, 2003:
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:
MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:
MAJOR USES:
For fluosilicic acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075305) there are 0 labels
match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved
pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local
authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./ [U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical
Ingredients Database on Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as
of November 10, 2003: http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/epachem.com ]
**PEER REVIEWED**
Agent in water fluoridation, in preliminary treatment of hides and skins,

and to reduce reflectivity in glass surfaces; disinfectant for copper and
brass vessels; impregnating ingredient to preserve wood and to harden
masonary; chem intermediate for aluminum trifluoride, cryolite, and
fluorsilicates; electroplating agent for chromium. [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
1-2% solution is used widely for sterilizing equipment in brewing and

bottling establishments. Other concentrations are used in electrolytic
refining of lead, in electroplating, for hardening cement, crumbling lime
or brick work, for the removal of lime from hides during the tanning
process, to remove molds, as preservative for timber. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.).
The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.
13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p.
740] **PEER REVIEWED**
Water fluoridation, ceramics (to increase the hardness), disinfecting

copper and brass vessels,hardening cement, wood perservative and
impregnating compounds, electroplating, manufacture of aluminum fluoride,
synthetic cryolite and hydrogen flouride, sterilizing bottling and brewing
equipment (1-2% solution). [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Used in the manufacture of ceramics. [Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food

Additives and Polymers. Migration and Toxicology. Lewis Publishers, Boca
Raton, FL. 2000., p. 913] **PEER REVIEWED**
MANUFACTURERS:
Cargill Fertilizer, 8813 Highway 41 S, Riverview, FL 33569, (813)
677-9111; Production sites: Bartow, FL 33830; Riverview, FL 33569 [SRI
Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International,
Menlo Park, CA. 2003, p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED**
IMC Phosphates Co., IMC-Agrico Phosphates, 100 South Saunders Rd, Suite
300, Lake Forest, IL 60045-2561, (847) 739-1200; Production sites:
Faustina, LA 70346; Nichols, FL; South Pierce, FL; Uncle Sam, LA 70792
[SRI Consulting. 2003 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International,
PCS Phosphate Co, Inc, P.O. Box 3320, Northbrook, IL 60065, (847)
849-4200; Production sites: Aurora, NC 27806; Fort Meade, FL 33841-9799
Royster-Clark, Inc., 999 Waterside Drive, Suite 800, Norfolk, VA 23510,

(757) 222-9500; Production sites: Americus, GA 31709; Chesapeake, VA
23320; Florence, AL 35630; Hartsville, SC 29550. [SRI Consulting. 2003
Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003,
p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED**
Solvay Fluorides, Inc, 1630 De Peres Rd, Suite 305, St. Louis, MO 63131,
(800) 2455-4865; Production site: Alorton, IL 62205 [SRI Consulting. 2003
Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA. 2003,
p. 637] **PEER REVIEWED**
US Agri-Chemicals Corp, 3225 State Road 630 West, Fort Meade, FL

33841-9799, (863) 285-8121; Production site: Fort Meade, FL 33841-9799
METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:
Crude acid by reaction of silicon tetrafluoride (obtained from mfr of
phosphate fertilizers or phosphoric acid) with water; purified acid by
distillation of crude fluosilicic acid or by reacting pure silica with
hydrofluoric acid. [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
Preparation: from HF + SiO2; also ... by action of water on SiF4; by the

action of H2SO4 on BaSiF6. [O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An
Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition,
Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER
REVIEWED**
By-product of action of sulfuric acid on phosphate rock containing

fluorides and silica or silicates. The hydrofluoric acid acts on the
silica to produce silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4, which reacts with water to
form fluosilicic acid, H2SiF6. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION:

Increasing amount...recovered from phosphate fertilizer operations are
being marketed for fluoridation of municipal water. A growing practice at
major phosphate production sites is the processing of recovered fluorine
to products suitable as supplements to natural cryolite for use by
aluminum industry. [Farm Chemicals Handbook 1984. Willoughby, Ohio:
Meister Publishing Co., 1984., p. B-34] **PEER REVIEWED**
The American Water Works Association standard for fluosilicic acid used in
water treatment specifies that it must contain 20-30% active ingredient, a
maximum of 200 mg/kg heavy metals (as lead) and no soluble mineral or
organic substance in quantities capable of inducing injurious health
effects. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency
for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at:
http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php, p. V27 239 (1982)] **PEER REVIEWED**
FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:
Marketed as aqueous solution only /5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 34%/.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and
Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED**
Grades: technical; CP. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed

U. S. PRODUCTION:
(1975) 3X10+10 G (FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID MFR) [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
(1976) 3X10+10 G (FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID MFR) [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. IMPORTS:
(1972) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. EXPORTS:
LABORATORY METHODS:
ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS:

TOTAL FLUORINE IN FLUOSILICATES BY LEAD CHLOROFLUORIDE METHOD. /FLUORINE/
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of
Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus
supplements, 1982., p. 13/75 6.019] **PEER REVIEWED**
MATRIX: AIR: PROCEDURE: ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE; RANGE: 0.05 TO 475 MG/CU M
FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/ [U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public
Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed.
Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1977-present., p. V1 117-1] **PEER REVIEWED**
SPECIAL REFERENCES:
SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:
SYNONYMS:
ACIDE FLUOROSILICIQUE [FRENCH] **PEER REVIEWED**
ACIDE FLUOSILICIQUE [FRENCH] **PEER REVIEWED**

ACIDO FLUOSILICICO [ITALIAN] **PEER REVIEWED**
DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE **PEER REVIEWED**
DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE(2-) **PEER REVIEWED**
FKS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). National
Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file., p. 85/8401] **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROSILICIC ACID (H2SIF6) **PEER REVIEWED**
HEXAFLUOROKIESELSAEURE [GERMAN] **PEER REVIEWED**
HEXAFLUOROKIEZELZUUR [DUTCH] **PEER REVIEWED**
HEXAFLUOROSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
HEXAFLUOSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROFLUOROSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE **PEER REVIEWED**
HYDROSILICOFLUORIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
KIEZELFLUORWATERSTOFZUUR [DUTCH] **PEER REVIEWED**
SAND ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
SILICATE (2-), HEXAFLUORO-, DIHYDROGEN **PEER REVIEWED**
SILICOFLUORIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**
SILICON HEXAFLUORIDE DIHYDRIDE **PEER REVIEWED**
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 075305 [U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's Chemical Ingredients Database on
Fluosilicic Acid (16961-83-4). Available from, as of November 10, 2003:
http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/htbin/epachem.com ] **PEER REVIEWED**
FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:
Marketed as aqueous solution only /5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 34%/.
[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and
Co., Inc., 2001., p. 740] **PEER REVIEWED**
Grades: technical; CP. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed

SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

UN 1778; Fluosilicic acid
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 2018
LAST REVISION DATE: 20040525
LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/15/2004
UPDATE HISTORY:
Complete Update on 2004-05-25, 31 fields added/edited/deleted
Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field update on 12/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/30/1986
Created 19830401 by GCF

Fluorosilisic Acid

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Fluorosilisic Acid

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

The following information was generated from the

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

Query: Records containing the term 16961 83 4

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ On the morning of September 6, 1994, a tanker

/CASE REPORTS/ Risk of fluorosis was studied in 50 workers engaged for

HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER:

EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER:

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Fluoride (F) is

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

Density @ 17.5 deg C: 5% solution, 1.0407; 10% solution, 1.0834; 15%

CORROSIVE; DENSITY: 1.4634 AT 25 DEG C; DECOMP AT BP /60.97% SOLN/ [Weast,

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire:

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES:

TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

Processes in which there is potential exposure hazard should be equipped

Fumes in air /60.97% solution/ [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry

SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

Agent in water fluoridation, in preliminary treatment of hides and skins,

1-2% solution is used widely for sterilizing equipment in brewing and

Water fluoridation, ceramics (to increase the hardness), disinfecting

Used in the manufacture of ceramics. [Sheftel, V.O.; Indirect Food

Royster-Clark, Inc., 999 Waterside Drive, Suite 800, Norfolk, VA 23510,

US Agri-Chemicals Corp, 3225 State Road 630 West, Fort Meade, FL

Preparation: from HF + SiO2; also ... by action of water on SiF4; by the

By-product of action of sulfuric acid on phosphate rock containing

GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION:

Grades: technical; CP. [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed

(1976) 3X10+10 G (FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID MFR) [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

(1975) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

(1975) ND [SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS:

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

ACIDE FLUOSILICIQUE [FRENCH] **PEER REVIEWED**

DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE **PEER REVIEWED**

DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE(2-) **PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROSILICIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROSILICIC ACID (H2SIF6) **PEER REVIEWED**

HEXAFLUOROKIESELSAEURE [GERMAN] **PEER REVIEWED**

HEXAFLUOROKIEZELZUUR [DUTCH] **PEER REVIEWED**

(1976) 3X10+10 G (FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID MFR) [SRI] PEER REVIEWED

(1975) ND [SRI] PEER REVIEWED

(1975) ND [SRI] PEER REVIEWED

ACIDE FLUOSILICIQUE [FRENCH] PEER REVIEWED

DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE PEER REVIEWED

DIHYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE(2-) PEER REVIEWED

FLUOROSILICIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

FLUOROSILICIC ACID (H2SIF6) PEER REVIEWED

HEXAFLUOROKIESELSAEURE [GERMAN] PEER REVIEWED

HEXAFLUOROKIEZELZUUR [DUTCH] PEER REVIEWED

HEXAFLUOROSILICIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

HEXAFLUOSILICIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

HYDROFLUOROSILICIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

HYDROGEN HEXAFLUOROSILICATE PEER REVIEWED

HYDROSILICOFLUORIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

KIEZELFLUORWATERSTOFZUUR [DUTCH] PEER REVIEWED

SAND ACID PEER REVIEWED

SILICATE (2-), HEXAFLUORO-, DIHYDROGEN PEER REVIEWED

SILICOFLUORIC ACID PEER REVIEWED

SILICON HEXAFLUORIDE DIHYDRIDE PEER REVIEWED